1
Design of Fuzzy-PI and Fuzzy-Sliding Mode
Controllers for Single-Phase Two-Stages Grid
Connected Transformerless Photovoltaic Converter
Auther 1, Author 2∗ , and Author 3
Abstract—Conventional Energy Resources (CER) are being
rapidly replaced by Renewable Energy Resources (RER) due
to their abundant, environmentally friendly, clean, and inex-
haustible nature. In recent years, Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) energy
installation is booming at a rapid rate among various RER.
Grid-Connected PVS required advance DC-link controllers to
overcome second harmonic ripple and current controllers to
feed-in high-quality current to the grid. This paper successfully
presents the design of a Fuzzy-Logic Based PI (F-PI) and Fuzzy-
Logic based Sliding Mode Controller (F-SMC) for the DC-
link voltage controller and Proportional Resonant (PR) with
Resonant Harmonic Compensator (RHC) as a current controller
for a Single-Phase Two-Stages Gridconnected Transformerless
(STGT) Photovoltaic (PV) Inverter. The current controller is
designed with and without a feedforward PV power loop to
improve dynamics and control. A Second Order General In-
tegral (SOGI)-based Phase Lock Loop (PLL) is also designed
that has a fast-dynamic response, fast-tracking accuracy, and
harmonic immunity. A 3 kW STGT-PV system is used for
simulation in Matlab/Simulink. A comparative assessment of
designed controllers is carried out with a conventionally well-
tuned PI controller. The designed controllers improve the steady-
state and dynamic performance of the grid-connected PV system.
In addition, the results, performance measure analysis, and
harmonics contents authenticate the robustness, fastness, and
effectiveness of the designed controllers, related to former works.
Index Terms—Grid-connected; photovoltaic system; fuzzy-PI
controller; fuzzy sliding mode controller; proportional resonant
controller with resonant harmonic compensator; second order
general integral; phase lock loop
I. I NTRODUCTION
Depletion of conventional energy resources and a sudden
increase in the need of clean power generation due to environ-
mental concerns has given a boom to the installation of photo-
voltaic (PV) systems [1]. Grid-connected PV systems are
becoming even more important after the popularity of power
electronic converters and declining prices of PV modules [2],
[3]. Although three phase PV systems are used in industry for
large PV installations, single phase PV systems are gaining
popularity for grid and household connections [4].
In order to guarantee the reliability, integrity and availability
of the electrical installation, distribution system operators
need to meet grid codes set by the authorities [5], [6]. The
controllability of single phase grid connected PV system is a
∗ IAuthor 3 (corresponding author, iftikhar.rana@seecs.edu.pk) and all
others authors are with the School of Electrical Engineering & Computer
Science (SEECS), an institute of National University of Science & Technology
(NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
challenging task. The PV system should be able to meet the
requirements by providing necessary support services, such as
low voltage ride through (LVRT) and reactive power support.
[7]. Several LVRT schemes have been developed in literature
for single-phase PV systems [8]–[13]. The PV system should
also be more ”smart” for catering the grid faults. This needs
smart control strategies for catering fluctuations, and ensuring
accurate voltage regulation. Power quality related problems
are the main cause of economic losses. Power quality aspects
of a PV system are evaluated by multiple parameters such as
voltage fluctuations, unbalance, harmonics and flicker [14].
R EFERENCES
[1] Mohammed Ali Khan, VS Bharath Kurukuru, Ahteshamul Haque, and
Saad Mekhilef. Islanding classification mechanism for grid-connected
photovoltaic systems. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics
in Power Electronics, 2020.
[2] Kamran Zeb, Waqar Uddin, Muhammad Adil Khan, Zunaib Ali,
Muhammad Umair Ali, Nicholas Christofides, and HJ Kim. A com-
prehensive review on inverter topologies and control strategies for grid
connected photovoltaic system. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 94:1120–1141, 2018.
[3] Kamran Zeb, Saif Ul Islam, Waqar Ud Din, Imran Khan, Muhammad
Ishfaq, Tiago Davi Curi Busarello, Iftikhar Ahmad, and Hee Je Kim.
Design of fuzzy-pi and fuzzy-sliding mode controllers for single-
phase two-stages grid-connected transformerless photovoltaic inverter.
Electronics, 8(5):520, 2019.
[4] Ersan Kabalcı. Review on novel single-phase grid-connected solar
inverters: Circuits and control methods. Solar Energy, 198:247–274,
2020.
[5] Yongheng Yang and Frede Blaabjerg. Low-voltage ride-through capa-
bility of a single-stage single-phase photovoltaic system connected to
the low-voltage grid. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2013, 2013.
[6] Yongheng Yang, Huai Wang, and Frede Blaabjerg. Reactive power in-
jection strategies for single-phase photovoltaic systems considering grid
requirements. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 50(6):4065–
4076, 2014.
[7] Yongheng Yang, Frede Blaabjerg, and Zhixiang Zou. Benchmarking of
grid fault modes in single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic systems.
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 49(5):2167–2176, 2013.
[8] Yeongsu Bak, June-Seok Lee, and Kyo-Beum Lee. Low-voltage ride-
through control strategy for a grid-connected energy storage system.
Applied Sciences, 8(1):57, 2018.
[9] Esmaeil Zangeneh Bighash, Seyed Mohammad Sadeghzadeh, Esmaeil
Ebrahimzadeh, and Frede Blaabjerg. Improving performance of lvrt
capability in single-phase grid-tied pv inverters by a model-predictive
controller. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems,
98:176–188, 2018.
[10] Ali Q Al-Shetwi, Muhamad Zahim Sujod, and Frede Blaabjerg. Low
voltage ride-through capability control for single-stage inverter-based
grid-connected photovoltaic power plant. Solar Energy, 159:665–681,
2018.
[11] Hsin-Chih Chen, Chia-Tse Lee, Po-Tai Cheng, Remus Teodorescu,
and Frede Blaabjerg. A low-voltage ride-through technique for grid-
connected converters with reduced power transistors stress. IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, 31(12):8562–8571, 2016.
 2

[12] K Arulkumar, K Palanisamy, and D Vijayakumar. Recent advances and

control techniques in grid connected pv system–a review. International
Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 6(3):1037–1049, 2016.
[13] Ahmed MA Haidar and Norhuzaimin Julai. An improved scheme for
enhancing the ride-through capability of grid-connected photovoltaic
systems towards meeting the recent grid codes requirements. Energy
TABLE I: Power sources specifications
for Sustainable Development, 50:38–49, 2019.
[14] Minas Patsalides, Andreas Stavrou, Venizelos Efthymiou, and George E Power Source Specs
Georghiou. Towards the establishment of maximum pv generation limits Proton exchange membrane FC 200 V, 200 A, 48 kW
due to power quality constraints. International Journal of Electrical (PEMFC)
Power & Energy Systems, 42(1):285–298, 2012. UC Module 2.5 V (single cell), 141 cells (in
series), 1500 F

TABLE II: Component values of the DC-DC converters

Parameter Value
Inductors L1 &L2 3.3 mH
Inductor resistance R1 &R2 20 mΩ
Output Capacitance Co 1.66 mF

TABLE III: Values of simulation parameters

Parameter Value
σ 10
ρ 2500
ε 1000
Kp1 20
Ki1 1000
Kp2 0.1
Ki2 20

TABLE IV: Vehicle, motor & inverter specifications

Parameter Value
Total mass of the vehicle Mt 1922 kg
Aerodynamic drag coefficient Cx 0.3
Vehicle frontal area A 2.5 m2
Rolling resistance coefficient Cr 0.01
Gravitational acceleration constant g 9.8 m/s2
Inverter efficiency ηinverter 75%