HOSPITAL

LITERATURE STUDY

Y18APO1- 07, 09, 11, 14, 15, 31

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN-III LITERATURE STUDY Y18AP0107 Y18AP0109

DESIGN : HOSPITAL Y18AP0111 Y18AP0114
SHEET NO : 1 Y18AP0115 Y18AP0131

Introduction
What is a hospital?
A hospital is a health care institution providing
patient treatment with specialized medical and
nursing staff and medical equipment. The best-
known type of hospital is the general hospital,
which typically has an emergency department
to treat urgent health problems ranging from
fire and accident victims to a sudden illness.
Hospitals are the most complex of building
types
To better serve the wide-ranging needs of
the community the modern hospital has
often developed outpatient facilities, as well
as emergency, psychiatric, and rehabilitation
services. In addition, “bed less hospitals”
provide strictly ambulatory(outpatient) care
and day surgery
HISTORY
The earliest documented institutions
aiming to provide cures
were ancient Egyptian temples In ancient
 history hospitals have been documented
in Greece, Rome, the Indian subcontinent,
and Persia. In ancient cultures, religion
and medicine were linked.
GRREK HOSPITAL HISTORY
The Asclepieion of the island of Kos.
Healthcare in Greece traces its roots to
the ancient Greek civilization. Hospitals
did not exist in the modern sense in the
ancient Greek world, but temples
dedicated to the healing god Aesculapius
(called Asclepiad) functioned as healing
places as well as places of worship
HELLENISTIC: Temple of Apollo: Floor
Plan. The Cella is a building within a
building.
LITERATURE STUDY OF A HOSPITAL
Hospital building differs from other building types in the The word “HOSPITAL”
complexity of functional relationships that must exist ordinated from latin
between the various parts of the hospital. • Apart from “HOSPICE” In early Greek
providing right environment for patients and care providers and Roman civilizations, The
,it should also be sensitive to the needs of visitors. • It is temples of the gods were used
thus imperative to examine the emerging issues, analyze the as hospitals. The very first
challenges, appreciate the emerging trends and study the hospital was built by Romans
various strategic options available for planning, designing between 1096 and 1291 it’s a
and constructing a hospital. large single room like
structure.
Hospitals are the part of social system which again have subsystem like clinical
services, Diagnostic services, Therapeutic Services, supportive and utility
services with heterogeneous group of people like Doctors, Nurse ,Paramedics,
Administrative staffs all working together to provide medical care to patients.
The history of hospitals began in antiquity SRI LANKA HOSPITAL HISTORY
with hospitals in Greece, the Roman Empire
and on the Indian subcontinent as well,
starting with precursors in The earliest surviving encyclopaedia of
medicine in Sanskrit is the
the Asclepiad temples in ancient Greece and
then the military hospitals in ancient Rome No Paratacamite The extensive ruins suggest
there were patient rooms which measured
civilian hospital existed until the Christian
13*13 which is surprisingly close to the
period.
patient rooms used today The oldest
architectural evidence of a hospital appears Ruins of a two thousand
The antiquity of the hospital medicine to be at mitigatable in sri lank which can be years old hospital were
dated to the 9th century AD discovered in the
historical city of
Anuradhapura Mihintale
Sri Lanka
GREECE ROMAN INDIAN SRI LANKA
SUBCONTINENT
ROMAN HOSPITAL ANCIENT HISTORY INDIAN SUBCONTINENT HOSPITAL
HISTORY
The first hospital in Roman Hospitals in Ancient Rome.
was built in 1798 on the place Hospitals in ancient Rome
where the Municipal Hospital were generally limited to Institutions created specifically to care for the ill also appeared early in
Precista Mare is located today. military camps and the very
the Indian subcontinent. Fa Xian, a Chinese Buddhist monk who travelled across
Talmud Torah, one of the first late empire, after the India ca. 400 AD, recorded in his travelogue The heads of the Vaishya (merchant)
Jewish schools in Principality establishment of Christianity. families in them (all the kingdoms of north India) establish in the cities houses for
of Moldova, was inaugurated While legionary medical dispensing charity and medicine. All the poor and destitute in the country, orphans,
in 1817, an important event in facilities were quite extensive,
widowers, and childless men, maimed people and cripples, and all who are diseased,
itself as Moldova did not grant hospitals, as we know them
go to those houses, and are provided with every kind of help, and doctors examine
citizenship to Jews. today, simply didn't exist in their diseases. They get the food and medicines which their cases require, and are
the Roman world . made to feel at ease; and when they are better, they go away of themselves.

The first hospitals were established in ancient Rome. Even today’s

hospitals have a history that dates back to the Roman Empire. During the
Roman Empire, military hospitals were set up to treat and care for the
soldiers of the powerful Roman army. Unlike the hospitals we use today,
Roman hospitals were only for slaves and soldiers. Physicians were
assigned to follow certain armies or ships, where they would care for the
injured. Unfortunately, medical care for the poor was nearly non-existent.
Because of this, the poor would resort to spiritual aid. The typical hospital was divided into departments such as systemic diseases,
Sacred Hospitals of Ancient surgery and orthopedics with larger hospitals having more diverse specialties.
Greece "Systemic diseases" was the rough equivalent of today's internal medicine and was
Dedicated to the god of further divided into sections such as fever, infections and digestive issues.
healing, Asclepeion sanctuaries
functioned as centre's of
worship

Asclepieia functioned as sacred hospitals,
nursing-homes, centre's of religious worship and
of popular entertainment, as well as gathering
places for teachers and students, especially those
interested in becoming doctors.
MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC
HOSPITALS
The first Muslim hospital was
an asylum to contain leprosy,
built in the early eighth century,
where patients were confined
but, like the blind, were given a
stipend to support their
families. The earliest general
hospital was built in 805 in
Baghdad by Harun Al-Rashid.
The hospital as being a product of medieval Islamic civilization.
Compared to contemporaneous Christian institutions, which were poor and
sick relief facilities offered by some monasteries, the Islamic hospital was
a more elaborate institution with a wider range of functions. In Islam there Entrance to
was a moral imperative to treat the ill regardless of financial status. the Qawaloon
Islamic hospitals tended to be large, urban structures, and were largely complex in
Cairo, Egypt
secular institutions, many open to all, whether male or female, civilian or
which housed
military, child or adult, rich or poor, Muslim or non-Muslim. The Islamic
the notable
hospital served several purposes, as a center of medical treatment, a home
Qawaloon
for patients recovering from illness or accidents, an insane asylum, and a
hospital
retirement home with basic maintenance needs for the aged and infirm

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN-III LITERATURE STUDY Y18AP0107 Y18AP0109

DESIGN : HOSPITAL Y18AP0111 Y18AP0114
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 LITERATURE STUDY OF A HOSPITAL
CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITALS
According to the size of the hospital: a. SYSTEM FUNCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNITY HOSPITALS
Mini size hospital; <50 bed. b. Mid size ▪
Allopathic ▪ Primary care
HOSPITAL All community hospitals have the common
hospital; 50-250 beds. c. Big hospital; 250- ▪
Homeopathy ▪ Secondary care
▪ Tertiary care purpose of providing a bridge between the
500 bed. d. Huge hospital; >500 bed. ▪
Ayurvedic
community and the general acute hospital
According to the owners of the hospital: a. Unani▪ SPECIALITY SIZE OWNERSHIP
which, particularly in rural areas, may be
Private hospitals. b. Public hospitals; ▪
Siddha ▪ General ▪ Bed strength ▪ Govt remote from much of a dispersed population.
university hospitals,.. ete. ▪
Naturopathy ▪ Specialist ▪ 50 Central They may, however, have different origins,
Yogic▪ ▪ Superspecialist ▪ 100 State
General acute hospitals house different functions, be of different
▪ Teaching ▪ 200 Corp
sizes and be staffed in different ways.
The sizes of general hospitals can range from 300 to 1000 ▪ Research ▪ 300 ▪ Pvt
the community hospital as providing
beds – mostly between 500 and 800 beds – and they provide ▪ Volun
medical and nursing care for out-patients,
24-hour medical and nursing care of the sick and disabled. Specialist hospitals day patients and in-patients not needing
They also supply out-patient services and many now provide specialised facilities but not able to be cared
day-care facilities where patients are admitted for simple These have been dwindling in number as the for at home or in residential accommodation.
operations or diagnostic testing, to be returned home the same services are incorporated into general hospitals The size was envisaged as lying between 50
day. Selected hospitals will also incorporate an accident and so as to provide better specialist back-up, better and 150 beds, serving a population of 30 000
emergency department. staff training and economies of scale to 100 000.
SITE ENTRIES SITE PLANNING
Hospital entrances Since expensive security provision is Hospital sites with high degree of sensitivity to
Generally there are three main entrances to the hospital that required at each entrance, the number of hospital entrances outside noise should be avoided, but may be
are through the emergency entrance, second is the in-patient is usually restricted as far as possible. The Accident and compatible with other considerations, such as,
I.P.D entry and the third is the out- patient entry i.e. O.P.D Emergency (A&E) Department will need its own entrance accessibility and availability of services. The
entry. • Besides this the hospital has the separate service entry because it is open for 24 hours and because there are buildings should be so planned that sensitive areas,
and the separate entry for the administration wing. • The main clinical and aesthetic reasons for not allowing accident like, wards, consulting and treatment rooms and
entry to the hospital is characterized by the ease in circulation, traffic to mix with out-patients and visitors. Supply and operation theatres are placed away from the outdoor
large waiting area and the general public facilities such as catering departments will require heavy goods vehicle source of noise.
ATM, phone booths, coffee stands and the reception area etc. . access with a loading bay. Fuel will have to be delivered to While planning the hospital building, the
. . Nowadays the modern hospitals also have the provision of storage facilities, probably adjacent to the boiler house. The importance of landscape elements, such as, open
the florist shop in the hospital building. mortuary will need access for hearses. areas, horticulture to increase the comfort conditions.
Maternity INPATIENT DEPARTMENT
DIVISIONS IN HOSPITAL INTERNAL MEDICAL
TREATMENT Maternity care can vary widely. Delivery facilities Inpatient department are for those
Out-patient may be combined with the ward accommodation: patients who need treatment under
wherever they are, they need convenient access to health care personal’s supervision.
The function of the OPD is to diagnose and treat
MATERNITY an operating theatre for caesarean sections. The • Patients are admitted in inpatient
home-based patients and if necessary admit them THEREPUTIC
as in-patients. It is one of the largest departments ADMINISTRATION SECTION clinical relationship between maternity and ward for short and long term
SERVICES depending upon severity of their
in the hospital and is visited by the greatest gynaecological wards, which in turn need access to
the operating department disease.
number of patients daily. It is therefore best
accessed directly from the main hospital
entrance. DIVISIONS IN HOSPITAL Administration
CONFERENCE ROOM
The administrative
TOILETS DOCTORS department is orientated to
DIAGNOSTIC ROOM
IN OUT the public but is at the same
SERVICES
GENERAL
PATIENT PATIENT time private. Areas for
ACCOUNT business, accounting,
STAFF CORRIDOR
Out-patient ROOM ROOM auditing, cashiers and
PHARMACY TO OPERATING records, which have a
DISPENSARY THEATRES functional relationship with
X-RAY WAITING
AREA the public, must be located
DEPARTMENT AREA
near the entrance of the
hospital. Offices for hospital
OUT-PATIENT FRACTURE ACCIDENT AND
MEDICAL management, however, can
DEPARTMENT CLINIC EMERGENCY MAIN ENTRY TO HOSPITAL
RECORDS DEPARTMENT be located in more private
areas.
EMERGENCY
MAIN ENTRY TO HOSPITAL ENTRANCE
MAIN ENTRANCE

DIVISIONS IN HOSPITALS (ZONING):

The different departments of the hospital PARKING EMERGENCY NORMAL SERVICE
can be grouped according to zone, as ENTRY ENTRY ENTRY
follows:
(1) Outermost zone, which is the most
community oriented • primary health care ADMIN ZONE MAIN LOBBY PHARMACY SERVICE LOBBY
support areas • out-patient department •
emergency department • administration •
admitting office, reception DIAGNOSTIC EMERGENCY OPD IPD
(2) Second zone, which receives workload LOBBY • oxygen plant
from (1) • diagnostic X-ray • laboratories • • garbage room
pharmacy • security room
(3) Middle zone between outer and inner RADIOLOGY • Covered space for • Registration • Waiting • fire fighting
zones • operating department • intensive IMAGING DEPT. ambulane. area admission • equipment store
care unit • delivery room • nursery ▪ X-RAY • Lobby • Waiting area • Record • central store
(4) Inner zone, in the interior but with ▪ Ultrasonogram • Reception • Consulting room • morgue
direct access for the public • wards and ▪ CT angiogram • Waiting room • Nursing • kitchen
nursing units ▪ Cardiac Cath lab • Police room • Nurse room room • waste disposal
(5) Service zone, disposed around a service ▪ Angiogram • Record room • Cardiology • Doctors • cctv room
yard ~ • dietary services • laundry and ▪ Gama ray • Storage • Clinic room
housekeeping • storage • maintenance and ▪ ECG • Exam room • Toilets • Patients
engineering • mortuary • motor pool. ▪ Ett • Minor OT transfer
▪ Eco • Equipment room • Area
• Doctors area • Toilets
• Emergency
• Store
• Toilet OT, ICU, ICCU, WARDS

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN-III LITERATURE STUDY Y18AP0107 Y18AP0109

DESIGN : HOSPITAL Y18AP0111 Y18AP0114
SHEET NO : 1 Y18AP0115 Y18AP0131
 LITERATURE STUDY OF A HOSPITAL
DEPARTMENTS 17. Nephrology
18. Neurology CARDIOLOGY FLOW OT
Types of departments 19. Nutrition and dietetics
1. Accident and emergency (A&E) The department which deals with INTENSIVE
20. Obstetrics and gynaecology units
2. Anaesthetics heart and its function. Specialized CARE TREATMENT ROOM
21. Occupational therapy
3. Breast screening doctors who cures or treats people
22. Oncology
4. Cardiology about their heart care were cardiologist
23. Ophthalmology DIAGNOSTICS/
5. Chaplaincy .
24. Orthopaedics RADIOLOGY
6. Critical care 25. Pain management clinics • REQUIREMENTS
7. Diagnostic imaging 26. Pharmacy - Doctors personal chamber
8. Discharge lounge 27. Physiotherapy -Semi personal chamber DOCTORS
9. Ear nose and throat (ENT) 28. Radiotherapy - Consultancy OPD
CHAMBER
10. Elderly services department 29. Renal unit - Observation room
11. Gastroenterology 30. Rheumatology - Consultation room
12. Gynaecology 31. Sexual health (genitourinary medicine) -Treatment room EMERGENCY RECEPTION WAITING AREA
13. Haematology 32. Urology • normal treatment
14. Maternity departments 32. Paediatrics • treatment critical
15. Microbiology 33. General medicine ENTRANCE
16. Neonatal unit
ORTHOPEDIC ORTHOPEDIC
Branch of medical sciences which
deals with musculoskeletal system,
PUBLIC SEMI-PUBLIC GYNOCOLOGY FLOW INCUBATOR
joints and ligaments
ROOM
REQUIREMENTS These departments investigate and
• CORRIDORS treat problems of the female WARDS
• waiting • RECEPTION urinary tract and reproductive POST NATAL
• • TREATMENT
• reception WAITING organs, such as end metritis, ROOM
• • PHARMACY
• operating theatre WASHROOM infertility and incontinence. . They POST OPERATION
• labour room also provide a range of care for THEATRE
• wards SPECTIAL ROOM
cervical smear screening and post- MATERIAL ROOM
• laboratory menopausal bleeding checks. OPERATION
• sterilization ▪ Reception THEATRE LABOUR ROOM ULTRA SOUND
• radiology ▪ Waiting area
• diagnostics ▪ Consultancy rooms
• doctors chamber ▪ Doctors room EXAMINATION CONSULTANCY
• treatment room ▪ Nurse room ROOM ROOM
• observation theatre ▪ Examination room
▪ Common toilets PHARMACY WAITING AREA RECEPTION
▪ Operation theatre
GENERAL MEDICINE ▪ Sterilization room
▪ Maternity ward ENTRANCE
General medicine ▪ Labour room
The medical speciality dealing with
Waiting and treatment ▪ Sterile store room
the diagnosis and medical treatments
,consultancy room ▪ Dirt utility
of adults.
REQUIREMENTS
PEDIATRICS
Reception OPERATION TREATMENT EXAMINATION
Waiting hall THEATRE ROOM ROOM Paediatrician Department of medical
Consultancy room sciences which deals which Medicare
Treatment area CONSULTATION of children and adolescents. Age of
WAITINNG
Wash room ROOM patients : 0-14 Treatment : general
AREA
Operation theatre treatment of children , includes care
Wash room all health imbalances
RECEPTION
Examination room ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS
Waiting
Consultancy
Treatment room
Counselling
Equipment room

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN-III LITERATURE STUDY Y18AP0107 Y18AP0109

DESIGN : HOSPITAL Y18AP0111 Y18AP0114
SHEET NO : 1 Y18AP0115 Y18AP0131
 LITERATURE STUDY OF A HOSPITAL
REQUIREMENTS
OVERALL REQUIREMNS • Psychiatric department
• Entrance foyer • Isolation ward
• Waiting area • Operating department
• Toilets • X-RAY department
• Store rooms • Radiotherapy
• Clen utility • Pathology department
• Dirty utility • Mortuary
• Treatment room • Rehabilitation
• Pharmacy • Emergency
• Rest rooms • Adult day ward
• Kitchen • Intensive therapy unit
• Male-self staffing cloaks • Maternity department
• Female self-staffing • Delivery suite
cloaks • Special care baby unit
• Adult acute wards
• Children ward
• Geriatric ward

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN-III LITERATURE STUDY Y18AP0107 Y18AP0109

DESIGN : HOSPITAL Y18AP0111 Y18AP0114
SHEET NO : 1 Y18AP0115 Y18AP0131