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Nuclear Physics B 944 (2019) 114634
www.elsevier.com/locate/nuclphysb

Higher order derivative operators as quantum

corrections
L.H.C. Borges a , F.A. Barone b,∗ , C.A.M. de Melo c , F.E. Barone d
a UNESP - Campus de Guaratinguetá - DFQ, Avenida Dr. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha 333, CEP 12516-410,
Guaratinguetá, SP, Brazil
b IFQ - Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Av. BPS 1303, Pinheirinho, Caixa Postal 50, 37500-903, Itajubá, MG, Brazil
c Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alfenas Rod. José Aurélio Vilela (BR 267), Km 533,
n◦ 11999, CEP 37701-970, Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil
d Brazil

Received 7 December 2018; received in revised form 21 April 2019; accepted 6 May 2019
Available online 9 May 2019
Editor: Stephan Stieberger

Abstract
In this paper we propose a non-minimal, and ghost free, coupling between the gauge field and the
fermionic one from which we obtain, perturbatively, terms with higher order derivatives as quantum correc-
tions to the photon effective action in the low energy regime. We calculate the one-loop effective action of
the photon field and show that, in addition to the Euler-Heisenberg terms, the well known Lee-Wick term,
∼ Fμν ∂α ∂ α F μν , arises in low energy regime as a quantum correction from the model. We also obtain the
electron self energy in leading order.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP3 .

1. Introduction

In recent years, field theories with higher order derivatives have been intensely investigated in
the literature. One of the reasons to study this subject is to improve renormalization properties and

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: luizhenriqueunifei@yahoo.com.br (L.H.C. Borges), fbarone@unifei.edu.br (F.A. Barone),
cassius@unifal-mg.edu.br (C.A.M. de Melo).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2019.114634
0550-3213/© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP3 .
2 L.H.C. Borges et al. / Nuclear Physics B 944 (2019) 114634

to tame ultraviolet divergences. The most common theory of this kind is the so called Lee-Wick
or Podolsky electrodynamics [1–6] which is Lorentz and gauge invariant, unitary and also a
divergence-free theory. One of the most remarkable features of this electrodynamics is the fact
that it leads to a finite self energy for a point-like charge in 3 + 1 dimensions [7–9]. Besides,
the Lee-Wick Standard Model (LWSM) has been proposed in [10] as a theory that solves the
hierarchy problem. After this work, investigations concerning it has been carried out in several
different scenarios [11–22].
Other interesting results can be found in the literature concerning Lee-Wick theories, among
them we can mention, for instance, the quantization of Lee-Wick electrodynamics [23–26], the
wave propagation [27], the interactions between external sources [28], the presence of a single
conducting surface [29], the Casimir effect in Lee-Wick electrodynamics [30], the non-Abelian
Lee-Wick gauge theory [31–33], Lee-Wick-type theories for gravity [34–39], supersymmetry in
Lee-Wick theory [40,41] and so on.
A quite natural question one can make about field theories with higher order derivatives con-
cerns on the possible mechanisms able to generate the Lee-Wick operators as loop quantum
corrections to the photon effective action, in low energy regime. Certainly, it is be possible to
construct a variety of mechanisms of this type, but we shall search for the one which deviates
from QED minimally, keeping the gauge symmetry, being quadratic in the fields, and with sec-
ond derivatives for the gauge field and first derivatives for the fermionic one. In this sense, we
could interpret the Lee-Wick electrodynamics as an effective theory of a gauge theory which
could, in principle, be free of the typical massive ghosts modes which are present in the stan-
dard Lee-Wick electrodynamics. Hence, this kind of model would exhibit some features of the
Lee-Wick eletrodynamics, in low energy regime, whereas it would be ghost free.
It is important to mention that, once we have an abelian gauge theory, the ghost field which
comes from the gauge fixing shall always be present and not coupled to the other fields, so
this kind of ghost is not properly a problem, on the contrary to the ghost modes inherent to the
Lee-Wick theory.
In this paper, thinking about such a mechanism, we propose a high energy gauge invariant
model containing the photon field and a single massive charged fermion field. The fermion field
couples to the photon one through a non-minimal term which contains derivatives of second
order in the gauge field. Since we assume the fermion mass to be large, we integrate out the
fermionic field and, adopting the version of the proper-time method [42] (for a review, see for
example [43]), we obtain the one-loop low energy effective action of the gauge field. The proper-
time method is a very efficient tool for obtaining the effective action, which was adapted for
gauge theories in [44] and Lorentz violating theories in [45]. In particular, with the obtained
quantum corrections, we take into account the usual vacuum polarization of the Maxwell theory,
the standard nonlinear corrections to the photon, known as the Euler-Heisenberg terms in QED,
and contributions of operators with higher order derivatives and quadratic in the gauge field.
We show that, just in lowest order (one loop correction), the standard Lee-Wick term arises as
the quantum correction, quadratic in the gauge field in the proposed model, in low energy regime.
So, we have a model which in low energy regime, recovers the same features as the Lee-Wick
theory.
This paper is structured as follows: in section 2 we describe the model we compute the one-
loop low-energy effective action for the photon field. We obtain the electron self energy in leading
order in section 3. Section 4 is dedicated to our final remarks and conclusions.
Along the paper we shall deal with a 3 + 1 dimensional space-time and use Minkowski coor-
dinates with the diagonal metric with signature (+, −, −, −).
 L.H.C. Borges et al. / Nuclear Physics B 944 (2019) 114634 3

2. The model and the effective action

We start by proposing an ad-hoc Lagrangian containing a gauge field Aμ and a single massive
charged fermion field ψ ,
  
1 μν 1 ν
L = − F Fμν + ψ̄ i ∂/ − M − γ g Aμ − 2 ∂ Fμν
μ
ψ, (1)
4 mp

where Fμν = ∂μ Aν − ∂ν Aμ is the field strength, M is the fermion mass, g is the electric charge
and mp is a mass parameter that is responsible for a coupling between the fermion field with the
photon field in high-energy regime. The proposed model can be understood as a gauge-invariant
theory, similar to the QED, and containing an additional non-minimal coupling proportional to
g
m2
.
p
Notice that it is the simplest modification in QED which is quadratic in the fields, keeps the
gauge invariance, contains derivatives up to second order for the gauge field and first order for
the fermionic one. In fact, it is the unique vector extension of the gauge connection that is gauge
invariant and obtained from the gauge potential up to second order derivatives. Therefore, besides
being non-minimal, this new coupling is still gauge covariant.
As we have an abelian gauge theory, when we fix the gauge, a ghost field is introduced, but
it is completely decoupled from the other fields. In addition, since the fermion mass is large, in
the low energy regime we are allowed to integrate in the fermion field to obtain the one-loop
correction to the effective action for the vector one.
(1)
Expressing the one-loop correction to the effective action, Seff [A], in terms of a functional,
we have
  1  2 
(1)
Seff [A] = − Tr ln i D / − M = Tr ln D / + M2
2
1  
= − Tr ln D 2 + iμν Fμν + M 2 (2)
2
where we defined

μ = gAμ − g ∂ ν Fμν ,
A (3)
m2p

μ = ∂μ + i A
the operator D μ and the matrices

1 μ ν
 ν − ∂ν A
μ .
μν = γ , γ ; Fμν = ∂μ A (4)
4
As usual in the calculations of effective actions, we consider field configurations in low energy
regime in such a way to take F μν , aproximately, as not varying rapidly in the space and time.
In this case the three operators in the argument of the logarithm of expression (4) comute each
other.
We can compute the explicit form of the one-loop contribution to the effective action of Eq. (4)
using standard methos employed in the literature to obtain the Euler-Heisenberg lagrangian, as
the Schwinger method [42,46,47] or the Zeta function method [44,48–50]. The complete result
fot the full effective action Seff [A] is
4 L.H.C. Borges et al. / Nuclear Physics B 944 (2019) 114634

 
1 g 2 C μν g2C
Seff [A] = d x − F μν Fμν −
4
F Fμν − 2 Fμν ∂ α ∂α F μν
4 4 mp

g2C 1
+ ∂μ ∂ Fνβ ∂ ∂α F + LF 4 · · · ,
β μ να
(5)
2 m4p
where we defined the divergent constant
∞
1
dτ τ −1 e−M
2τ
C= , (6)
12π 2
0

and LF 4 is a contribution containing terms in fourth order in the field tensor.

Now we must renormalize the physical constants and the fields. After renormalization, we
will show that the fourth term on the right hand side of Eq. (5) vanishes and the third one, is
finite.
The second term in the right hand side of Eq. (5) is the one obtained in the standard QED
[42]. It is the vacuum polarization correction to the Maxwell theory and accounts for the field
and charge renormalizations, by defining the renormalized charge and field strength, as follows
g2
2
g(ren) =
1 − g2C

μν αβ
F(ren) F(ren) = 1 − g 2 C F μν F αβ (7)
μν αβ
in such a way that g 2 F μν F αβ = g(ren)
2 F(ren) F(ren) .
The third and fourth terms on the right hand side of Eq. (5) involve higher order derivatives
of the photon field as well as the parameter mp . We must also renormalize the Podolsky mass in
such a way to avoid divergent contributions from these terms. The only way to accomplish this
task is to define the renormalized Podolsky mass

m2p(ren) = m2p /C → finite , (8)

as a finite quantity.
Definition (8) warrants that the third term in Eq. (5) is finite and also makes vanishing the
fourth term in Eq. (5), because
C 1 1 1 1
= = →0 , (9)
m4p C (m2p /C)2 C m4p(ren)
once mp(ren) is finite and C is divergent.
From now on, the sub-index (ren) shall be implicit along the text.
In terms of normalized quantities, the action (5) reads
  
1 μν g2
Seff [A] = d x − F Fμν − 2 Fμν ∂ ∂α F + LF 4 · · · .
4 α μν
(10)
4 mp
The second term on the right hand side of Eq. (10) involve higher order derivatives of the
photon field and is generated from the quantum corrections of the model (1). It is the so called
Lee-Wick (or Podolsky) term, which exhibits interesting features in physics. In order to rewrite
the action (10) in a more convenient form, we must also define the quantity
 L.H.C. Borges et al. / Nuclear Physics B 944 (2019) 114634 5

Mp2 = m2p /(4g 2 ) , (11)

so, up to second order in the gauge field, the action (10) reads
  
1 μν 1
Seff [A] = d x − F Fμν −
4
Fμν ∂ ∂α F − Jμ A + LF 4 · · · ,
α μν μ
(12)
4 4Mp2
where we inserted the term which accounts for the interaction between the vector field and an
external field source, J μ , which describes charges distributions [51–56].
We point out that the result (12) is a one loop correction valid just in low energy regime.
Just for completeness, we point out that the fifth term on the right hand side of (5) stands
for the lowest order non-linear corrections to the Maxwell theory, which in the case of QED is
known in literature as Euler-Heisenberg term [42,57,58]. For the model (1) we have
 
g4 1   2  2 1 ∗ μν  2 1  4 
LF 4 = Tr F + F Fμν − Tr F . (13)
192π 2 M 4 6 4 15
In the limit of large parameter mp → ∞, the Lagrangian (13) becomes the standard one
obtained from QED, namely,
  2 
 1 g4
LF 4  = E2
− B2
+ 7 (E · B)2
. (14)
mp →∞ 8π 45πM 4
If the charge g and the mass M are taken as the electron charge e and electron mass m re-
spectively, the expression above becomes the well known Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian in the
standard QED [42,58,59].

3. Quantum corrections to the electron self energy

In this section we calculate the corrections to the electron self energy in the leading order in
the coupling constant g and in the inverse of Podolsky mass 1/Mp .
The topological structure of the Feymann diagrams of the model (1) are the same as the ones
we have in standard QED. The corresponding algebraic terms are changed according to
   
2 ∂μ ∂ν
γ μ Aμ = γ μ ημν Aν → γ μ ημν 1 + 2 − 2 Aν (15)
mp mp
If we use the Lorentz gauge, we can show that the last term on the right hand side of (15) does
not contribute to the quantum amplitudes. So, we shall discard this term from now on.
For the model (1), one can show that the electron propagator in momentum space is given by
 
iS(p) = iS0 (p) + iS0 (p) − i(p) iS0 (p) (16)
where we defined the free electron propagator in momentum space
γ μ pμ + M
iS0 (p) = i (17)
p2 − M 2
and the electron self energy function
 

d dk  k 2  p − /
k + M
/
(p) = −ig 2 μ4−d 1 − 2 γμ γμ (18)
(2π)d mp [(p − k)2 − M 2 ]k 2
with the implicit limit d → 4.
6 L.H.C. Borges et al. / Nuclear Physics B 944 (2019) 114634

The function (18) is composed by the standard electron self energy function, which is well
known in the literature [60,61],
  
g2 g2
stand (p/ ) = lim (−p/ + 4M) + p/ (1 + γ ) − 2M(1 + 2γ )
d=4 8π 2 (4 − d) 16π 2
1  
M 2 x − p 2 x(1 − x)
+ 2 dx[p / (1 − x) − 2M] ln (19)
4πμ2
0
added by an additional term
  
2 4−d 1 dd k / − k/ + M
p
(p) = ig μ γμ γ μ. (20)
m2p (2π)d [(p − k)2 − M 2 ]
In the above expression γ stands for the Euler constant.
With the change in the integration variable q = k − p, using some gamma matrices algebra,
the definition (11) and the fact that [60,61]

dd q 1 iπ(−1)α (α − d/2)
= ,
(2π)d (q 2 − M 2 )α (2π)d (α)(M 2 )α−d/2

qμ
dd q 2 =0, (21)
(q − M 2 )α
we can calculate the contribution (20) by dimensional regularization
    
M3 1 M3 1 M2
 = − lim + γ − + ln . (22)
d=4 8π 2 M 2 (4 − d) 16π 2 MP2 2 4πμ2
P
Notice that (22) does not depend on the momentum p.
Collecting terms and making d = 4 − , we have the electron self energy fuction
 
g2 M3 1
(p / ) = stand (p
/ ) +  = lim / + 4M) −
(−p
=0 8π 2  8π 2 MP2 
 1
g2
+ p/ (1 + γ ) − 2M(1 + 2γ ) + 2 dx[p / (1 − x) − 2M]
16π 2
0
    
M x − p x(1 − x)
2 2 M 3 1 M2
× ln + γ − + ln (23)
4πμ2 16π 2 MP2 2 4πμ2
It would be interesting to investigate all the Feynman diagrams of the theory (in leading order
in g and 1/Mp ), considering the renormalizability of the theory and some vacuum effects, in a
similar way that was done in Ref’s. [62–64].

4. Conclusions and final remarks

In this paper, we proposed a high energy mechanism which allowed us to obtain a term with
derivatives of higher order in the gauge field in low energy regime. More specifically, we started
with a high-energy model containing the photon field and a single massive charged fermion field
 L.H.C. Borges et al. / Nuclear Physics B 944 (2019) 114634 7

non-minimally coupled. The one loop effective action for the gauge field was obtained integrating
out the fermionic degrees of freedom with the zeta function method. In this scenario, we showed
that the Lee-Wick operator emerges as a one loop quantum correction in low energy regime from
the proposed mechanism, which is composed by the Dirac field coupled to the Maxwell one in a
non-minimal, ghost-free and gauge-invariant way. The proposed model is the simplest deviation
of QED which yields the one loop Lagrangian (12).
On the other hand, for a given mp fixed, the result (12) implies that the Euler-Heisenberg
term (which comes from LF 4 ) scales as M14 while Lee-Wick correction scales as ln(M) (it
∞
scales as C → limμ→∞ 1/μ2 dτ e−M τ τ −1 ∼ ln(M)). Therefore, maybe it is possible (if the
2

non-minimal coupling proposed here would be present) to exist a low energy regime such that
the Bopp-Podolsky-Lee-Wick correction is manifested and more relevant in comparison with the
Euler-Heisenberg one. Maybe this possibility should be considered in the analysis of experiments
with high intensity lasers, such as the PVLAS experiment [65].
We have also obtained the electron self energy in the leading order in the coupling constant g
and in the inverse of Podolsky mass 1/MP .
As a last comment, perhaps model (1) may come out as a mechanism for which the self-energy
of the point-like charge is finite and by which some problems exhibited by theories with higher
order derivatives, like indefinite metric and ghosts modes, can be avoided. A feature found in the
standard Lee-Wick electrodynamics [66]. This conjecture deserves more investigations, taking
into account the perturbative study of the model (1) in a wide analysis of the Feynman graphics
of the theory, in a similar way that was done in Ref’s. [62,63,67–69], and the vacuum polarization
effects, as in Ref. [64], for the standard QED.

Acknowledgements

L.H.C. Borges thanks to FAPESP (Brazilian agency) under the grant 2016/11137-5 for finan-
cial support. F.A. Barone thanks to CNPq (Brazilian agency) under the grants 311514/2015-4
and 313978/2018-2 for financial support. The authors thank J.A. Helayël-Neto for valuable com-
ments.

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