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Raster Data Model: A Seminor On
Raster Data Model: A Seminor On
Cont…
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL IMAGES
Kind of the image
Size and scale
Resolution/compression
Image Format in which it is represented
Image files may be drawing files, shape files, header files,
image files and sizes
Vector graphics
TWO TYPES OF GRAPHICS
( X,Y,Z, lines, arcs, color filled zones)
Raster graphics ( pixels – grid pattern, each pixel has a color)
Ranges of colors as per R,G,B
Total colors 256 x 256 x 256
COMPONENTS OF COLOR
250, 0,0
0,0,0
0,0,250
POPULAR RASTER IMAGE FILES
GRAY-SCALE
Image resolution
Monitor resolution/ Printer resolution
Screen frequency
File type, format, compression
File size
Maximum pixel
ELEMENTS IN RASTER DATA
MODEL
A Raster data model is variously
called a grid. A Grid consists of
Rows, Columns, and cells.
The origin of rows and columns
is at a upper left corner of the
grid. Rows function as a Y co-
ordinates and columns' as X co-
ordinates in a two dimensional
co-ordinate system.
A cell is defined by its location in
terms of rows and columns.
cont…
A raster cell stores a single value, however this can be
extended by using raster bands. An example of this is the
use of bands to represent RGB colours, colour maps , or an
extended attribute table with one row for each unique cell
value.
Raster model divides the area into grid cells or pixel.
Each grid cell is filled with the measured attribute values.
It can represent points, lines and area
Resolution depends on real world area represented by each
grid cell.
DISCRETE AND CONTINUONS
DATA
When data is presented in raster format, they may
be discrete or continuous data.
1. The numeric distribution of discrete data are
independent numbers and the geographic distribution
has abrupt boundaries.
2. The numeric distribution of continuous data are a
range of values and their geographic distribution is
along a spatial gradient.
USES OF RASTER DATA MODEL
Geographical variation in the real world is infinitely
complex
The closer you look, the more detail you see, almost
without limit
It would take an infinitely large database to capture the
real world precisely.
Raster grid cells allow us to approximate the variation over
a landscape.
Data must somehow be reduced to a finite and
manageable quantity by a process of generalization or
abstraction.
We have to pick out the most characteristic features.
Geographical variation must be represented in terms of
discrete elements or objects
TYPES OF RASTER DATA
SATELLITE IMAGERY
Remotely sensed satellite
data are recorded in raster
format.
The pixel value in a satellite
image represents light
energy reflected or emitted
from the Earth’s surface.
Land use, land cover and
hydrography can be
classified from image
processing system.
Satellite images can be This Half-meter Resolution Image Of
displayed in black and white Khalifa Sports City Complex Qatar, Was
Collected By The Geoeye-1 Satellite On
or in colour.
January 10, 2009
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS (DEM)
DEM consists of an array of
uniformly spaced elevation data.
DEM are produced from:
A stereo-plotter and aerial
photograph with overlapping
areas.
Satellite imagery such as SPOT
stereo model using special
software.
DIGITAL ORTHOPHOTOS
Prepared from aerial
photograph or other
remotely sensed data.
They are geo-referenced
and can be registered with
topographic and other
maps.
BINARY SCANNED FILES
Scanned image containing values of 1 and 0.
Maps to be digitized are typically scanned at 300 or 400 dpi
(dots per square inch).
GRAPHIC FILES
Maps, photographs and images can be stored as digital
graphic files.
ADVANTAGES
The Geographic location of each cell is implied by its
position in the cell matrix.
Due to the nature of the data storage technique, data
analysis is usually easy to program and quick to perform.
The inherent nature of raster maps, e.g. one attribute maps,
is ideally suited for mathematical modelling and quantitative
analysis.
Discrete data, e.g. forestry stands, is accommodated equally
well as continuous data, e.g. Elevation data, and facilitates
the integrating of the two data types.
Grid-cell systems are very compatible with raster-based
output devices.
cont…
DISADVANTAGES
The cell size determines the resolution at which the data is
represented;
It is especially difficult to adequately represent linear
features depending on the cell resolution.
Since most input data is in vector form, data must undergo
vector-to-raster conversion. Besides increased processing
requirements this may introduce data integrity concerns due
to generalization and choice of inappropriate cell size.
Most output maps from grid-cell systems do not conform to
high-quality cartographic needs.
CONCLUSION
GIS data is stored in two types: Raster Data and Vector Data
Raster data consists of rows and columns of cells (or pixels).
Raster data may be discrete or continuous.
Raster data allows approximation of variation over a
landscape. It makes data finite and manageable.
Types of raster includes satellite imageries, Digital Elevation
Models, Digital Orthophotos, binary scanned files and
graphic files.
Raster data may be stored as TIFF, Geo TIFF, GIF, JPEG,
etc.
The inherent nature of raster maps, e.g. one attribute maps,
is ideally suited for mathematical modelling and quantitative
analysis.
BOOKS
REFERENCE
WEBSITES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_data
http://geospatial.referata.com/wiki/Raster_Data_Model
http://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/57142/what-is-the-
difference-between-vector-and-raster-data-models
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