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Notes and Formulae SPM Mathematics: Zefry@sas - Edu.my
Notes and Formulae SPM Mathematics: Zefry@sas - Edu.my
Notes and Formulae SPM Mathematics: Zefry@sas - Edu.my
SPM MATHEMATICS
FORM 1 – 3 NOTES Cone
1. SOLID GEOMETRY
(a) Area and perimeter V = 1 r2h
Triangle 3
A = 1 base height
2 Sphere
= 1 bh
2 4
V = r3
3
Trapezium
Pyramid
1
A = (sum of two
2
V = 1 base area
parallel sides) height 3
= 1 (a + b) h height
2
Prism
Circle
V = Area of cross section
Area = r2 length
Circumference = 2r
2. CIRCLE THEOREM
Sector
Area of sector =
Angle at the centre
360
= 2 × angle at the
r2
circumference
Length of arc =
x = 2y
2r
360
Sphere
a + b = 180o
Cuboid:
(b) (x + 3)2 = x2 + 2 × 3 × x + 32
= x2 + 6x + 9
(c) (x – y)(x + y) = x2 + xy – xy – y2 = x2 – y2
6. LAW OF INDICES
(a) xm x n = xm + n
(b) xm xn = xm – n
(c) (xm)n = x m n
1
(d) x-n =
xn
(b) Sum of exterior angles of a polygon = 360o
1
(c) Each exterior angle of a regular n sided polygon = (e) x n nx
3600
n
m n m
(d) Regular pentagon (f) x n ( x )
(g) x0 = 1
7. ALGEBRAIC FRACTION
1
Each exterior angle = 72o Express 10 k as a fraction in its simplest
Each interior angle = 108o 2 6k 2
(e) Regular hexagon k
form.
Solution:
1 10 k 1 3k (10 k)
2k 6k 2 6k 2
= 3k 102 k 4k 10 2(k 5) k 5
6k 6k 2 6k 3k 2
2
Each exterior angle = 60o
Each interior angle = 120o 8. LINEAR EQUATION
1
(f) Regular octagon Given that (3n + 2) = n – 2, calculate the value
5
of n.
Solution:
1
(3n + 2) = n – 2
5
Each exterior angle = 45o 1
Each interior angle = 135o 5× (3n + 2) = 5(n – 2)
5
4. FACTORISATION 3n + 2 = 5n – 10
2 + 10 = 5n – 3n 2n = 12 n=6
(a) xy + xz = x(y + z)
9. SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS
(b) x2 – y2 = (x – y)(x + y) (a) Substitution Method:
y = 2x – 5--------(1)
(c) xy + xz + ay + az 2x + y = 7--------(2)
= x (y + z) + a (y + z) Substitute (1) into (2)
= (y + z)(x + a) 2x + 2x – 5 = 7 4x = 12 x=3
Substitute x = 3 into (1), y=6–5=1
(d) x2 + 4x + 3 (b) Elimination Method:
= (x + 3)(x + 1) Solve:
3x + 2y = 5----------(1)
5. EXPANSION OF ALGERBRAIC x – 2y = 7----------(2)
EXPRESSIONS (1) + (2), 4x = 12, x=3
(a) Substitute into (1) 9 + 2y = 5
2y = 5 – 9 = −4
zefry@sas.edu.my 2
y = −2 3. A bar chart uses horizontal or vertical bars to
represent a set of data. The length or the height of
10. ALGEBRAIC FORMULAE each bar represents the frequency of each data.
Given that k – (m + 2) = 3m, express m in terms of
k.
Solution:
k – (m + 2) = 3m k – m – 2 = 3m
k – 2 = 3m + m = 4m
m=k2
4
zefry@sas.edu.my 3
- empty set - is a member of
n(A) –number of element in set A.
A – Complement of set A. Type III
Premise 1: If A, then B
(b) Venn Diagram Premise 2: Not B is true.
Conclusion: Not A is true.
AB
AB
Gradient of AB =
y2 y1
m=
x2 x1
Example:
Gradient Form:
n(A) = 7 + 6 = 13 y = mx + c
n(B) = 6 + 10 = 16
n(A B) = 6 m = gradient
c = y-intercept
n(A B) = 7 + 6 + 10 = 23
n(A B‟) = 7 Intercept Form:
n(A‟ B) = 10 x y
n(A B) = 7 + 10 + 2 = 19
n(A B) = 2
4. MATHEMATICAL REASONING
(a) Statement
A mathematical sentence which is either true or
false but not both.
1
(b) Implication a b
If a, then b
a – antecedent a = x−intercept
b – consequent b = y−intercept
zefry@sas.edu.my 5
20-24 12
25-29 21
30-34 19
35-39 12
40-44 6
45-49 2
Trigonometric Graphs
1. y = sin x
Marks Frequency
1 – 10 2
11 – 20 8
21 – 30 16
31 – 40 20
41 – 50 4
8. ANGLE OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION
(a) Angle of Elevation
(a) Convert number in base 10 to a number in base 2, 5
or 8.
Method: Repeated division.
Example:
2 34
2 17 0
The angle of elevation is the angle betweeen the 2 8 1
horizontal line drawn from the eye of an observer 2 4 0
and the line joining the eye of the observer to an 2 2 0
object which is higher than the observer. 2 1 0
The angle of elevation of B from A is BAC 0 1
8 34
8 4 2
0 4
3410 = 428
The angle of depression is the angle between the
horizontal line from the eye of the observer an the (b) Convert number in base 2, 5, 8 to number in base
line joining the eye of the observer to an object 10.
which is lower than the observer. Method: By using place value
The angle of depression of B from A is BAC. Example: (a) 110112 =
24 23 22 211
9. LINES AND PLANES 1 1 0 1 12
(a) Angle Between a Line and a Plane = 24 + 2 3 + 2 1 + 1
= 2710
(b) 2145 =
52 51 1
2 1 45
= 2 52 + 1 51 + 4 1
= 5910
(d) Enlargement
Description: Enlargement of scale factor ,
(d) Reciprocal Graph with the centre .
a
y
x
12. TRANSFORMATION
Example : Enlargement of scale factor 2 with the
centre at the origin.
(a) Translastion
h
Area of image
k2
Description: Translastion k Area of object
4 k = scale factor
Example : Translastion 3
(e) Combined Transformtions
Transformation V followed by transformation W is
written as WV.
13. MATRICES
(a)
a c ac
b d b d
(b)
a ka
k b
kb
(c) a b e f ae bg af bh
c d g h ce dg cf dh
a b
(d) If M =
, then
c
M-1 = 1 d d
b
ad bc c a Gradient = Rate of change of speed
vu
=
(e) If ax + by = h
cx + dy = k
t
= acceleration
a b x h
c d y k Distance = Area below speed-time graph
x 1 b h
d
16. PROBABILITY
y ad bc c a k (a) Definition of Probability
a c Probability that event A happen,
(f) Matrix has no inverse if ad – bc = 0 n( A)
b d P( A)
n(S)
14. VARIATIONS S = sample space
(a) Direct Variation
If y varies directly as x, (b) Complementary Event
Writtn in mathematical form: y x, P(A) = 1 – P(A)
Written in equation form: y = kx , k is a constant.
(c) Probability of Combined Events
(b) Inverse Variation
(i) P(A or B) = P(A B)
If y varies inversely as x,
1
Written in mathematical form: y (ii) P(A and B) = P(A B)
x
k 17. BEARING
Written in equation form: y , k is a constant. Bearing
x Bearing of point B from A is the angle measured
clockwise from the north direction at A to the line
(c) Joint Variation joining B to A. Bearing is written in 3 digits.
If y varies directly as x and inversely as z,
x
Written in mathematical form: y ,
z
kx
Written in equation form: y , k is a
z
constant.
Example : Bearing B from A is 060o
15. GRADIENT AND AREA UNDER A GRAPH
(a) Distance-Time Graph 18. THE EARTH AS A SPHERE
(a) Nautical Miles
1 nautical mile is the length of the arc on a great
circle which subtends an angle of 1 at the centre
of the earth.
Total distance
Average speed =
Total time
(b) Speed-Time Graph
(ii) the elevation of the combined solid on the
vertical plane parallel to GPS as viewed from
D.
Solution:
(a)
Plan
(b) (i)
D-elevation