ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Sources

Abe Fortas. Digital image. U.S. Senate. Web. 14 Feb. 2011.

<http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/image/AbeFortas.htm>.

Justice Abe Fortas wrote the court's opinion for the Tinker v. Des Moines case.

Antiwar Protestors. Digital image. United States History Question of the Day. Web. 13

Feb. 2011. <http://faculty.polytechnic.org/gfeldmeth/0100410q.html>

This picture shows people protesting against the Vietnam like the Tinkers did.

Byron White. Digital image. Conservapedia. Web. 14 Feb. 2011.

<http://www.conservapedia.com/Byron_White>.

Justice Byron White concurred with the court's opinion about the Tinker Case.

Earl Warren. Digital image. Michael Ariens. Web. 14 Feb. 2011.

<http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/warren.htm>.

Earl Warren was the chief Supreme Court justice for the Tinker v. Des Moines

case.
Eckhardt, Christopher. "The Day I Wore A Black Armband to School." Speech. Boston.

3 Dec. 1991. Rights Matter: the Story of the Bill of Rights. ACLU of

Massachusetts, Winter 1991. Web. 11 Feb. 2011. <http://www.rightsmatter.org/

multimedia/personal_stories/christopher_eckhardt.html>.

Twenty-two years after the trial, Christopher Eckhardt gave a speech to the

student in Boston about wearing a black armband to school and the trial that

followed.

Hugo Black. Digital image. USINFO Photo Gallery. Web. 14 Feb. 2011.

<http://photos.state.gov/libraries/usinfo-photo/4110/Week_3_09_07/>.

Justice Hugo Black did not agree with the court's opinion about the Tinker case

because he thought that symbolic speech was not protected by the Constitution.

John M. Harlan II. Digital image. Supreme Court Justices of the United States. Web. 14

Feb. 2011. <http://americanpicturelinks.com/SupremeCourt.htm>.

Justice John Harlan was not in concurrence with the court's opinion.

Mother, Paul, and Mary Beth Tinker. Digital image. ACLU 90th Anniversary : Exhibit.

American Civil Liberties Union. Web. 13 Feb. 2011.

<http://www.aclu90.org/90_issue_eo.html>.

This picture is of siblings Paul and Mary Beth Tinker, wearing their black

armbands, with their mother.

M.B. Tinker. Digital image. Des Moines Register Staff Blogs. 28 Aug. 2010. Web. 13

Feb. 2011. <http://blogs.desmoinesregister.com/dmr/index.php/2010/08/28/des-

moines-armband-icons-to-highlight-aclu-event/>.

This picture shows Mary Beth Tinker at age thirteen with her black armband.

Mary Beth Tinker and Her Mother. Digital image. ACLU. American Civil Liberties

Union, 16 Mar. 2007. Web. 13 Feb. 2011.

<http://www.aclu.org/free-speech/tinker-v-des-moines-393-us-503-1969>.

This picture is of Mary Beth Tinker and her mother.

Mary Beth Tinker today. Digital image. ACLU. American Civil Liberties Union, 16

Mar. 2007. Web. 13 Feb. 2011. <http://www.aclu.org/free-speech/tinker-v-des-

moines-393-us-503-1969>.

This picture is of Mary Beth Tinker in 2007.

People Holding a "FREE SPEECH" Banner. Digital image. Communism: Censorship

and

Freedom of Speech. Web. 16 Feb. 2011. <http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu

/~eroberts/cs201/projects/communism-computing-china/censorship.html>.

This picture provides me with other people fighting for their freedom of speech.
Stewart, Justice Potter. Digital image. Ohio History Central - An Online Encyclopedia of

Ohio History - Ohio Historical Society. Web. 14 Feb. 2011.

<http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1813>.

Justice Potter Stewart was in concurrence with the court's opinion.

Thurgood Marshall. Digital image. Hennessy History. Web. 14 Feb. 2011.

<http://hennessyhistory.wikispaces.com/Thurgood+Marshall-2>.

Justice Thurgood Marshall was with the majority court opinion in favor of the

Tinkers.

Tinker. Digital image. Silver Chips Online. 14 Oct. 2010. Web. 13 Feb. 2011.

<http://silverchips.mbhs.edu/picture/12935/>.

This image of John and Mary Beth Tinker shows them holding their black

armbands. I used this image for the banner of my web site.

Tinker, John. "The Black Armband Story." Interview by Nancy Murray. Rights Matter:

the Story of the Bill of Rights. ACLU of Massachusetts. Web. 11 Feb. 2011.

<http://www.rightsmatter.org/multimedia/personal_stories/john_tinker.html>.

John Tinker was interviewed by Nancy Murray about the Tinker v. Des Moines

court debate, and he tells about the events that occurred.

Tinker, Mary Beth. "Daily Kos: What a Black Armband Means, Forty Years Later."

Weblog post. Daily Kos :: State of the Nation. 24 Feb. 2009. Web. 13 Feb. 2011.

<http://www.dailykos.com/story/2009/2/24/10570/8333/554/701186>.

Mary Beth Tinker wrote about the court trial and its impact forty years

afterwards.

Tinker, Mary Beth. "I Could Not Sit By and Watch This Happening." Address. Boston. 6

May 1992. Spring 1992. Web. 11 Feb. 2011. <http://www.rightsmatter.org/

multimedia/personal_stories/mary_beth_tinker.html>.

Twenty-three years after the court decision for the Tinker v. Des Moines case,

Mary Beth Tinker addressed students of Boston about the black armbands she

wore and the trial that occurred because of them.

United States of America. Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist.,

393 US 503 - Supreme Court 1969. Tinker v. Des Moines Independent

Community

School Dist., 393 US 503 - Supreme Court 1969. Cornell University Law School,

12 Nov. 1968. Web. 11 Feb. 2011. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/

historics/USSC_CR_0393_0503_ZS.html>.

This web site had the opinions of the judges for the Tinker case, and it helped

explain how the court ruled the case.

William J. Brennan. Digital image. Michael Ariens. Web. 14 Feb. 2011.

<http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/brennan.htm>.

Justice William Brennan was one of the associate justices for the Tinker case.

William O. Douglas. Digital image. Law Professor Blogs Network. Web. 14 Feb. 2011.

<http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/conlaw/history/page/2/>.

Justice William Douglas agreed with the court's opinion in favor of the Tinkers.
 Secondary Sources

"Firstamendmentcenter.org: Student Expression in Speech - Topic."

Firstamendmentcenter.org: Welcome to the First Amendment Center Online.

Web. 11 Feb. 2011. <http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/speech/

studentexpression/topic.aspx?topic=clothing_dress_codes_uniforms>.

This web site discussed how the student rights in the Tinker v. Des Moines case

have impacted court cases that followed involving students, such as dress codes

and school uniforms.

James, Susan Donaldson. "'Bong Hits 4 Jesus': Student Protest Goes to Supreme Court."

ABCNews.com: Breaking News, Politics, World News, Good Morning America,

Exclusive Interviews - ABC News. ABC News Internet Ventures, 15 Mar. 2007.

Web. 13 Feb. 2011. <http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=2953653&page=1>.

Joseph Fredrick displayed a drug-related sign at public parade in his hometown in

Alaska and was suspended by his school principal.

Kelly, Martin. "Tinker v Des Moines - Court Case of Tinker v Des Moines." American

History From About. Web. 11 Feb. 2011. <http://americanhistory.about.com/od/

supremecourtcases/p/tinker-v-des-moines.htm>.

This web site helped give me a general idea of the Tinker case
Olson, Tod. "From School to Supreme Court | Scholastic.com." Teaching Resources,

Children's Book Recommendations, and Student Activities | Scholastic.com. Web.

11 Feb. 2011. <http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=4724>.

The article on this web site gave me information about Mary Beth Tinker, as well

as other cases where students fought for their rights.

Students Holding a "BONG HiTS 4 JESUS" Banner. Digital image. Drax Blogs. Web. 16

Feb. 2011. <http://blogs.sun.com/drax/entry/macs_and_bong_hits>.

This picture shows the students in the Morse v. Frederick case holding up a

banner at a parade, which got them suspended from school. They fought for their

freedom of speech and failed.

Student Peace Demonstration in 1967. Digital image. University of Wyoming: American

Heritage Center. Web. 16 Feb. 2011.

<http://ahc.uwyo.edu/onlinecollections/exhibits/uw/part5.htm>.

This picture shows a group of students' protest in response to the Vietnam War.

"Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Comm. School Dist., U.S. Supreme Court Case Summary |

Oral Argument." The Oyez Project | U.S. Supreme Court Oral Argument

Recordings, Case Abstracts and More. Web. 11 Feb. 2011.

<http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1968/1968_21>.

On the web site, there was an audio clip of the oral argument for the Tinker case.