Venous

Thromboembolism

By:
Bonita, Rica B.
Navera, Krsna B.
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a
condition in which a blood clot forms
most often in the deep veins of the
leg, groin or arm (known as deep vein
thrombosis, DVT) and travels in the
circulation, lodging in the lungs
(known as pulmonary embolism, PE).

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PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in

one of the pulmonary arteries in your
lungs. In most cases, pulmonary
embolism is caused by blood clots
that travel to the lungs from deep
veins in the legs or, rarely, from veins
in other parts of the body (deep vein
thrombosis).

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Reduced Blood Flow
Venous stasis occurs when blood flow is reduced, when veins are dilated, and when skeletal muscle contraction is
reduced.
Damage
Damage to the intimal lining of blood vessels creates a site for clot formation
Phlebitis
Formation of a Thrombus frequently accompanies phlebitis, which is an inflammation of the vein walls.
Platelet Aggregates
Venous thrombi are aggregrates off platelets attached to the vein wall that have tail-like Appendage containing
fibrin, whiteblood cells, and many red blood cells
Tail
The “tail” can grow or can propagate in the direction of the blood flow as successive layers of the thrombus form
Fragmentation
Fragmentation of the thrombus can occur spontaneously as it dissolves naturally, or it can occur with an elevated
venous pressure
Recanalization
After an acute episode of DVT, recanalization or reestablishment of the lumen of the vessel typically occurs

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 Asymmetrical
edema

Asssymetrical calf
swelling
Localized pain in
the calf

Redness or
noticeable
discoloration

Warmth

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DOPPLER COMPUTED
ULTRASOUND TOMOGRAPHY
The tip of the Doppler Computed tomography
transducer is provides
positioned at a 45- to cross-sectional images
60-degree angle over of soft tissue and
the expected location visualizes the area of
of the artery and volume changes to an
angled slowly to extremity and the
identify arterial blood compartment where
flow. changes take place

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Strong Risk

Being in the hospital for an extended period of

time

Having surgery (especially hip, knee and

cancer-related surgery)

Cancer patients are at 4 times higher risk than

the general population of developing serious
blood clots.

Not moving for long periods of time (e.g., due to

bedrest or long-duration travel)

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 Moderate Risk

Age (60+)

Personal or family history of blood clots, recent

stroke

Cancer/chemotherapy

Trauma

Using estrogen-based medication (e.g., oral

contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy)

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Other Factors

Obesity

Pregnancy or recent birth

Smoking

Alcohol consumption

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01 Anticoagulants (e.g., injectables such as heparin,
enoxaparin, or low molecular weight heparin, or
tablets such as apixaban, dabigatran and
rivaroxaban, edoxaban and warfarin)

02 Mechanical devices (e.g., compression stockings

which may decrease your risk of long term problems
that can be caused from having clots or a special
filter placed in a vein)

03 Thrombolytic therapy (e.g.,

tissue plasminogen activator)