National Capital Region

Division of City Schools Caloocan

Department of Education

THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOLISM TO THE

STUDY OF GRADE 11 AT CIELITO
ZAMORA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

SUBMITTED BY:
Anna May Jhea A. Paña

11 – HUMSS

SUBMITTED TO:

Mrs. Enecita Arlos

Instructor
 CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION:

The views about bad effects of alcoholism to the health of teenagers specifically grade
11 students differed from the past centuries up to present. This activity said to be a
routine for teenagers nowadays. Some are often seen with a bottle of alcoholic drink in
one hand. They are not realizing what will happen in their future. They are ignorants
about this activity’s cause and effect on their lives, how it will ruin the beautiful life in
store for them. They are ignorants about this habitual action as part of the society and
as individuals for themselves.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

Alcohol use is the most commonly used psychoactive substance in the world and is one
of the leading causes of death and disability. Alcohol abuse causes 3.2% of all deaths
worldwide annually and also accounts for 4.0% of the global disease burden each year.
Research has shown that alcohol use is associated with alcohol addiction, other drug
use, unintentional injuries, physical fighting, criminal activity, suicidal ideation and
attempts, and increased risk of HIV/AIDS.

In order to address this global public health issue, the World Health Organization
(WHO) recently prioritized the global reduction of the harmful use of alcohol. Even with
limited data, it is still evident that low and middle-income countries bear a
disproportionate public health burden due to increasing alcohol consumption and limited
or non-existent prevention policies and programs.

Alcohol use among youth is affected by a range of psychosocial and environmental

factors. Relatively recent research has increasingly focused on the role of exposure to
alcohol marketing broadly defined and its influences on youth drinking in particular.
However, such research has been largely limited to high income countries, with a few
exceptions.

Intriguingly, research on the predictors of alcohol use and its adverse outcomes among
youth is scarce in the Philippines. Data from the WHO indicates that almost 9% of the
Philippines population who are 15 years of age and older (estimated at 86 million) have
an alcohol use disorder. In addition, 25% of males and 8.3% of females (15-85+ years)
 are heavy episodic drinkers. A related and also largely unaddressed issue in the
broader Western Pacific region, and the Philippines in particular, is the role of alcohol
marketing and its potential link to early alcohol use among youth. Since the 1990s,
concern has grown about heavy drinking and alcohol-related harm, and the link with the
growth in alcohol marketing that targets young people. In the Philippines, new marketing
strategies for beer and spirits are now being used to target youth and women,
particularly by the large local companies, Asia Brewery and San Miguel Corporation.
Although the Philippines has a national legal minimum age for off and on premises
sales of alcoholic beverages and a recently enacted drunk driving law, there are no
restrictions on the marketing of such alcoholic beverages to youth and minors. A high
proportion of marketing expenditures are on non-media forms of promotion. Alcohol
company sponsorship of sports and cultural events is a major marketing strategy, which
is under-researched and rarely addressed by policy makers. Sponsorships at sports
events in particular (which attract more young people) provide promotional opportunities
that imprint brand names and products on young consumers and potential consumers.
Direct marketing includes brand promotions at venues or retail outlets at which drinkers
can be approached directly, or creating the brand’s own events at which the public or
invited customers attend. New brands and products, such as ready-to-drinks (RTDs) are
often launched in this way to give people an opportunity to sample the product.

Analysts of the Asian alcohol markets describe RTDs as a starting point for young
consumers moving from non-alcoholic beverages to alcoholic drinks. Growth in RTDs is
anticipated in the Philippines among women and new young drinkers. Marketing of
RTDs in the Philippines began on a small scale but volume sales increased markedly as
local companies began to compete with the imported brands led by Diageo Philippines
Inc. There is intense competition between global alcohol companies such as Diageo,
Heineken, Carlsberg, Anheuser Busch, SABMiller and Kirin to position themselves to
get a share of the emerging markets in the Western Pacific region. Review of recent
corporate reports of global alcohol companies shows that the strategy is to target
growing countries with high youth populations.

In two of the few studies conducted on exposure to alcohol marketing among youth in a
low income country, findings demonstrate that alcohol marketing, specifically through
the provision of free alcohol to school-attending youth (ages 13–16), is relatively
common in Zambia (30%) and among vulnerable service seeking youth in Uganda
(27.0%) and that this form of marketing is associated with problem drinking and
drunkenness. Previous research conducted primarily in North America and Europe
shows that exposure to alcohol advertising and ownership of alcohol promotional items
has been found to increase the risk of alcohol use among adolescents. Moreover,
based on extensive research, it is clear that alcohol marketing also influences youths’
attitudes and perceptions about alcohol, which are related to expectancies and
 intentions to consume alcohol beverages. In addition, youth who report liking alcohol
advertisements are also more likely to use alcohol. More troubling is the issue of the
long-lasting effect of alcohol marketing exposure. As an example, research shows that
exposure to alcohol advertising in youth predicts youth’s intentions of alcohol
consumption up to two years later.

The totality of previous research indicate that alcohol marketing to youth is a growing
public health concern and that this problem may be exacerbated among youth living in
countries with limited alcohol policies and self-regulation by the alcohol industry. This
may be the case because of the resources available to the alcohol industry to promote
their marketing efforts. Alcohol Justice (formerly the Marin Institute) is a group dedicated
to respond to the alcohol industry and their marketing practices primarily in the U.S.
They report that the alcohol industry spends more than $6 billion each year on
marketing its products. Unfortunately, many alcohol marketing practices are aimed
directly at youth and those that are outside of the home (e.g., billboards, advertisements
at sports events and concerts, buildings, newspapers and magazines, and on the
internet) pose particular concerns because parents cannot typically shield their children
from those exposures. However, spending on these forms of marketing, labeled “out-of-
home advertising” have increased by billions in recent years. Alcohol advertising and
marketing of alcohol products clearly increase intent to use as well as actual alcohol use
among adolescents. Additionally, recent research shows that youth are more exposed
to alcohol marketing than adults and need stronger protections. The increased use of
digital media is set to make matters worse. Alcohol marketers are rapidly using social
networking for their campaigns, and such media is used more heavily by young people
which will likely exacerbate their exposure to alcohol marketing.

-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890547/

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

1. What are the kinds of alcoholic drink being consumed by Grade 11 students?
2. What are the effects of alcohol to their studies?
3. What are the recommendations to solve the phenomenon?

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY:

The study focuses on how alcoholism affects Grade 11 students studying habits
because a huge population of students intake alcohol excessively.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

The main rationale of this study is to contribute to the efforts of Information

Education and Communication health campaigns on alcoholism by providing data on
the extent of exposure to anti-alcoholism advertisements and recall of the Grade 11
students.

Data on alcohol use were taken from the 1998 World Health Organization (WHO)
collaborative, cross-national survey on Health Behaviour of School-Aged Children.
The multinational representative sample consisted of 10,951 male and 11,451
female (drinking) students. County characteristics were derived from the WHO
Global Alcohol Database. Hierarchical Generalized Linear Model was used to
analyze the effects of country characteristics on individual drunkenness.
 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

FOREIGN LITERATURE:

"Whatever the extent of campus use of some experts say students seem to be drinking
for disturbing new reasons related to stress and competition.”.
             -(Ruane Alcohol vol.#73)

LOCAL LITERATURE:

Pinoy alcohol use on the rise

By Mayen Jaymalin  | Updated September 22, 2006 - 12:00am

Many Filipino teenagers, like most youths in the Western Pacific region, are becoming
habitual drinkers and are unaware of the harmful effects of alcohol abuse.
Alcohol consumption among the youth is nearing an alarming level, the World Health
Organization (WHO) reported yesterday, with as many as 75 percent of the youth in the
region guzzling booze at an average of two to three times a week. In Pacific island
countries like the Philippines, WHO noted that going on a drinking binge is a common
practice. "Despite the fact that 45 percent to 75 percent of the young people in the
Western Pacific region consume alcohol regularly, there is poor public awareness of the
harmful effects of alcohol abuse," it said. To address this, WHO is calling on member
countries to implement programs that can reduce youths; alcohol consumption by
regulating the marketing of alcoholic beverages. Another major concern is that teens
are starting to drink at an earlier age than before, WHO said. "The onset of drinking at
earlier ages as well as binge or problem drinking among young people are of particular
concern," WHO said. It cited Japan where, the health body said, nearly 10 percent of its
youth are "defined as problem drinkers." The WHO said "conservative estimates" show
76.3 million people worldwide suffer from alcohol-related diseases. According to the
WHO Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004, "5.5 percent of the entire disease burden
in the Western Pacific region is attributed (to) the use of alcohol, significantly higher
than the global level of four percent." More than 60 diseases and other health conditions
such as cirrhosis of the liver and unintentional injuries are associated with heavy
drinking. Recent studies also suggest a link between alcohol use and HIV, the virus that
causes AIDS, as "heavy drinking leads to high-risk behavior," WHO said. Traffic
accidents across the region are strongly related to drinking, the organization pointed
out, with 20 percent to 50 percent of fatalities in such mishaps related to alcohol use.
"For example, in the Republic of Korea, traffic accidents and casualties associated with
alcohol increased by about half between 1994 and 2004," WHO said.

-http://www.philstar.com/headlines/359323/pinoy-alcohol-use-rise

LOCAL STUDIES:

It has been reported that the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that
there are about 2 billion people worldwide who consume alcoholic beverages and 76.3
million with diagnosable alcohol use disorders ('Global Status Report on Alcohol' 2004,
p. 7). From a public health perspective, the global burden related to alcoholism and
alcohol consumption, both in terms of morbidity and mortality, is considerable in most
parts of the world ('Global Status Report on Alcohol' 2004, p. 7). Moreover, given
alcohol's significance in world health, the World Health Organization has been
developing a database since 1996, named the Global Alcohol Database, in its aim in
providing a standardized reference source of information for global epidemiological
surveillance of alcohol use and its related problems ('Global Status Report on Alcohol'
2004, p. 7). This database will be helpful for the organization to record the incidence of
alcoholism worldwide. This is essential so the government can take action and
responsibility in proposing or implementing programs to help lessen the incidence of
alcoholism.

-http://literaturereviewsamples.blogspot.com/2009/01/literature-review-sample-on-
alcoholism.html

FOREIGN STUDIES:

In the United States, alcohol is still the number one drug problem, and affects
adolescents, middle-aged people and senior citizens, and people of all races, religions,
intelligence levels and professions ('What is Chemical Dependency?' 2005). In fact,
there are approximately 18 million alcoholics in America ('What is Chemical
Dependency?' 2005), and this high incidence affects many aspects in the society. In
1995, the estimated annual cost of alcohol abuse in the United States was $166.5
billion, where alcohol use disorders cost $56.7 billion more than the estimated annual
economic cost of illegal drug use and $36.5 billion more than the estimated annual
economic cost of smoking ('Impact on Society' 2006).
 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

RESEARCH DESIGN:

Simple research for Grade 11 students.

RESPONDENTS:

Grade 11 students from Cielito Zamora Senior High School

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:

Simple random sampling

INSTRUMENTS USED:

Questionnaires

CONSTRUCTION OF THE INSTRUMENT:

Sample questions were first tested on persons who were near to proximity and vicinity.
Then, after the questions were tested we gave it to the respondents.

VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENT:

The sample questionnaires.

DISTRIBUTION AND RETRIEVAL OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE:

The questionnaires were administered to students who intake alcohol for at least once
in their lives.
 CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

METHOD

A three-stage stratified sampling method will be used in this study. In the first
stage of sampling, six cities will be stratified into eastern and western United States. In
addition, three cities from the eastern part of the United States, namely, Mississippi,
New York and Florida will be chosen, and three cities from the western part, namely
California, Wyoming and Oregon, will be chosen for data gathering and comparison. In
the second stage of sampling, one rural city and one city region will be randomly
selected from each state. In the third stage of sampling, individuals will be randomly
chosen from the selected city and only one participant will be selected from each
household.

A total of 30 participants aged 13 to 20 years will be randomly selected from the

population and will be invited to participate. This age bracket will be considered
because at these ages, adolescents become exposed for the first time to alcoholic
drinks or beverages. The socioeconomic status of the participants will also be
considered, as with their classification, whether they belong to a rural or an urban city.
Aside from these, the education of the participants will also be considered. Education is
also a good basis for the knowledge of the participants regarding alcoholism.

Data will be collected in the participants' residential area, and during the visits,
the participants will be asked to answer a questionnaire to obtain information on
demographic characteristics, including age, sex, education, and occupation. Obtaining
data through questionnaire will be easier for evaluation of the participants' exposure and
interest in alcoholic drinks. The questionnaire that will be distributed to the participants
will have 20 questions, and will be answered by each of the participants with the
supervision of the researcher. In addition, a simple interview will be also be
administered by the researcher to somehow interact with the participants.

From these questionnaires, a data will be generated and will serve as a survey
on the exposure of the participants to alcoholic drinks or beverages. These data will be
helpful in assessing their interest and opinion regarding treatment, if ever they will be
diagnosed to suffer from alcoholism. The questionnaires will not only include questions
regarding the participants' exposure to alcohol, but will contain questions talking about
the common symptoms being experienced by alcoholics. These will be helpful for
evaluation and examination of the participants. If ever the results will indicate a positive
diagnosis for alcoholism as indicated by the symptoms listed in the questionnaire, then
the researcher can refer the participants to a hospitals or rehabilitation centers for
treatment.
 To check the reliability and the significance of the study, statistical analysis will
be also be used. Statistical tools will be helpful to assess the significance and the
relationship of demographic factors and the data gathered from the participants. All the
calculations will be weighted to evaluate and assess the interest of the participants for
possible treatment. In this light, the researcher can assess if the treatments proposed to
alcoholics are effective to motivate them to participate and undergo treatment.
 CHAPTER V: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS:

It has been estimated that over three million teenagers are alcoholics, and
several million more have a serious drinking problem that they cannot manage on their
own (Califano 2000). This is why early treatment of alcoholism in adolescents must be
done to prevent further damage on their lives. It has been mentioned earlier that
alcoholism presents grave threats on the lives of many individuals, especially on the
lives of many teenagers. These threats include accidents associated with drunk driving,
and crimes. It has been reported that the three leading causes of death for 15 to 24 year
olds are automobile crashes, homicides and suicides, and alcohol is a leading factor in
all three (Califano 2000). While drinking may be a singular problem behavior for some,
research suggests that for others if may be an expression of general adolescent turmoil
that includes other problem behaviors and that these behaviors are linked to
unconventionality, impulsiveness, and sensation seeking (Califano 2000).

It has been reported that binge drinking, often begins around the age of 13, tends
to increase during adolescence, peak in young adulthood in the ages between 18 to 22,
then gradually decreases (Califano 2000). Individuals who increase their binge drinking
from the age of 18 to 24 and those who consistently binge drink at lease once a week
during this period may have problems attaining the goals typical of the transition from
adolescence to young adulthood (Califano 2000). These goals include marriage,
education, employment, and financial independence (Califano 2000).

Moreover, alcohol use among adolescents has also been associated with
considering, planning, attempting, and completing suicide (Califano 2000). Research
does not indicate whether drinking causes suicidal behavior, only that the two behaviors
are correlated (Califano 2000). Suicide is also related to depression and anxiety, for
these behaviors somehow trigger alcoholics to result to suicide. In addition, these
behaviors can also become severe with the influence of alcohol. This is why during the
event of suicide, the alcoholic has already experienced severe depression and anxiety
prior to the activity, including the fact that with the influence of alcohol, a person cannot
make sound judgments.

Furthermore, the influence of peers can also be attributed to adolescent drinking.

More often than not, adolescents become exposed to alcohol drinking through their
peers. With this, the role of the parents becomes crucial in the discipline of their
children. Proper guidance must be given to adolescents regarding drinking alcohol.
 Education also is important, for information regarding alcoholism and drug abuse must
be give to adolescents for early prevention.

CONCLUSIONS:

The possible results of the study would somehow become helpful in the fulfillment of its
aim to detect the earliest possible age of adolescents to become exposed to alcoholic
drinks. This study can also assess the relationship of having a family history of
alcoholism and its effect to adolescent alcoholism.

This study also has several limitations. One of its limitations is that it covers only a small
number of participants, and due to limited budget, cannot cover the entire United States
for obtaining data. Another limitation, is that the survey does not represent the total
population of the adolescents with the age of 13 to 20 years, due to the limited number
of participants to be included. Another limitation is that this study would not obtain blood
samples from the participants to examine their blood alcohol content. This can be
helpful to assess the condition of the participants.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

The saying 'an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure' is applicable in this
situation. With earlier prevention and information, many adolescents will not be involved
in drinking at an early age. With this, parents and guardians of the adolescents must
take responsibility over them to inform them of the consequences of being an alcoholic.

It has been reported that one way to prevent adolescent drinking is to stay
involved and interested in the teenager's life ('Alcoholism' 2004). In this way, the parents
know the activities of their children, including their peers and their schedule in school.
Another way is to talk openly to your children, especially to pre-teens and teens, about
the widespread presence and dangers of alcohol and drugs ('Alcoholism' 2004). This
will serve as a warning for them and information to prevent the incidence of alcoholism.
Act as a role model and do not drink excessively or use other drugs or smoke
('Alcoholism' 2004). The adolescents will realize that their parents are good example of
moral values, and not indulge themselves to becoming alcoholics.

With these, the parents can interact properly with their children and somehow
monitor their behavior. The key concept in this issue is communication. With good and
constant communication, parents and children can have a good and lasting relationship.
This can help both parties to educate one another regarding life and become involved
with the activities of one another. Good communication can help each other create a
good environment for one another.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

http://literaturereviewsamples.blogspot.com/2009/01/literature-review-sample-on-
alcoholism.html