Maths IIT-JEE Best Approach MC SIR

DETERMINANT
2 3 5
6 0 4 and verify that a A + a A + a A = 0
INTRODUCTION 11
1 31 12 32 13 33
1 5 7
a11 a 12 a13
| A | = a 21 a 33 a 23 SOME OPERATIONS
a 31 a 32 a 33
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
 Number of rows = Number of columns (i.e., defined only
corresponding to square matrices)
Property 1
 The number of rows (or of columns) of a determinant is called
The value of the determinant remains unchanged if
order of determinant.
its rows and columns are interchanged.
2 4 Property 2
Q.1 Evaluate .
1 2 If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are
interchanged, then sign of determinant changes.
x x 1
Q.2 Evaluate Property 3
x 1 x
If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are
identical (all corresponding elements are same), then
2 3 2 value of determinant is zero.
Q.3 Evaluate 1 2 3 by Qpanding it along the second row.. Property 4
2 1 3 If each element of a row (or a column) of a determinant
is multiplied by a constant k, then its value get multiplied
0 sin   cos  by k.
Q.4 Evaluate  =  sin  0 sin  . Property 5
cos   sin  0 If some or all elements of a row or column of a
determinant are expressed as sum of two (or more)
3 x 3 2 terms, then the determininant can be expressed as sum
Q.5 Find value of x for which  .
x 1 4 1 of two (or more) determinants.

QPANSION OFA DETERMINANT Property 6

If, to each element of any row or column of a
determinant, the equimultiples of corresponding
a1 b1 c1
elements of other row (or column) are added, then
a2 b2 c2
value of determinant remains the same, i.e., the value
a3 b3 b3
of determinant remain same if we apply the operation
= a1b2c3 + b1 c2 a3 + c1 a2 b3 – a3 b2 c1 – b3 c2 a1 – c3 a2 b1 Ri  Ri + kRj or Ci  Ci + kCj.
Property 7

MINORS AND COFACTORS f1  r  f 2  r  f 3  r 

Q.6 Find minors and cofactors of all the elements of the If  r = a b c . Where f 1 (r), f 2 (r),
1 2 d e f
determinant
4 3
f3 (r) are functions of r and a, b, c, d, e, f are constants.
NOTE
Then
If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors
of any other row (or column), then their sum is zero. For n n n

Qample,  f r   f  r  f r 
r 1
1
r 1
2
r 1
3
n
Q.7 Find minors and cofactors of the elements of the determinant 
r 1
r  a b c
d e f

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Maths IIT-JEE Best Approach MC SIR
f1  x  f 2  x  f 3  x  xa xb x c
Also for (x) = a b c , where f1 (x), f2 (d) xb xc x a
d e f xc x a xb

= (3x + a + b + c)(ab + bc + ac – a2 – b2 – c2)

(x), f3(x) are function of x and a, b, c, d, e, f are
a b c
constants. We have
(e) b c a = – (a2 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) a, b, c, are positive
q q q
c a b
 f  x  dx  f  x  dx  f  x  dx
p
1
p
2
p
3
q
Q.11 Without Qpanding evaluate the determinant
   x  dx 
p
a b c
d e f 41 1 5
79 7 9
Property 8: REMAINDER THEOREM 29 5 3
If by putting x = a  D = 0 then (x – a) is a factor in Q.12 Without Qpanding show that
D.
b 2 c2 bc b  c
c2a 2 ca c  a = 0.
3 2 3 a 2 b2 ab a  b
Q.8 Evaluate  = 2 2 3
Q.13 Without Qpanding evaluate the determinant.
3 2 3
2 2
a x
 ax  a x
 ax  1
2 2

102 18 36
a y
 ay  a y
 ay  1
2 z 2
Q.9 Evaluate 1 3 4 a z
 a z  a 2
a  1
17 3 6 Where a, b, c and x, y, z  R,.

Q.14 Prove that

a b c
  
Q.10 Show that a  2x b  2y c  2z  0 2 2
  2 = 
x y z
      
SPECIAL DETERMININANTS
x 1 x x
(i) Symmetric Determinant Q.15 Prove that a  0, x x a x 0
2
x x x a
(ii) Skew symmetric Determinant
Represents a straight line parallel to the y - axis.
(iii) Cyclic Determinants

1 1 1 a b c 2a 2a
Q.16 P.T. 2b bca 2b = (a + b + c)3.
(a) a b c = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
2c 2c ca b
a2 b2 c2
Q.17 Show that
1 1 1
1  a 2  b2 2ab 2b
(b) a b c = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) ( a + b + c) 2 2
2ab 1  a  b 2a
a3 b3 c3
2b 2a 1  a 2  b2

1 1 1
(c) a2 b2 c 2 = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca) 2r 1 2.3r 1 4.5r 1
a3 b3 c3 Q.18 If r = x y z .
2 n  1 3n  1 5 n  1

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Maths IIT-JEE Best Approach MC SIR
n PRODUCT OF TWO DETERMINANTS
Show that 
r 1
r = constant.
1. Method of multiplication : (Row by Column)
n
2r  1 Cr 1 a1 b1 c1 l1 l2 l3
Q.19 If r = n2 1 2n n 1 , e.g., Let 1 = a 2 b2 c 2 ,  2  m1 m 2 m3
cos 2  n 2  cos 2 n cos 2  n  1 a3 b3 c3 n1 n2 n3

n a 1l1  b1m1  c1 n1 a1l2  b1 m 2  c1n 2

where, n  r  0, then evaluate 
r 0
r
  = 1 2 = a 2l1  b 2 m1  c 2 n1 a 2 l2  b 2 m 2  c 2 n 2
a 3l1  b3 m1  c3 n1 a 3 l2  b 3 m 2  c 3 n 2

Q.20 For a fixed positive integer n, if

a 1l3  b1m 3  c1n 3
n!  n  1!  n  2 ! a 2 l3  b 2 m 3  c 2 n 3
(row by column)
D =  n  1 !  n  2 !  n  3! a 3l3  b3 m 3  c3 n 3
 n  2 !  n  3!  n  4 !
2. Method of multiplication : (Row by Row)
D
then show that 3
 4 is divisible by n
 n! a1l1  b1l2  c1l3 a 1m1  b1m 2  c1m 3
  = 1 2 = a 2l1  b 2 l2  c 2 l3 a 2 m1  b2 m 2  c 2 m 3
Q.21 Without Qpanding, prove that a 3l1  b3l2  c3 l3 a 3 m1  b3 m 2  c 3 m 3

x2  x x 1 x  2 a1n1  b1n 2  c1n 3

2
2x  3x  1 3x 3x  3 = xA + B,
a 2 n1  b 2 n 2  c 2 n 3
2
x  2x  3 2x  1 2x  1
a 3 n1  b 3 n 2  c 3 n 3
where A and B are determinants of 3 × 3 square
matrices not involving x.

Q.22 If (x1 – x2)2 + (y1 – y2)2 = a2, (x2– x3)2 + (y2 – y3)2 = b2 3. Method of multiplying : (column by Column)
and, (x3 – x1)2 + (y3 – y1)2 = c2, then prove that
a1l1  a 2 m1  a 3n1 a1l2  a 2 m2  a3 n2 a1l3  a 2 m3  a3 n3
2
x1 y1 1 a1l1  b2 m1  b3n1 b1l2  b2 m2  b3n3 b1l3  b2 m3  b3 n3
4 x2 y2 1 = (a + b + c) (b + c – a) (c + a – b) (a + b + c) a1l3  c2 m1  c3 n1 c1l2  c2 m1  c3n2 c1l3  c2 m3  c3n3
x3 y3 1
Property If A1, B1, C1, ... are respectively, the cofactors of the
elements a1, b1, c1, ..... or the determinant

a a3 a4 1 a1 b1 c1 A1 B1 C1
Q.23 If a, b, c are all different and b b
3
b4  1  0  = a2 b2 c 2 ,   0, then A
2 B2 C 2  2
c c 3
c4  1 a3 b3 c3 A3 B3 C3

show that abc (ab + bc + ca) = a + b + c. Q.25 Prove that

2 a11  b11 a1 2  b22 a13  b13
 b  c ba ac
2
a 2 1  b 21 a 2  2  b22 a 2  3  b 2 3  0
Q.24 Prove that ba c  a  cb
a 31  b31 a 3  2  b32 a 3 3  b33
2
ca cb a  b
1 x x2
2
 b  c a2 a2 Q.26 If x x2 1 = 3, then find the value of
= b 2
c  a 
2
b 2
= 2abc (a + b + c)3. x2 1 x
2
c2 c2 a  b x3  1 0 x  x4
0 x  x4 x3 1
x  x4 x3  1 0

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Q.27 Qpress the determinant
a1 x  b1 y  c1z  0 (i) 
1 cos      cos      
a 2 x  b 2 y | c 2 z  0 (ii) 
 = cos      1 cos      a 3 x  b3 y  c 3 z  0 (iii) 
cos      cos      1
SUMMARY
as the product of two determinants and hence show (i) If  0, then given system of equations has onlyt r i v i a l
that  = 0. solution and the number of solutions in this case is one
Q.28 If  are the roots of the equation (ii) If  = 0, then given system of equations has nontrivial
ax2 + bx + c = 0 and sn = n + n , then evaluate solution as well as trivial solution and the number of solution
in this case is infinite.
3 1  s1 1  s 2 SPECIAL CASE
1  s1 1  s 2 1  s3 when  = 1 = 2 = 3 = 0 no solution or infinite many
1  s 2 1  s3 1  s 4 solution.
e.g x + y + z = 1, x + y + z = 2 and x + y + z = 3 has no solution since
Q.29 Evaluate
all are parallel planes
2        e.g x + y + z = 1, 2x +2y +2z = 2 and 3x + 3y + 3z = 3 has infinite
                       
solutions since all are coincide planes.
                2 Q.30 Slove by Cramer's rule
SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS x + y+ z = 6
x – y+ z = 2
a1 x  b1 y  c1z  d1 
 3x + 2y – 4z = – 5
a 2 x  b 2 y  c2 z  d 2 
Q.31 For what value of p and q, the system of equation
a 3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d 3  2x + py + 6z = 8, x + 2y + qz = 5, x + y + 3z = 4 has
For Qample, x = 3 y = 3 and z = 6 is the solution of the system (i) no solution,
of equations. (ii) a unique solution,
5x – 6y + 4z = 15 (iii) infinitely many solutions.
7x + 4y – 3z = 19
2x + y + 6z = 46 Q.32 If x, y, z are not all zero such that
SOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS ax + y + z = 0
THEOREM x + by + z = 0
(CRAMER'S RULE) x + y + cz = 0
The solution of the system of linear equations
1 1 1
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 .....(i) then prove that    1.
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 .....(ii) 1 a 1 b 1  c
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 ....(iii) Q.33 If sin q  cos q and x, y, z satisfy the equations
x cos p – y sin p + z = cos q + 1
D1 D D
is given by x = , y = 2 , and z = 3 , where x sin p + y cos p + z = 1 – sin q
D D D x cos(p + q) – y sin (p + q) + z = 2
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
then find the value of x2 + y2 + z2.

D = a2 b2 c 2 , D1 = d 2 b2 c2 , Q.34 Investigate for what values of ,  the

a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 simultaneous equations x + y + z = 6;
x + 2 y + 3 z = 10 & x + 2 y +  z =  have ;
a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1 (a) A unique solution.
(b) An infinite number of solutions.
D2 = a 2 d2 c 2 and D3 = a 2 b2 d2 , (c) No solution.
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
Q.35 For what values of p , the equations :
provided that D  0.
x + y + z = 1; x + 2 y + 4 z = p & x + 4y + 10z = p2
have a solution ? Solve them completely in each
D1 D2 D3 case.
 x= y= and z = provided that D  0.
D' D D'
SYSTEM OF HOMOGENEOUS Q.36 Solve the equations :
LINEAR EQUATIONS K x + 2 y  2 z = 1, 4 x + 2 K y  z = 2,
6 x + 6 y+ K z = 3
considering specially the case when K = 2.

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