'l-="" t r-.
NFPA 10
Standard for
Portable Fire Extinguishers
1994 Edition
Class A Fires. Fires in ordinary combustible materials
such as wood. cloth, paper, rubbel:, and many plastics, '
\
Class B Fires. Fires in flammable liquids, .oils, greases,
tars. oil-base paints. lacquers, and flammable gases., "c •
Class C Fires, Fires that involve energized electrical
equipme ut where the electrical nonco nductivity or the
extinguishing media is or importance. (When electrical
equipment is de-energized, fire extinguishers for Class A
or B fires may be used safely.) . nated agent type, and multi-purpose dry chemical. (For
Class D Fires. Fires in combustible metals, such as
magllesium, titaniu rn, zircouiu ni, sodium, lithium. and
potassium, -: <'
1-5 Classification of Hazards;
1-5.1. Light (Low) Hazard. Light hazard occupancies are
I type:. (For halogenated agent-t)1Jffire extinguishers, see 2-1.1.)
locations where the total amount of Class A combustible
materials, including furnishings, decorations, and contents,
is of minor quantity. This may include some buildings or
rooms occupied as offices, classrooms, churches, assemblv
halls, guest room areas of hotels/motels, ete. This c1assifica'-
tion anticipates that the majority of content items are
either noncombustible or so arranged that a fire is not
likely to spread rapidly. Small amounts of Class B flamma-
bles used for duplicating machines, art departments, ete.,
are included provided that they are kept in closed contain-
ers and safely stored. '
I -5.2 Ordinary (Moderate) Hazard. Ordinary hazard
occupancies are locations where the total amount of Class
A combustibles and Class B flammables are present in
greater amounts than expected under light (low) hazard
occupancies. These occupancies could consist or dilling
are~s. mercantile shops. and allied storage. light 'manulac-
tunng, research operations, auto showrooms. parking
garages. workshop or support service areas of light (low)
hazard occupancies, and warehouses containing Class I or
Class II commodities as defined by NFPA 23 I, Standard for
General Storage. .
1-5.3 Extra (High) Hazard. Extra hazard occupancies are
locations where the total amount of Class A combustibles and
Glass B Ilarumables present, in storage, production, use,
and/or finished product is over and above those expected in
occupancies classed as ordinary (moderate) hazard, These
o~cupancies could consist of woodworking, vehicle repair,
al.rcraft and boat servicing. cooking areas, individual product
display showrooms, product convention center displays. and
st.orage and manufacturing processes such as painting. dip-
plllg, and coating, including flammable liquid handling. Also
included is warehousing of or in-process storage of other
than Class J and Class II commodities.
(
Chapter 2 Selection of Fire Extinguishers
2-2 Selection by Hazard.
2-2.1 Fire extinguishers' shall be selected fOI' the class(es)
of hazards to be protected in accordance with the following
subdivisions. (For sjJ(cifichawrds, see Section 2-3.)
2-2.1.1 * Fire extinguishers for protecting Class A hazards
shall be selected lrom the following: water-type haloge-
halogenated agf11I-IY!le fin' extinguishers, see 2-1.1.)
2-2.1.2 Fire extinguishers for protection of Class B hazards
shall be selected from the following: aqueous film forming
foam (AFFF), film forming fluoroprotein foam (FFFP).' car-
bon dioxide, dry chemical types, and halogenated agent
2-2.1.3* Fire extinguishers for protection of Class C haz-
ards shall be selected from the following: carbon dioxide
and dry chemical types. (Fa)' halogenated agent-tyfJe fire ext in-
guishers, see 2-1.1.) "
NOTE: Carbon dioxid~ fire extinguishers equipped with
metal horns are not considered safe for use on fires in ener-
gized electrical equipment and, therefore, are not classified
for use on Class C hazards. '
2-2.1.4* Fi~'e extinguishers and extinguishing agents for
the prote~tJolI of Class D. hazards shall be of types
approved for use on the specific combustible-metal hazard.
2-3 Appljcation for Specific Hazards.
2-3.1 Class B Fire Extinguishers for Pressurized Flam-
mable Liquids and Pressurized Gas Fires. Fires of this
nature are considered to be a special hazard. Class B fire
extinguishers containing agents other than dry chemical
are relatively ineffective on this type of hazard due to
stream and agent characteristics. Selection of fire extin-
guishers for this type of hazard shall be made on the basis
of recommendations by manufacturers of this specialized
equipment. The system used to rate the effectiveness of fire
extinguishers on Class II fires (flammable liquids ill depth)
is not applicable to these types of hazards. It has been
determined that special nozzle design and rates of agent
application are required to cope with such hazards. Cau-
tion: It is undesirable to attempt to extinguish this type of
fire unless there is reasonable assurance that the source of
fuel can be promptly shut off.
2-3.2 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Cooking
Grease Fires. Fire extinguishers provided for the protec-
tion of cooking grease fires shall be only of the sodium
bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate e1ry chemical type.
Installation shall be in accordance with Table 3-3. I for
Extra (High) Hazard. (See NFPA 96, Standard for Ventilation
Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operauons.)
 rJFP » ;.:J

2-3.3 Three-Dimensional Class B Fires. A three- 3-3 Fire Extinguisher Size and 'Placement for Class B
dimensional Class B fire involves Class B materials ill Fires Other than for Fires in Flammable Liquids of
motion such as pouring, running, or dripping flammable Appreciable Depth.
liquids and generally includes vertical as well as one or
more horizontal surfaces. Fires of this nature are consid- NOTE: Flammable liquids of appreciable depth are those
ered to be a special hazard. Selection of fire extinguishers with a depth greater than 1/4 in. (0.64 em).
for this type of hazard shall be made on the basis of recom- .3-3.1 Minimal sizes of fire extinguishers for the listed
mendations by manufacturers of this specialized equip- grades of hazard shall be provided on the basis of Table
\ment. The system used to rate fire extinguishers on Class 3-3.l. Fire extinguishers shall be located so that the maxi-
B fires (flammable liquids in depth) is not directly applica- mum travel distances shall not exceed those specified in
ble to this type of hazard. the table used. (See Appendix E.)
NOTE: The installation of fixed systems should be consid- Exception: Fire extinguishers of lesser rating/ desired for small
ered where applicable. specific hazards within the general hazard area, may be used, but
shall not be considered as fulfilling an)' part of the requirements of
2-3.4 Water-Soluble Flammable Liquid Fires (Polar Sol-
Table 3-3.1.
vents). AFFF-and FFFP-type fire extinguishers shall not
be used for the protection of water-soluble flammable liq- Table 3-3.1
uids, such as alcohols, acetone, esters, ketones, etc., unless
specifically referenced on the fire exti~guisher nameplate. Basic Minimum Maximum Travel
Extinguisher Distance to
2-3.5* Electronic Equipment Fires. Fire extinguishers
Type of Hazard Rating Extinguishers (ft) (m)
for the protection of delicate electronic equipment shall be
selected from the following: carbon dioxide and haloge- I,.ight (low) 5·B 30 9.15
nated ~gent types. . io.n 50 15.25
2-4 Application for Specific Locations. 'Where portable Ordinary (moderate) IO-B :10 9.15
20·B 50 ID.25
1 fire extinguishers are required to be installed, the following
Extra (high) 'lO-B 30 9.15
SO-B 50 15.25
Chapter 3 Distribution of Fire Extinguishers . NOTE l : The specified ratings do not imply that fires or the magnitudes
indicated by these ratings will occur, but rather (() give the operators more
time and agent to handle difficult spill Iires that may occur.
3·2 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement .for Class A NOTE 2: For fires involving water-soluble Ilammable liquids, sa 2·3.~.
Hazards. I\:OTE 3: For specific hazard applications, see Section 2·3.
,
3-2.1 Minimal sizes of fire extinguishers for the listed 3-5 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class C
grades of hazards shall be provided on the basis of Table Hazards. Fire extinguishers with Class C ratings shall be
3-2.1 except as modified by 3-2.2. Fire extinguishers ,shall required where energized electrical equipment may be
be located so that the maximum travel distances shall not encountered that would require a nonconducting extin-
exceed those specified in Table 3-2.1, except as modified guishing medium. This includes fire either directly involv-
by 3-2.2. (See Appendix E.) ing or surrounding electrical equipment. Since the fire
itself is a Class A or Class B hazard, the fire extinguishers
Table 3-2.1 shall be sized and located on the basis of the ant: .ipared
Class A or B hazard.
Light Ordinary Extra
NOTE: Electrical equipment should be de-energized as
(Low) (Moderate) . (High)
soon as possible [0 prevent reignition ..
Hazard Hazard Hazard
Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy
3-6 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class' D
Minimum rated Hazards.
single
-extingyishel' 2·,,\*** 2·'\'** ·'-A* 3-6.1 Fire extinguishers or extinguishing agents with
Maximum 1I00r .
Class D ratings shall be provided for fires involving COIlt-
area per bustiblc metals.
unit of A :l,OOO s'! ft 1,500 SII It . 1,000 sq ft
3-6.2 Fire extinguishers or extinguishing agents {media;
Maximum Iloor shall be located not more than 75 ft (23 m) travel distance
area lor from the Class D hazard. (See Appendix £-6.)
extinguisher 11,250 sq f't ** 11,250 sq flU . 11,250 sq flU

Maximum travel 3-6.3 Portable fire extinguishers or extinguishing agents

distance to (media) for Class D hazards shall be provided in those
extinguisher is Ir 75 n 75 It work areas wherecombustible metal powders, Hakes, shav-
ings, chips, or similarly sized products are generated .
. 'Two 2li2·gal (9.46-L) water·type extinguishers can be used to fulfill ihe
requirements of one 4-A rated extinguisher. 3--6.4 Size determination shall be on the basis of the spe-
"See Appendix E·3-3. cific combustible metal, its physical particle size, area to be
••• Up to two water Iype extinguishers each with 1-:\ rating call be used to
fulfill the requirements of one 2-,\ rated extinguisher lor Light (Low) l Iaz- covered,' and recommendations by the fire extinguisher
ard Occupancies. . manufacturer on data from control tests conducted.
"
For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 rn: I sq ft = 0.0929 Ill'
 For Class A extinguishers rated under the rating classifi-
cation system used prior to 1955, their equivalency is ill
accordance with Table A-I-4.2(a).

Table A-1-4.2(a)

All Water &: Loaded Pre-1955-

Stream Types Rating Equivalenc y
11/4 to IY, gal A-2 I-A
21/2 gal A-I 2-A
4 gal A-I 3-A
5 gal A-I 4-A
17 gal A IO-A
33 gal A 20-A

For 51 Units: I gal = 3.7l!5 L

For Class B extinguishers rated tinder the rating classi-

fication systein used prior to 1955, [heir equivalency is in
accordance with Table A"lA.2(b).
Table A-1-4.2(b)

Type and Capacity Pre-1955 Equivalency

Foam
2112 gal B-1 2-3
5 gal 13-1 5-13
17 gal B 10-13
33 gal 13 20-13
Cu'rboll Dioxide
Under 7 Ib B-2 1-13
7 Ib 11-2 2-B
10 to 12 III 11-2 2-11
15 [0 20 Ib B-1 2-13
25 to 26 Ib 11-1 5-11
50 Ib B-1 10-B
751b ' n.r lo-n
100 Ib B io-n
Dry Chemical
4 to 61/4 Ib: B-2 2-8
71/21b -, B-2 5-8
10 to 15 lb B-1 5-8
20lb 8-1 10-8
30lb B-1 ' 20-B
75 lb and up B 40-B

For SI Units: 1 gal = 3.785 L; 1 Ib =0.454 kg.


1-4.2 General Definitions.
Compartment, As used in 4-4.5.3 and 6-4.4.4, a space
completely enclosed by walls and a ceiling. The colllpan-
ment enclosure is permitted to have openings to an adjoin-
ing space if the openings have a minimum lintel depth of
8 in. (203 mill) from the ceiling.
1-4.3 Sprinkler, System Type Definitions.
Combined Dry Pipe-Preaction System. A sprinkler- sys-
tem employing automatic sJ2finklers attached to a piping sys-
tem containing air under pressure with a supplemental detec-
tion system installed in the same areas as the sprinklers.
Operation of the detection system actuates tripping devices
that open dry pipe valves simultaneously and without loss of air
pressure in the system. Operation of the detection system also
opens listed air exhaust valves at the end of the feed main,
which usually precedes the opening of sprinklers. The detec-
tion system also serves as an automatic fire alarm system.
Deluge System. A sprinkler system employing open
sprinklers attached to a piping system -connected to a water
supply through a valve that is opened by the operation of a
detection system installed in the same areas as the sprin-
klers. When this valve opens. water flows into the piping sys-
tem and discharges from all sprinklers attached thereto.
Dry Pipe System. A sprinkler system employing auto-
matic sprinklers attached to a piping system containing air
or nitrogen under pressure, the release of which (as from
the opening of a sprinkler) permits the water pressure to
open a valve known as a dry pipe valve. The water then flows
into the piping system and out the opened sprinklers.
Preaction System, A sprinkler system employing auto-
matic sprinklers attached to a piping system containing air
that mayor may not be under pressure, with asupplemen-
tal detection system installed in the same areas.as the sprin-
klers. Actuating means of the valve are described in 3-3.2.1.
Actuation of the detection system opens a valve that permits
water to flow into the sprinkler piping system and to be dis-
charged from any sprinklers that are open.
Wet Pipe System. A sprinkler system employing auto-
matic sprinklers attached to a piping system containing water
and connected to a water supply so that water discharges
immediately from sprinklers opened by heat from a fire.
1-4.5 Sprinkler Definitions.
't.~.'5.)'" The <iharacterislics of a sprinkler thatdefine
i ability to control or extinguish a fire are:
(a) Thermal Sensitivity. A measure of the rapidity with
which the thermal element Clperates as installed in 11 specific
sprinkler or sprinkler assembly. One measure of thermal
sensitivity is the Response Time Index (RTf) as measured
under standardized test conditions.
l. Sprinklers defined as fast response have a thermal
element with an RTf of 50 (meters-seconds) L'2.orless, or
2. Sprinklers defined as standard response have a ther-
mal element with an RTI of80 (meters-seconds) 112 or more.
1-4.5.2 Sprinklers defined according to design and perfor-
mance characteristics:
Early Suppression Fast-Response (ESFR) Sprinkler. * A
type of fast-response sprinkler that meets the criteria of .
1-4.5.1(a)1 and is listed for its capability to provide fire sup-
pression of specific high challenge fire hazards.
Extended Coverage Sprinkler. A type of spray sprinkler
that complies with the extended protection areas defined in
Chapter 4.,'. . ~ .'
t-JfPA ,~
Large-Drop Spriukler. A type of sprinkler that is capa-
ble of producing characteristic large water droplets and that
is listed for its capability to provide fire control of specific
high challenge fire hazards.
Nozzles. Devices for use in applications requiring spe-
cial Water discharge patterns, directional spray, or other
unusual discharge characteristics.
Old-Style/Conventional Sprinkler. Sprinklers that
direct from 40 to 60 percent of the total water initially in a
downward direction and that are designed to be installed
with the deflector either upright or pendent.
Open Sprinklers. Sprinkler that do not have actuators
or heat-responsive elements.
Quick-Response (QR) Sprinkler. A type of spray sprin-
kler that meets the criteria of 1-4.5.1(a)1 and is listed as a
quick-response sprinkler for Its intended use.
Quick-Response Early Suppression (QRES) Sprinkler. *
A type of quick-response sprinkler that meets the criteria of
1-4.5.1(a)1 and is listed for its capability to provide fire SUpe
pression of specific fire hazards. •
Quick-Response Extended Coverage Sprinkler. A type
of quick-response sprinkler that meets the criteria of
1-4.5.1(a)1 and complies with the extended protection areas
defined in Chapter 4.
Residential Sprinkler. A type of fast-response sprinkler
that meets the criteria of 1-4.5.1(a)1 that has been specifi-
cally investigated for its ability to enhance survivability in the
room of fire origin and is listed for use in the protection of
• dwelling units.
Special Sprinkler. Sprinklers that have been tested and
listed as prescribed in 4-4.9.
Spray Sprinkler. A type of sprinkler listed for its capa-
bility to provide fire control for a wide range of fire hazards.
1-4.5.3 . Sprinklers defined according to orientation:
Concealed Sprinkler. Recessed sprinklers with cover plates.
Flush Sprinkler. Sprinklers ill which all or part of the
body, including the shank thread, is mounted above the
lower plane of the ceiling.
Pendent Sprinkler. Sprinklers designed to be installed
in such a way that the_water srream, is, diJ:f!rJrJi (Jnw.').\Il,~rl
its against the d~flector. .
Recessed Sprinkler. Sprinklers in which all or part of
the body, other than the shank thread, is mounted within a
recessed housing. .
Sidewall Sprinkler. Sprinklers having special deflectors
that are designed to discharge most of the water away from
the nearby wall in a pattern resembling one quarter of a
sphere, with a small portion of the discharge directed at the
wall behind the sprinkler.
Upright Sprinkler. Sprinklers designed to be installed
in such a way that the water spray is directed upwards
against the deflector.
. . :~;.,
.lii·1171',i:'~·'~·1i~~,:·:f{i;'·F~~I;·~?
.'."1: ;}.:.',.
 Table 2·2.2 Sprinkler Discharge Characteristics Identification

Nominal Percent of Nominal

Orifice Nominal . Orifice Size
Size K 1f% in. Thread Marked
(in.) (mm) Factor! Discharge Type Pintle On Frame
1/4 6.4 1.3-1.5 25 1/2 in. NPT Yes Yes
Sfl6 8.0 1.8-2.0 33.3 Ihin. NPT Yes Yes
'0/8 9.5 2.6-2.9 50 1J2 in. NPT Yes Yes
7/(6 11.0 4.0-4.4 75 1/2 in. NPT Yes Yes
1f2 12.7 5.3-5.8 100 112 in. NPT No No
17/32 13.5 7.4-8.2 140 3/4. in. NPT or No No
112 in. NPT Yes Yes
Sfs 15.9 11.0-11.5 200 1/2 in. NIT or Yes Yes
314 in. NPT Yes Yes
'0/4 19.0 13.5-14.5 250 314 in. NPT Yes Yes
'K factor is the constant in the formula Q = Ky'p For 51 Units: Qm = KmV Pm
where Q = Flow in gpm where Qm = Flow in Umin
p = Pressure ill psi Pm = Pressure in bars
Km = 14 K

Table 2·2.4.1 Temperature Ratings, Classifications;and Color Codings

Max.
Ceiling Temperature
Temp. Rating Temperature Color Glass Bulb
OF °C OF °C Classification Code Colors
100 38 135tol70 57 to 77 Ordinary Uncolored or black Orange or red
150 66 175 to 225 79 to 107 Intermediate White Yellow or green
225 107 250 to 300 121 to 149 High Blue Blue
300 149 325 to 375 163 to 191 Extra high Red Purple
375 191 400 to 475 204 to 246 Very extra high Green Black
475 246 500 to 575 260 to 302 Ultra high Orange Black
625 329 650 343 Ultra high Orange Black

Chapter 4 Installation Requirements

4·2
.
System Protection Area Limitations. The maximum 8 fl,p In (25m) +/-

n~or area on anyone floor to be protected by sprinklers sup-

plied by anyone sprinkler system riser or combined system
riser shall be as follows:

Light Hazard 52,000 sq ft (4831 rn")

Ordinary Hazard 52,000 sq ft (4831 rn'')
Extra Hazard
Pipe Schedule 25,000 sq ft (2323 rn")
Hydraulically Calculated qO,OOO sq ft (3716 m")
Storage - High-piled storage
(as defined in 1-4.2) and stOl'age
covered by other NFPA standards 40,000 sq ft (3716 rn'')

Exception No.1: The floor ana occupied by mezzanines shall not

be included in the above area. Distribution
Exception No.2: Where single systems protect extra hazard, high- pattern
from a standard
piled storage, or storage covered by other NFPA standards, and spray sprinkler
ordinarv or light hazard areas, the extra hazard or storage area (Oll-
erage sliallnot exceed the floor area specified for that hazard. and the
Figure 4-5.5.1.1 Typical distribution pattern from a lItandard spray
total area coverage shall Hot exceed 52,000 sq ft (4831m2). sprinkler.
 4.6 S~ndard Pendent a~d Upright Spray Sprinklers.

Table 4-6.:1 Protection Areas and MQ.Ximum Spacing (SSU/SSP)

Light Hazard Ordinary' Hazard Extra Hazard High.Piled Storage

Protection Spacing Protection Spacing Protection Spacing Protection Spacing

Area (max.) Area (max.) Area (max.) Area (mu.)
Construction Type ft% ft £t! ft ft2 ft ft! .ft

Noncombustible
obstructed and
unobstructed and
combustible
unobstructed 225 15 130 15 lOO 12 100 12

Combustible
obstructed 168 15 130 15 . • 100 12 100 12

For 51 units: 1ft' = 0.0929 m'; I ft = 0.3048 m.

Chapter 5 Design Approaches

5·1 General. Water demand requirements shall be deter- 5·2.3 Water Demand Requirements-Hydraulic Calcula-
mined from the occupancy hazard lire control approach of tion Methods.
. Section 5-2. 5-2.3.1 General.
Exception: Special design atJproaches shall be permitted. for spe- 5·2.3.1.1 * The minimum water supply requirements for a
cific hazards in Section 5-3. hydraulically designed occupancy hazard fire control sprin-
kler system shall be determined by adding the hose stream
5-2 Occupancy Hazard Fire Control Approach. demand from Table 5-2.3 to the water supply for sprinklers
5-2.1 Occupancy Classifications. determined in 5-2.3.1.2. This supply shall be available for
the minimum duration specified in Table 5-2.3.
5-2.1.1 Occupancy classifications for this standard relate to
sprinkler installations and their water supplies onlv. Thcv Exception No.1: Where other NFPA standards have developed
shall not be used as a general classification of occupancy sprinkler system area/density 01' other design criteria and water sup:
hazards. ply requirements appropriate for fire control or suppression of Spe-
cial Occupancy Hazards, the)' shall take precedence.
5-2.1.2 Occupancies or portions of occupancies shall be
Exception No.2: An allowance for inside and outside hose shall
dassifiedaccording to the quantity and combustibility of
not be required where tanks supply sprinklers only.
contents, the expected rates of heat release, the total poten-
tial for energy release, the heights of stockpiles, and the Exception No.3: Where pumps taking suction from a private fire
presence of flammable and combustible liquids, using the service main supj;l), sprinklers only, the pump need not be sized to
definitions contained in 1-4.7. Classifications are as follows: accommodate inside and outside hose. Such hose allowance shall be
Light Hazard considered in evaluating the auailable ioaier supplies.

Ordinary Hazard (Groups I and 2) 5-2.3.1.2 The water supply for sprinklers only shall be
determined either from the area/density curves of Figure
Extra Hazard (Groups I and 2) 5-2.3 in accordance with the method of 5-2.3.2 or be based
Special Occupancy Hazard. upon the room design method in accordance with 5-2.3.3, at
the discretion of the designer. For special areas under con-
Table 5-2.2 Water Supply Requirements for Pipe Schedule
sideration, as described in 5-2.3.4, separate hydraulic calcu-
Sprinkler Systems .
lations shall be required in addition to those. required by
5-2.3.2 or 5-2.3.3.
Minimum
5-2.3.1.3 Regardless of which of the two methods is used,
Residual
. Occupancy l'ressure Acceptable Flow Duration in the following restrictions apply:
Classification Required at Base of Riser Minutes (a) For areas of sprinkler operation less than 1500 sq ft
(I 3~J l11~) used for Light and Ordinary Hazard Occupancies, the
Light Hazard 15 psi 500-i:i0 gpm 3~-GO
density for 1500 sq Ii (139 m") shall be used. For areas of sprin-
Ordinary Hazard '20 psi 850-1500 gplll 60-90
kler operation less than 2500 sq fi (232· m") for Extra Hazard
For SI Units: I lOrn! = 3.785Umin; I psi = 0.0689 bar. Occupancies, the density for 2500 sq It (232 rri") shall be used.
Table 5-2.3 Hose Stream Demand and Water Supply (d) Where inside
hose stations are planned or are re-
Duration Requirements quired by other standards, a total water allowance of 50 gpm
(l8CJ Umin) for a single hose station installation or 100 gpm
Total (378 Umin) for a multiple hose station installation shall be
Combined added to the sprinkler requirements. The water allowance
Inside and shall be added in 50-gpm (1 89-Umin) increments beginning
Hazard Inside Hose .Outside Duration in at the most remote hose station, with each increment added
Classification (gpm) Rose (gpm) Minutes at the pressure required by the sprinkler system design at
tha ~ poi nt.
Light 0,50, or 100 100 30
250 60-90 (e) Wh e n hose valves for fire department use are
Ordinary 0,50, or 100
Extra Hazard 0,50, or 100 500 90-120 attached to wet pipe sprinkler system risers in accordance
with 4-13.21, the water supply shall not be required to be
For SI Units: rgpm = 3.785Umin.
 ,
Density, (Umin)/m2
20 41 61 81 102 122 14.3 16.3
5000 f\. 465

I\.
""- 4
"k. 5

'"=
cO
4000
2

~
3
I

r\
""- I\.~ .'X
" ,~
1'\
.'X
372
C\J

E
cO
<;;>" 0
.2
"@ \ \ 1\..'
~ "
~ <;;>~

~.~
e
, "
Q) Q)

,
Q. '7 0.
0 >-- 0
1\ i\ G;.

"
q;
32
I-- i-
1
- 32
co
.~
3000
1'\ 1'\ 279 '§'
c:

~9 9:
1\ ~99:.
f"- ~
III III

'0 '0
\ \~., \~2- f\.
"
<tI <II
~ ..• ~

,~ ,
<t

,
<t 232
2500 '"
1\ c·
~ 1\ 1\
2000 186
1\ 1\ 1\
\ \ \
1500 ~ 139
0.05 0.10. 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
Density, gpmltt2

Figure 5-2,3 Area/density cu~es.

6-4.4.8 Minimum operating pressure of any sprinkler shall

be 7 psi (0.5 bar).

Table 6-5.2.2 Light Hazard Pipe Schedules

Steel Copper

I in. 2 sprinklers I in. 2 sprinklers

(1/4 in . 3 sprinklers 11/4 in . 3 sprinklers
1112 in. .. . 5 sprinklers Il/~in. . . 5 sprinklers
C).
...In. . ~ . 10 sprinklers 2 in. .. . 12 sprinklers
21/2 in . 30 sprinklers 2112 in . 40 sprinklers
,I in . 60 sprinklers 3 in ' . fj5 spriuklers
3112 in. , : .. 100 sprinklers 31h in. lIS sprinklers
,1 in . S~e 4-2.1 4 in. .. . See 4-2.1

For 51 Units': I in. : 25.'1 rnrn .

. 6-5.3 Schedule for Ordinary Hazard Occupancies.

6-5.3.1 Branch lines shall not exceed 8 sprinklers on either
side of a cross main.
Table 6-5.3.2(a) Ordinary Hazard Pipe Schedule

Steel Copper

1 in . 2 sprinklers 1 in . 2 sprinklers
11/'1 ill. . . 3 sprinklers JI/'I in . 3 sprinklers
JI/2 in. .. . 5 sprinklers Ph in . 5 sprinklers
C).
2 in . 10 sprinklers _ In. .. . 12 sprinklers
21/2 in . 20 sprinklers 2lhin . 25 sprinklers
3 in. 40 sprinklers 3 ill ......•.. 45 sprinklers
3112 in . li5 sprinklers 3112 in . 75 sprinklers
4 in. 100 sprinklers 4 in. 115 sprinklers
5 in. 160 sprinklers 5 in. 180 sprinklers
6in. 275 sprinklers Gin. SOD sprinklers
8 in. See 4-2.1 Sin. See 4-2.1

For SI Units: I in. : 25.4 rnrn.

 A-1-4.7 Occupancy examples in the listings as shown in the A-I-4.7.3.1 Extra Hazard Occupancies (Group I) include
various hazard classifications are intended to represent the occupancies having conditions similar to:
norm for those occupancy types. Unusual or abnormal fuel load-
ings or combustible characteristics and susceptibility (or changes Aircraft hangars (except as governed by NFPA 409)
in these characteristics, for a particular occupancy, are consider- Combustible hydraulic fluid use areas
ations that should be weighed in the selection and classification. Die casting
The Light Hazard classification is intended to encompass Metal extruding
residential occupancies; however, this is not intended to pre- Plywood and particleboard manufacturing
clude the use of listed residential sprinklers in residential Printing [using inks having flash points below lOO°F
occupancies or residential portions of other occupancies. (37.9°C)]
A-1-4.7.1 Light Hazard Occupancies include occupancies Rubber reclaiming, compounding, drying, milling,
having conditions similar to: vulcanizing
Churches Saw mills
Clubs Textile picking, opening, blending, garnetting, card-
Eaves and overhangs, if combustible construction with ing, combining of cotton, synthetics, wool shoddy, or
no combustibles beneath burlap
Educational Upholstering with plastic foams.
Hospitals
Institutional Extra Hazard Occupancies (Group 2) include occupan-
Libraries, except large stack rooms cies having conditions similar to:
Museums
Asphalt saturating
Nursing or convalescent hom~s
Office, including data processing Flammable liquids spraying
Residential Flow coating
Restaurant seating areas Manufactured home or modular building assemblies
Theaters and Auditoriums excluding stages and (where finished enclosure is present and has cornbus-
prosceniums tible interiors)
Un used attics. Open oil quenching
~ Plastics processing
A-1-4.7.2.1 Ordinary Hazard Occupancies (Group 1)
include occupancies having conditions similar to: Solvent cleaning
Varnish and paint dipping.
Automobile parking and showrooms
Bakeries
Beverage manufacturing
Canneries
Dairy products manufacturing and processing
Electronic plants

Glass and glass products manufacturing

Laundries
Restaurant service areas,
A-1-4.7.2.2 Ordinary Hazard Occupancies (Group 2)
include occupancies having conditions similar to:
Cereal mills
Chemical plants - 'Ordinary
Confectionery products
Distilleries
Dry cleaners
Feed mills
Horse stables
Leather goods manufacturing
Libraries -large"stack room areas
Machine shops
Metal working
Mercantile
Paper and pulp mills
Paper process plants
Piers and wharves
Post offices
Printing and publishiDg
Repair garages -
Stages
Textile manufacturing
Tire manufacturing
Tobacco products manufacturing
Wood machining
Wood product assembly.
 s -\-avV\ct P /j)<::- evv·~J ·H OSe... s~J·e'tVl,J
{'a

NFPA 14
Standard for the Installation of

Standpipe and Hose Systems

1996 Edition

2-7 Hose Stations.

1-4 Definitions.

Automatic Standpipe System. A standpipe system that 2-7.2* Hose. Each hose connection provided for use by
is attached to a water supply capable of supplying the sys- building occupants (Class II and Class III systems) shall
tem demand at all times and that requires no action other be equipped with not more than 100 it (30:5 m) of listed,
than opening a hose valve to provide water at hose connec- I'h-in. (38.) -rnm), lined, collapsible or non collapsible fire
tions. (SPI' Chapter 3.) hose attached and ready for use.

Branch Line. A piping system, generally in a horizon- Exception: Where hose less than 1'12 in. (38.1 mill) is used for
tal plane, connecting one or more hose connections with a 1'h-il1. (38.1-m.m) hose stations ill accordance with 3-3.2 and
standpipe. 3-3.3, listed noncollapsible hose slial! be used.
Combined System. A standpipe system having piping 2-7.3 Hose Racks. Each ]'h-in. (38.]-mm) hose station
that supplies both hose connections and automatic sprinklers. provided with ]'!2-ill. (38.1-111111) hose shall be equipped.
with a listed rack or other approved storage lacility.
Control Valve. A valve used to control the water sup-
Each I'h-in. (38.I-mm) hose station provided wit.h hose
ply system of a standpipe system.
less than ]'12. in. (38.1 mrn) in accordance with 3-3.2 and
3-3.3 shall be equipped with a listed coruinuousflow reel.
Dry Standpipe. A standpipe system designed to have
piping contain water only when the system is being uti- 2-7.4 Nozzles. Nozzles provided lor Class II service shall
I lized. (See Chapter 3.) be listed.

Feed Main. That portion or a standpipe svstern that 2·9* Fire Department Connections.
supplies water to one or more standpipes.
2-9.1 Fire department connections shall be listed lor a
Fire Department Connection. A connection through work.ing pressure equal to or greater than the pressure
which the fire department can pump water into the stand- requnetnenr of the system demand. .
pipe system.
2-9.2* Each lire department connection shall have at
High-RiseBuilding. A building more than 75 ft (23 m) leas~ two 2 t/!-in. (63.5-mlll) internal threaded swivellittings
in height. Building height shall be measured from the low- having National Hose Standard threads, as specified in
est level of fire department vehicle access to the floor of the NFPA 196:~,S!alldard for Fire Hose Connections. Fire depart-
highest occupiable story. . ment corHle.ctlOns shall be equipped with caps to protect
Hose Connection. A combination of equipment pro- the system (rom the entry of debris.
vided for connection of a hose to a standpipe system that Exception: WheT!! the local fire department uses fittings that dif-
includes a hose valve with a threaded outlet. fer from those specified. fitlmgs compatible with local fire de-
Hose Station. A combination of a hose rack, hose noz- partment I'qU/fJ/l1e1/tshall be used and their minimum size shall be
zle, hose, and hose connection. 2'12 in. (62 11l17l).
Hose Valve. The valve to an individual hose connection.

Standpipe. The riser portion of the system piping

that delivers the water supply for hose connections, and
sprinklers on combined systems, vertically from floor to
floor.

Standpipe System. An arrangement of piping, valves,

hose connections. and allied equipment installed in a build-
ing or structure, with the hose connections located in such
a manner that water can be discharged in streams or spray
patterns through attached hose and nozzles,. for the pur-
pose of extinguishing a fire, thereby protecting ~ building
or structure and its contents in addition to protecting the
occupants. This is accomplished by means of connections
to water supply systems or by means of pUl11pS, tanks, and
other equipment necessary to provide an adequate supply
of water to the hose connections.

Standpipe System Zone. A vertical subdivision of a

: standpipe system by height.

Wet Standpipe. A standpipe system having piping con-

taining water at all times. (See Chapter 3.)
 Table 5·7 Pipe Schedule - Standpipes and Supply Piping _5-9.1.3 Combined Systems.
Minimum Nominal Pipe Sizes in Inches
5-9.1.3.1 * For a building protected throughout by an
approved automatic sprinkler system, the system demand
Total established by Section 5-7 and 5-9.1 also shall be permitted
Accumulated Total Distance of Piping from to serve the sprinkler system. A separate sprinkler demand
Flow Farthest Outlet shall.not be required.
<50 ft 50-100 ft > 100 ft
(gpm) (Umin) « 15.2 m) (15.2-30.5 m) (> 30.5 m) Exception: Where the sprinkler system water supply requirement,
[00 :!7~)
incltuiing the hose stream allowance as determined ill accordance
[OI-OlUO :\1;2-1~93 ,I Ij
irith N FI', 1 73. Standard Jill' till' Installation of Sjn/Illder Sys-
501-750 189G-2839 ;) (j tents, exceeds tlie ssstent demand established b» Section 5-7 and
75[-1~:)() 2843-47:1 [ Ii (j 5-9.1. the l(Jrgero/the two oalues shall he [mnnded. The jloui rate
1251 and over -1735 8 8 requiredfor the standjJijJe demand II/a combined system in a build-
ing protected thronglicu; by an automatic sprinkler system shall not
For SI units: I gplll = :1.785 L'min: I Ii = Il.:I048 Ill.
be required to exceed IOOO gpm (378'5 Umin) unless required by
the rtlttlwrity having jurisdiction.
5-9.1.3.2 For a combined system in a building equipped
(63.5-mlll) hose connection and G5 psi (4.5 bars) at the top- with partial automatic sprinkler protection, the flow rate
most Ilh-ilL (:lS,I-llll11) hose station. Pipe schedule designs required by 3-9,1 shall be increased by an amount equal to
shall be limited to wet standpipes [or buildings that are not the hydraulically calculated sprinkler demand or 150 gplll
defined as high-rise, (3fi8 L'min) lor light hazard occupancies. or by 500 gpm
(1893 Llmin) lor ordinary hazard occupancies, .whichever
5-S* Maximum Pressure for Hose Connections. is less.

5-S.1 Where the residual pressure at a II/~-in .. (jR.l-nlll1) 5-9.1.3.3 Where an exisung standpipe system having
outlet on a hose connection available lor occupant use standpipts with a minimum diameter of -1 in. (102 mmi is
exceeds 100 psi (6.9 bars), an approved preSSll1-e regulat- to be utilized to supply a new retrofit sprinkler system, the
ing device shall be provided to limit the residual pressure water supply required by. 5-9.1 shall not be required to be
at the Row required by Section 5-9 to 100 psi (6.9 bars). provided by automatic or semiautomatic means if
approved bv the authority having jurisdiction, provided
5-S.2 Where the static pressure at :l hose connection that the water supply is adequate to supply the hydraulic
exceeds 175 psi (12.1 bars), an approved pressure regulat- demand of the sprinkler system.
ing device shall be provided to limit static and residual
pressures at the outlet of the hose connection to [()O psi 5-9.2 Class II Systems.
(6.9 bars) for Ilh-in. (38.1-111m) hose connections available
for occupant use and 175 psi (12. I hars) for other 1[IOSe 5-9.2.1 Minimum Flow Rate. For Class II systems, the
connections, The pressure on the inlet side of' the pressure minimum flow rate Ior the hydraulically most remote
regulating device shall not exceed the device's rated work- standpipe shall be 100 gpm (379 Umin). Additional flow
ing pressure. shall not be required where more than one standpipe is
provided.
I 5-9 Minimum Flow Rates. 5-9.2.2 Hydraulic Calculation Procedure. Hydraulic
calculations and pipe sizes for each standpipe shall be
5.9.1 Class I and Class III Systems. based on providing 100 gpm (379 L/min) at the hydrauli-
cally most remote hose connection on the standpipe at the
5-9.1.1 * Minimum Flow Rate. For Class I and Class III
minimum residual pressure required by Section 5-7. Com-
systems, the .minimurn How rate for the ·h~.draulically most
mon supply piping serving multiple standpipes shall be
remote standpipe shall be 500 gpm (1893 L/min). The calculated and sized to provide 100 gpm (379 L'min).
minimum How rate for additional standpipes shall be
250 gpm (946 L/min) per standpipe. with the total not to
5-10 Equivalent Pipe Lengths of Valves and Fittings for
exceed 1250 gpm (4731 Umin). For combined systems, see
Hydraulically Designed Systems.
5-9.1.3.
5-10.1 General. Table 5-10.1 shall be used to determine
Exception: When the floor area exceeds 80,000 ft2>(7432 1//2),
the equivalent length of pipe for fittings and devices unless
the second most remote standpipe shall be designed to accommodate
the manufacturer's test data indicate that other factors are
500 gp1i1 1893 Umin),
appropriate. For saddle-type fittings having friction loss
5-9.1.2* Hydraulic Calculation Procedure. Hydraulic greater than that shown in Table 5-10.1, the increased fric-
calcula ions and pipe sizes lor each standpipe shall be tion loss shall be included in the hydraulic calculations.
based on providing 250 gpm (946 L/min) at the two
5-10.2 Adjustments, Table 5-10.1 shall be used only
hvdraulicallv most remote hose connections on the stand-
where the Hazen-Williams C factor is 120. For other values
pipe and at'the topmost outlet of each of the other stand-
of C, the values in Table 5-10.1 shall be multiplied by the
pipes at the minimum residual pressure required by Sec-
factors indicated in Table 5-,10.2(a). Table 5-10.2(b) indi-
tion 5-7. Common supply piping shall be calculated aud
cates typical C factors for commonly used piping materials.
sized to provide the required flow rate for all standpipes
connected to such supply piping, with the total not to Exception: The authont» having jurisdiction shall be permitted
exceed 1250 gpm fA731 L/min). to consider other C values.
 Chapter 7 Water Supplies

7·1 * Required Water Supply.

7·1.1 Automatic and semiautomatic standpipe systems
shall be attached 10 an approved water supply capable of
supplying the system demand. Manual standpipe systems
shall have an approved water supply accessible to a fire
department pumper.
A single automatic or semiautomatic water supply shall
he permitted where it is capable of supplying .rhe system
demand for the required duration.
Exception: Where a secondary water supply is required by 7-4.3.

7·1.2* Water supplies from the following sources shall be

permitted:
(a) A public waterworks systemwhere pressure and flow
rate are adequate;
(b) Automatic fire pumps connected to an approved
water source in accordance with NFPA 20, Standard fOT lhe
Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps;
(c) Manually controlled fire pumps in combination with
pressure tanks;
(d) Pressure tanks installed in accordance with NFPA
22, Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection;
(e) Manually controlled fire pumps operated by remote
control devices at each hose station;
(f) Gravity tanks installed in accordance with N FPA 22,
Standard [or Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection.
7·2 Minimum Supply for Class I and Class III Systems.
The water supply shall be sufficient to provide the system
·demand established hy Section 5-7 and 5-\-l. I lor .u least
30 minutes.
7·3 Minimum Supply for Class II Systems. The mini-
mum supply tor Class II systems shall be sufficient to pro-
vide the system demand established by Section 5-7 and
5-9.2 for at least 30 minutes. C /

7·4 Standpipe System Zones. Each LOne requIrIng

pumps shall be provided with a separ.lte pump. This shall
not preclude the use of pUlllpS arranged in series.
7·4.1 Where pumps supplying (WO or more zones are
located at the' same level, each zone shall have separate and
direct supply piping of a size not smaller than the stand-
pipe that it serves. Zones with two or more standpipes shall
have at least two direct supply pipes of a size not smaller
than the largest standpipe that they serve.

7·4.2 Where the supply for each zone is pumped from

the next lower zone, and the standpipe or standpipes in
the lower zone are used to supply the higher zone, such
standpipes shall comply with the provisions for supply lines
in 7-4.1. At least two lines shall be provided between zones;
one of these lines shall be arranged so that the supply can
be automatically delivered from the lower [Q the higher
zone.

7·4.3 For systems with two or more zones in which por-

tions of the second and higher zones cannot be supplied
using the residual pressure required by Section 5-7 by
means of fire department pumpers through a fire depart-
ment connection, an auxiliary means of supply shall be
provided. This means shall be in the form of high-level
water storage with additional pumping equipment or other
means acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.
 .-tJ Ff,4 J (I
fire.
Table 5-10.1 Equivalent Pipe Length Chart

Fittings and Valves Fittings and Valves Expressed in Equivalent Feet of Pipe
3/4 in. I in. II! 4 in. I 112 in. 2 in. 2112 in. 3 in. 31/2 in. 4 in. 5 in. 6 in. 8 in. lain. 12 in.

45-degree elbow I I I ~ 2 ;\ ;\ 3 4 5 7 9 II 13
gO-degree standard elbow 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 t; \0 I:! 14 It! 22 27
90-degree long turn elbow I 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 8 9 13 16 18
Tee or cross (flow turned 90-degree) 3
~~
:J 6 R 10 12 15 17 .20 ')-
_:J 30 35 50 60
Butterfly valve 6 7 10 12 9 10 12 19 21
Gale valve I I I 1 2 2 3 4 5 6
Swing check" 5 7 y II 14 16 19 22 '27 32 45 55 65
Globe valve 46 70
Angle valve 20 31
For 51 units: I in. = 25.4 mill.
'Due LO the variations in design of swing check valves, the pipe equivalents indicated in this table a~e considered co be average.

Table 5-10.2(a) Adjustment Factors for C Values 5-12* Fire Department Connections,
5-12.1 One or more fire department connections shall be
Value of C 100 130 140 150 provided for each zone of each Class I or Class III stand-
Multiplying Factor 0.713 1.16 1.33 1.51 pipe system. ! '

Exception: The high ZOIlI' fire department conuectiouts) shall not

be required to be provided uihere 7-4.3 applies. .
Table 5-10,2(b) Hazen-Williams C Values 5-12.2 High-rise buiidings shall have at leas! two
remotely located fire departrneut connections for each
Pipe or Tube C Value zone.

Unlined cast or ductile iron Ino Exception: ;J single connection for each zone shall be permitted
Black steel (dry systems, including preacuou) Ion ioher« acceptable to tlt« {ivc department.
Black steel (wet systems, including deluge) I ~o
Galvanized (all) 120
Plastic (listed =-all) I :)()
Cemenr-Iined GISi or ductile irun 1·\(1
Copper lube or slainless sleel 150

5-11* Drains and Test Riser.

5-11.1 A perrnauently installed ~~-in. (7(i-111m) drain mer
shall be provided adjacent to each standpipe equipped
with pressure regulating devices 10 facilitate tests of' each
device. The riser shall be equipped with a 3-in. x 21!~-in.
(76-mm x 63.5-mm) tee with an internal threaded swivel
fitting having National Hose Standard threads, as specified
in NFPA 1963, Standard [or Fire Hose Connections, with a
plug, located on at least every other floor.
Exception: Wherl' local fire department hose threads do 1101 con- .
form to NFPA 1963, the authority having jurisdiction shall des-
ignate tile hose threads to be used.
5-11.2 Each standpipe shall be provided with a means 01
draining. A drain valve and piping, located at the lowest
point of the standpipe piping downstream of the isolation
valve, shall be arranged to discharge water at all approved
location. Sizing shall be as specified in Table 5-11.2.

Table 5-11.2 Sizing for Standpipe Drains

Standpipe Size Size of Drain Connection

Up to 2 in. :Y·I in.' ur larger

21h in., 3 in.i.or 31/2 in. 11/4 in. or larger
4 in. or larger 2 in. only
 (-~ ~FfA-I4-
t-I fe.

3-3 Classes of Standpipe Systems. (f)* Where the most remote portion of a nonsprinklered
3-:,.1 Class I Systems.
,\ Class I standpipe svstern shall floor or story is located in excess of 150 ft (45.7 rn) oftrave\
provide 2Ih-in. (63.5-mm) hose connections to supplv 'distance from a required exit or the most remote portion
water for use by fire departments and those trained in han- of a sprinklered floor or story is located in excess of 200 ft
dling heavv fire streams. (61 m) of travel distance from a required exit, additional
hose connections shall be provided, in approved locations,
3-3.2 Class II Systems. A Class II standpipe system shall where required by the local fire department.
provide !Ih-in. (3S.1-ml1l) hose stations to supply water for
use primarily by the building occupants or IJ\' the fire 5-3.3* Class II Systems. Class II systems shall be pro-
department during initial response. vided with P/2-in. (38.I-mm) hose stations so that all por-
tions of each floor level of the building are within 130 ft
Exception: /1 minimum I-in, (25.4-1Il1/l) hose shall be penniued (39.7 m) of a hose connection provided with I'h-in.
to be used [or hose stations ill light hazard occupancies where (38.1-l11m) hose or within 120 ft (36.6 m) of a hose connec-
investigated and listed jor this service and where fl/JjJroVl'ri hy the tion provided with less than Ph-in. (38.1-mm) hose. Dis-
muhorit» having jurisdiction. .
tances shalf be measured along a path of travel originating
3-3.3 Class III Systems. A Class III standpipe svsrem at the hose connection.
shall provide Ilh-in. (38.1-ml11) hose stations to supply
waterfor use by building occupants and 21/2-in. (63.5-mm)
5-3.4 Class III Systems. Class III systems shall be pro-
vided with hose connections as required for both Class I
hose connections to supply a larger volume of water for use
and-Class II systems.
by Ere departments and those trained in handling heavy
fire streams. 5-4 Number of Standpipes. Separate standpipes shall be
Exception No. I: A minimum l-iu. (25.4-11/11/) hose shall /JI' per- provided in each required exit stairway.
mitted to be used for hose stations in light hazard occupancies
5-5 Interconnection of Standpipes. Where two or more
where investigated and listed for this service and inhere a/JjJroved
standpipes are installed in the same building or section of
by the authority having juiisdiaicn,
building, they shall be interconnected a.t the bottom.
Exception No.2: Where the building is protected throughout by Where standpipes are supplied by tanks located at the top
an ajJjJl"Oved automatic sprinhler system, hose stations for use by of the building or zone, they also shall be interconnected at
the building occupants shall not be required, subject to the the :op; in such cases, check valves shall be installed at the
approval of the authority liainng jurisdiction. provided tluit base ol eachstandpipe to prel'ent circulation.
each hose connection is 2'/2 ill. (63.5/1/11/) and is equip/Nd with a
2'/2-il/. X ]'/2-ill. (63.5-lI/m x 38.2-1I/1Il) reducer and a cap 5-6 Minimum Sizes for Standpipes.
at/ached with a (twill
Chapter 5 Design 5-6.1 Class I and Class III standpipes shall be at least
4 in. (102 mill) ill size.
5-1 * General. The design of the standpipe system is gov-
erned by building height, area per floor occupancy classifi- 5-6.2 Standpipes that are part of a combined system shall
cation. egress svsteru design, required flow rate and resid- be at least 6 ill. (152 mm) in size.
ual pressure, and the distance of the hose connection from Exception: /11 fully sprinklered buildings having a' combined
the source(s) of the water supply. (See Chapter .'3 for general s/rl1ldj,ijH' system that is hsdiaulicalls calculated, llu: minimum
system rcquiremcnts.i stalldjJijle size is -4 ill. t l 02 111m).
5-2* Pressure Limitation. The maximum pressure at
5- 7* Minimum Pressure for System Design and Sizing of
any point in the system at any time shall not exceed 350 psi
Pipe. Standpipe systems shall be designed so that the sys-
(24.1 bar).
tem demand can be supplied by both the attached water
supply, where required, and fire department connections.
5-3 Locations of Hose Connections. The authority having jurisdiction shall be consulted
5-3.1 * General. Hose connectiousund hose stations shall rezardinn the water supply available from a fire depart-
be unobstructed and shall be located not less than 3 It (0.9 m) m~nt pu~nper. (Also see Nj'PA 1901, Standard [or Pumper
or more than 5 n
(1.5 m) above the floor. Fire AjIj](Jr([lus.)
Standpipe systems shall be one of the following:
5-3.2* Class I Systems. Class I systems shall be provided'
with 2Ii~-i.n. (63.5-mm) hose connections in the f()lIcming (a) Hydraulically designed to provide the required water:
locations: . no,,· rate at a minimum residual pressure of Ion psi (6.9 bars)
at the outlet of the hydraulically most remote 21/~-in.
(a) At each intermediate landing between floor Inels ill .(6:\.rJ-mm).ilOse connection and 65 psi (4.5 bars) at the outlet
every required exit stairway; . of the hydraulically most remote 11j~-in. (38.1-1l11l1) hose sta-
Exception: Hose connections shall /Ie jl!'rJllitlfri 1(1 ln: located (/1
tion; or
the main [loor IIII/dillgs in exit stairioavs W!tI'IP ajJjJrmieri lr: tlir Exception: Where the authority having jurisdiction permits pres-
authoritx lunnngjurisdiction, sures louier than 100/)5i (6.9 bars) for 2'!2-in. (63.5-111711) hose
(b) On each side of the wall adjacent to the exit open- connections, based all .Il1jJjJressioll tactics, thejJressure shall be
ings of horizontal exits; pcrmiued to be reduced 10 1101 less than 65 psi (4.5 bars).
(c) In each exit passageway at the entrance from the (b) Sized in accordance with the pipe schedule in Table
building areas into ~he passageway; 5-7 to provide the required waterflow rate at a minilm~m
(d: In covered mall buildings, at the entrance to each residual pressure of Ion
psi (6.9 bars) at the topmost 2Ih-rn.
exit; passageway or exit corridor, and at exterior public
entrances to the mall;
(e) At the highest landing of stairways with stairway
access to a roof, and 011 the roof where stairwavs do not
access the roof all additional 2Ih-in. (63.S-lIlIll) hose con-
.nection shall be provided at the hvdraulicallv most remote
I riser to facilitate testing of the system:
 IJFfA- / Lj

______ - Pressure gauge

Q)
c:
o
N
s:
Ol
I

Pressure gauge

Jf----

HZ HZ

Q)
c:
o LZ
N LZ LZ
;:
.3
Fire department
connection-high zone

Fire department
connection-low zone
/- Fire hose valve

-0i

Grade level
Drain valve
_ Waterflow switch
(where required)
t HZ----

_____ Check valve --------JDrain ~alve J

w/ball drip
-- Waterflow switch
Check valve ~ (where required)
w/ball drip
Pressure gauge

To test header

From water supply~,)-.-I---1~jlrCk:r=~~~~ll=:J~--f~-6I(r:=~~~

Fire pump- Fire pump-
low zone high zone

NOTE 1: Bypass in accordance with NFPA 20, Standard for the Instal/aiion of Centrifugal Fire Pumps.
! NOTE
2: High zone pump can be arranged to take suction directly from source of supply.

. I )
Figure A-5-1(b) Typica two-zone system,
 I ----,
1 . ~seeNote1 I
--1
1.l1--f><:.1--!--'/_ Too I - -
1
_sprinkler I
1 system ....---- Pressure gauge

1
,L Test and drain
II
1 I
Typical
combined - __
1
I I
'system I
1 I
,I _ Drain riser I
1 I
1 I
1 I
Fire
department 1 I
connection
1
To
1-I-f:><I--'-...,--+- spri nkle r I
system

1/ Fire hose valve I

1 J' I
I /~~TO drain I
Grade level
Drain valve ~

r--=!>4--~I""f---- Waterflow switch

t (where required)

••• Waterflow switch

(where required)
~ Check valve
w/ball drip
~ Pressure gauge

seeNote2~

From water supply

Fire pump

NOTE 1: Sprinkler floor assembly in accordance with NFPA 13, Stenasid for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems,
NOTE 2: Bypass in accordance with NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps,

F'igure A,5-! (a) T yp,ca

- J slIlg
• Ie-zone system.
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