Heat &Thermodynamics

Dr. Mostak Hossain

Professor, Dept. of Physics, BUET.
 Carnot’s theorem
• Theorem:
• The efficiencies of all Carnot engines working between the same two
temperatures are the same,

the same two temperatures.

t a k
• No heat engine can be more efficient than Carnot engine working between

• Prove:

o s
M
Consider two reversible engines A and B, working between the temperature

.
limits T1 (higher) and T2 (lower). A and B engines are coupled. Suppose A

r
engine is more efficient than B engine.

D
The engine A work as a heat engine and
B engine as a refrigerator. The engine A
absorbs an amount of heat H1 from the
source at a temperature T1 . It does

t a k
external work W and transfers it to B. Heat
rejected to the sink is H2 at a temperature
T2 .

o s
The engine B absorbs heat 𝐻"# from the

.r M
sink at temperature T2 and 𝑊 amount of
work is done on the working substance.

D
The heat 𝐻%# is given to the source at
temperature T1 .
The efficiency of A engine:
() *(+ ,
𝜂= =
() ()
The efficiency of B engine:

𝜂 =# ( - *( -
) +
=
,
ta k
()-
o s ()-

M
Since A engine is more efficient than B engine

So η > 𝜂#
Dr.
, ,
or > (-
() )
∴ 𝐻%# > 𝐻%
or 𝐻%# − 𝐻% > 0 (1)
Also 𝑊 = 𝐻% − 𝐻" = 𝐻%# − 𝐻"#
∴ 𝐻% − 𝐻" = 𝐻%# − 𝐻"#

ta k
s
or 𝐻%# − 𝐻% = 𝐻"# − 𝐻"
∴ 𝐻"# − 𝐻" > 0

Mo (2)

r.
𝐻"# − 𝐻" is the quantity of heat taken from the sink at a temperature
D
T2 and 𝐻%# − 𝐻% is the quantity of heat given to the source at a
temperature T1 .
Both 𝐻"# − 𝐻" and 𝐻%# − 𝐻% are positive quantities.
It means heat flows from the sink at a lower temperature T2 to the
source at a higher temperature T1 .

ta k
But Clausius statement of second law of thermodynamic says:
“Heat cannot flow from cold body to hot body without any external
work”.
o s
That is heat flows from a body at a lower temperature to a body at

. M
higher temperature, but no external work has been done on the
r
system. This is opposite to the second law of thermodynamics.
Thus, η ≯ 𝜂
#
D
Like wise, by reversing the engines we can prove

η′ ≯ 𝜂

Hence 𝜂 = 𝜂′
ta k
o s
r . M
Now suppose that A engine is an irreversible engine.

𝜂D = 𝜂
Then we can prove that
#
. 677
But A engine cannot be reversed,
So, we can not prove that
#
𝜂 ≯ 𝜂677

ta k
#
𝜂 > 𝜂677 o s
M
That is

Hence D r.
𝜂 ≥𝜂
789 677
Entropy:
Entropy is the thermal property of a body which remains constant when no
heat energy is given or removed from it.
If dQ is the amount of heat taken in by a substance at the absolute

k
temperature T, then the entropy of the substance

ta
=>
𝑑𝑆 =

o s
Where dS is the change of entropy.
?

. M
Isothermal process ⇒ Temperature is constant

r
D
Adiabatic process ⇒ Entropy is constant
Entropy in Reversible Process:
Let us consider a reversible cycle ABCD formed by two isothermals AB and
CD at the temperature T1 and T2 respectively and the two adiabatic BC and
DA.
1) Let Q1 is the quantity of heat absorbed by
the working substance in moving from A to B
along the isothermal AB at the temperature

ta k
T1 . Then entropy of the working substance

o s
increases, which is
>

r. M ?)

D
2) In moving from B to C along the adiabatic
BC, there is no change in entropy but
temperature falls from T1 to T2 due to expansion of the substance.
3) In moving from C to D along the isothermal CD at the temperature T2 ,
the quantity of heat Q2 is given out. Hence entropy of the substance
decrease by
>+

ta k
?+

o s
4) From D to A along the adiabatic DA there is no change in entropy, but

r. M
temperature raises from T2 to T1 due to compression of the substance.

D
Hence the total change in entropy for the whole reversible process

𝑄% 𝑄"
A 𝑑𝑆 = −
𝑇% 𝑇"
 >) >+
But for reversible process, =
?) ?+

∴ ∮ 𝑑𝑆 = 0 ta k
o s
∴ r. M
S = constant
D
The entropy of a system in all reversible process remain constant.
Entropy in an Irreversible Process:

k
Let us consider a simple irreversible cycle. The working

a
st
substance absorbs a quantity of heat Q1 at the higher
temperature T1 and rejects a quantity of heat Q2 at the lower

o
Temperature T2 . Then the efficiency of the cycle is

𝜂 =r.
M >) *>+

D677 >)
According to Carnot’s theorem, the efficiency 𝜂677 is less than
that of the reversible engine 𝜂789 for which

𝜂789 =
𝑇% − 𝑇"
ta k
o s 𝑇%

M
When both are working between the same two temperature T1
and T2 .
.r
D𝜂677 < 𝜂789
Hence
 >) *>+ ?) *?+
∴ <
>) ?)
>+ ?+
or 1−> <1−?
k
) )

or
>+
>)
>
?+

st
?) a
− )>0 o
>+ ?+
or (
>)
r. M
?)

or
>+
?+
D−
>)
>0
?)
 >) >+
The source loses an entropy , where the sink gains an entropy .
?) ?+

k
>+ >)
The net change in entropy of the whole process is −? which is

ta
?+ )
greater than zero and positive ,

o s
r. M
Hence, In an Irreversible process there is always an increase of entropy.

D
•Thanks