Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore

An assignment on
12/25/2020
Electrochemistry

Subject Code: Chem 1201

Submitted to Submitted by

Dr. Shimul Saha Name: Tirtha Debnath

Group - 2
Assistant Professor Roll: 191907

1st Year 2nd Semester

Dpt. of Chemistry
Session:2019-2020

Jashore University of Science and
Technology, Jashore
Department of Biomedical
Engineering
Jashore University of Science and
Technology, Jashore
 Differences between primary and secondary battery
Types of Primary Battery Secondary battery
differences
Types of Primary batteries transform chemical Secondary batteries transform
transformation energy into electrical energy. electrical energy into chemical
energy.

Density status Primary batteries have high density. Secondary batteries have low
density.

Cell type As primary batteries have no fluid inside As secondary batteries have molten
these cells, they are known as dry cell. salt inside these cells, they are
known as wet cell.

Discharge type Slow in discharge Depends on elements and their

quantities but discharges faster than
primary battery.

Resistance type Primary cells have high internal resistance. Secondary cells have low internal
resistance.
Type of reaction Primary cells have irreversible chemical Secondary cells have reversible
reaction. reaction.
Design type Primary cells design is lighter and easy to Secondary cells design is heavier and
use. complex. It is also hard to use.

Cost Initial cost is very cheap Initial cost is very expensive.

Recharging Not support. Yes.

status

First invented Alessandro Volta invented first primary Gaston Plante invented first
person battery. (Voltaic cell) secondary battery. (Lead-acid)

Example Dry cell, Daniel cell, Clark cell, Chromic Lead Acid Secondary Cell,
acid cell, Bunsen cell etc. Nickel Iron Secondary Cell, Nickel
Cadmium Cells

Life cycle Long life cycle Short life cycle

 Anode Cathode For Leclance Battery:
reaction
Anode half cell reaction:
Zn – 2e- →Zn2+(aq)
Zn2+ (aq)+ 2Cl-(aq) →ZnCl2(aq)
Cathode half-cell reaction:
2NH4+2e- → 2NH3 + H2(g)
NH3 (g) + H2O(l) → NH4OH(aq)
2MnO2(s) + H2 → Mn2O3 (s)+ H2O(l)
For Lead-Acid Battery:
Anode half-cell reaction:
Pb + H2SO4(aq) → PbSO4 + 2e- +
2H+(aq)
Cathode half-cell reaction:
PbO2 + 2e- + 2H+(aq) + H2SO4 →
PbSO4(s) + 2H2O
Total Reaction:
Pb + PbO2 (S)+ 2H2SO4(aq) ⇋ 2
PbSO4(s) + 2H2O

Construction of Alkaline and zinc-carbon battery with proper diagram and their differences
The Alkaline Battery:
 The Alkaline Battery is introduced to overcome the weight and mechanical weakness of the lead plate.
 Main working principal is based om the reaction between Zinc (Zn) and Manganese dioxide (MnO2).
 Potassium Hydroxide, a pure alkaline, used as electrode and so, its name is alkaline fuel cell.
 Eveready Battery was first to brought The Alkaline Battery developed by Lew Urry.

Construction and chemical reaction of alkaline battery:

 The body is made of hollow steel drum which contains all materials of battery, serves as the cathode.
 The positive terminal of the battery is projected from the top of this drum.
 MnO2 powder mixed with coal dust is molted to the inner peripheral surface of the empty drum and
serves as cathode mixture.
 The inner surface of the thick layer of cathode mixture is covered with a paper
separator.
 The central space is filled with Zinc powder with KOH electrolyte.
 A metallic pin (preferably made of brass) is inserted along the central axis of the
alkaline battery to collect the negative charge. This pin is called negative collector pin.
 An alkaline battery cell is rated for 1.5 V. A new non-discharged alkaline cell shows a voltage of 1.50 to
1.65 V. The average voltage under load condition may be 1.1 to 1.3 V. AA alkaline cell is generally
rated for 700 mA.
 Anode half-cell reaction:

Zn(aq) + 2HO-(aq) → ZnO(s) + H2O + 2e- (e0 = -1.28)

Cathode half-cell reaction:

2MnO2 + H2O + 2e- → Mn2O3 + 2HO-(aq) (e0 = +0.15)

Total reaction: Zn(s) + 2MnO2 ⇋ Mn2O3(s) + ZnO(s) (e0 = +1.43)

Zinc Carbon Battery:

 There are two types of Zinc Battery. These are:
 Leclanche Battery.
 Zinc Chloride Battery.
 Zinc Carbon Battery is a primary Battery.
 This battery was invented by George Lionel Leclanche in 1866.
 This was the first battery in which low corrosive (Ammonium Chloride) was used.
 In this Battery cell, one glass jar was used as main container which was filled with Ammonium
Chloride solution as electrolyte.
 An amalgamated zinc rod was immersed in this electrolyte as negative electrode or anode.
 A porous pot was filled with one to one mixture of manganese dioxide and carbon powder.
 A carbon rod was inserted into this mixture.
 The porous pot along with the mixture and carbon rod served as positive electrode or cathode.
 Cathode was placed in the ammonium chloride solution in the jar.
 In 1876, Leclanche himself improved his own prototype design of zinc carbon battery.
 Here he mixed a resin gum binder with manganese dioxide and carbon powder to form a compressed
solid block of the mixture by hydraulic pressure and as a result, there is no further need of porous pot
in Leclanche battery cell.
 Figure 2: Figure of Zinc Carbon Battery

Construction and Chemical Reaction:

 Take a Zinc Can.
 Zinc Can contains a layer of ZnCl2 or NH4Cl ‘s aqueous paste.
 A paper layer separates the Zinc from a mixture of powdered carbon and Manganese Oxide.
 Use a separator consisting of a layer of starch or flour.
 A layer of starch-coated paper is used in modern cells, which is thinner and allows more manganese
dioxide to be used.
 A thermoplastic washer sealant is used.
 The carbon rod is slightly porous, which allows accumulated hydrogen gas to escape, while retaining
the aqueous electrolyte.

Anode:
Zn + 2 Cl− → ZnCl2 + 2 e−
Cathode:
2 MnO2 + 2 NH4Cl + H2O + 2 e− → Mn2O3 + 2 NH4OH + 2 Cl−
Total Reaction: Zn + 2 MnO2 + 2 NH4Cl + H2O → ZnCl2 + Mn2O3 + 2 NH4OH

 Zinc-carbon battery provides initial voltage of 1.5 to 1.7 volte and end up with 0.8 volte.
 Differences between Zinc- Carbon battery and Alkaline Battery:
Types of Alkaline Battery Zinc-Carbon Fuel Cell Opinions
differences
1.Battery type Alkaline Fuel Cell is a Zinc-Carbon Fuel Cell is a primary Secondary battery is
secondary battery. battery. preferable for the
sake of environment
2.Electrode Type Alkaline Battery uses potassium Uses Ammonium Chloride as KOH is very pure
hydroxide (KOH) as electrode. electrode. electrode. That’s
why it performs
well.
3.Inventor Eveready Battery (Lew Urry) George Lionel Leclanche invented Alkaline Battery is
invented Alkaline Fuel Cell. Zinc-Carbon fuel Cell. more advanced than
Zinc-Carbon Fuel
Cell.

4.Purpose For saving environment and For daily life usage. Alkaline Battery is
long time service. lighter than Zinc-
Carbon Battery
5.Energy level Higher energy level Lower energy level Alkaline Battery is
preferable for big
machine.
6.Life cycle Long life cycle Short life cycle.

7.Anti leak Yes No Alkaline Battery is

protection environment
friendly.
8.Cost Very expensive Economical for all classes Alkaline Battery is
a big burden for
poor countries.
9.Rechargable Rechargeable Non-rechargeable. Alkaline battery is
status environment
friendly.
10.Advantages  It has better dimensional  The cost of this battery cell Alkaline Battery is
stability. is quite low. better in terms of
 Its electrolyte offers  Various shapes, sizes and efficiency and
great advantages for capacities of these cells are usage. Zinc-Carbon
heat management. easily available. battery is better in
 Long traditional reliability. terms of cost.
 This performs equally
well in low and as well
as high rate of
discharge.
  This also performs
equally well at ambient
temperature as well as at
low temperature.
 Low weight and
volume.
 Environment friendly.
11.Disadvantages Practically this type of battery Use old dated technology.
does not have any disadvantage
Gassing rate of this battery is
except its high cost.
higher.
This is more oxygen sensitive.
Gives poor service in low
temperature.
Has poor leakage resistance.
Cannot perform efficiently at
high current drain application.

Work Cited:
Zinc Carbon Battery |Types of Zinc Carbon Battery | Advantages and Disadvantages, by Electrical4U
, Zinc Carbon Battery |Types of Zinc Carbon Battery | Advantages and Disadvantages | Electrical4U.
Zinc-Carbone Batteries, Molecular Expressions: Electricity and Magnetism: Zinc-Carbon Battery (fsu.edu).
Alkaline Battery, Fuel Cell Handbook, EG&G Technical Services, Inc.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Primary and Secondary Battery, Byjus.com/ Advantages and Disadvantages
of Primary and Secondary Battery.
Advantages and disadvantages of Alkaline Battery, youtube.com/ Advantages and disadvantages of Alkaline
Battery.
Advantages and disadvantages of zinc carbon fuel cell, youtube.com/ Advantages and disadvantages of zinc
carbon fuel cell.

Alkaline Batteries Construction Working of Alkaline Battery, https://www.electrical4u.com/alkaline-batteries/