Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Marine, Freshwater and moist terrestrial habitat

Symmetry: Bilateral Body Layers: Triploblastic Coelom: Acoelomate
Classes Characteristics
Tubellaria Bottom Dwellers in Marine or Freshwater
Trematoda Parasitic
Monogenea Parasitic
Cestoda Parasitic
Organism Class Important Parts Features Picture
1. Planaria  Tubella WHOLE MOUNT (Planaria w.m.) REPRODUCTION
ria  triangular head  Asexual reproduction
− aids in direction − Transverse fission
 auricles − Regeneration
− earlike shaped that bear  Sexual reproduction
many sensory cells,  Hermaphrodites/ monoecious
tactile, and functions for − having both the male and female reproductive
olfactory only organs
− contains chemoreceptor LOCOMOTION
to find food  Gliding movement
 eyes or ocelli − move by beating cilia on the ventral dermis,
− sensitive to light allowing them to glide along on a film of mucus
 ventral mouth  move by undulations (up- down) of the whole body
 muscular pharynx by the contractions of muscles built into the body
− can be lengthened or membrane
extended through mouth  motile
when feeding Feeding and Digestion
− its sucking action  gastrovascular cavity
allows ingestion − digestive tract wherein its branches fill most of
− it opens into the intestine the body
 pharyngeal sheath  protostome
− encloses the pharynx − no anus
 1 anterior & 2 posterior trunks − undigested food is ejected through the mouth
 Tail  Extracellular digestion
 Intestine − Digestion occur within the lumen of the
digestive cavity by means of enzymes
CROSS SECTION (Planaria, typ. x.s.) secreted by intestinal gland cells
 Intracellular digestion
 Ciliated Epidermis
Digestion is completed within phagocytic cells of the
 Nerve cord
gastrodermis
 Parenchyma Habitat
− Mesodermal loose tissue  saltwater
filling up space between  freshwater
organs
 Pharynx
 Pharyngeal cavity EXCRETION AND OSMO- REGULATION
 Pharyngeal sheath  protonephridia/ flagellated flame cells (ciliated)
  Pharyngeal lumen − an invertebrate organ, found in pairs and
allows the passage of food performing a function similar to the vertebrate
kidney
− remove metabolic wastes from an animal's
body
 osmoregulation
- excretory canals
2. Schistosoma  Trematoda  parasitic  Asexual reproduction
japonicum male most infectious of the three • Miracidia
w.m. (Human schistosome species − hatched ciliated egg
Blood Fluke)  Causes Intestinal from feces or urine
Schistosomiasis or Bilharzia or  Sporocyte
Snail fever (larvae stage)
 no spines on the dorsal surface − Saclike form inside the snail
of the male  Cercariae
 bilateral symmetry − Escapes from the snail until there is contact
 Eggs can be present in the to human skin and internal organs
stool of the infected  Sexual reproduction
 Ventral sucker − a male and female worm must mate in the
• Has smaller spines than veins of the host before the female can lay
oral sucker eggs
 Pharynx  Sexual dimorphism/ dioecious
 Esophagus having the male and female reproductive organs in
 Testes separate individuals
 Cecum Locomotion
 Gynecophoral canal  ascercariae
• elongate tubular bodies in − swimming freely through
which a female worm resides a body offreshwater to locate the epidermis of
CERCARIAE their human hosts
 head  as fully-fledged adults
 Tail − migrating throughout their primary host upon
 Excretory tubule infection
in unconfined settings, the parasite undergoes two- anchor
 Protonephridia
marching mediated by the coordinated action of its oral and
ventral suckers
Feeding and Digestion
The source of the worm's nutrition is the host.
 The sporocyst stage absorbs nutrition through its
skin, taking it directly from the tissues of its snail
host.
Adult worms feed on blood in the intestinal veins where they
live
Habitat
Intermediate hosts are snails
 Final hosts are humans and other mammals
 It inhabits the venules of the human small
intestine
EXCRETION AND OSMO- REGULATION
 - protonephridia/ flagellated flame cells
3. Fasciola  Tre  parasitic Reproduction
hepatica w.m. mat  causes  Sexual reproduction
(Liver Fluke) oda “Fascioliasis” - Hermaphrodite adult fluke
 adult worm has soft flat leaf-like - Cross-Fertilization
bodies - Self-fertilization
 bilateral symmetry  Asexual reproduction
 they do not have sense organs - the sporocyst reproduces asexually with its
but have nervous system offspring developing into
 has no respiratory organs rediae (larvae stage) or cercariae, which also
 mouth (2 suckers) multiply asexually
 does not have any hooks or Locomotion
spines  are motile
 oral sucker/anterior sucker  have cilia in larvae stage
• help in adhesion and ingestion  have flagella in cercariae
 acetabulum/ventral sucker  Spinule
• used to attach to the host  Scales covering the body which anchor it and help in
• saucer-shaped moving within narrow spaces in liver
organ of Feeding And Digestion
attachment  Extracellular digestion
 pharynx  • The flukes when hungry migrate into smaller bile
• ovoid shaped ducts and capillaries for feeding.
 uterus  • They suck the lymph, bile and tissue pieces with the
 Excretory bladder/canal help of the oral sucker.
Habitat
 excretory pore
 Its primary host is sheep
 Opening through which excretory
 secondary host is a freshwater gastropod
products leave the organism
 settle as mature flukes in the bile ducts of their
 it is where fluids collected are definitive hosts
emptied
 intestine EXCRETION AND OSMOREGULATION
 is heavily branched  protonephridia/ flagellated flame cells
 No anus
 Excretory bladder/canal
 Excretory pore
4. Taenia solium  Cestoda
scolex (Pork  Endoparasitic
Tapeworm)  Ribbonlike with long bodies
 Causes “Taeniasis” and
“cysticercosis”
 fecal oral contamination by
infected individual or by ingesting
undercook pork
 scolex
- tiny long attachment
containing duodenum wall-
suckers and a rostellum
- features a double crown of
22 to 32 hooks and 4 simple,
round suckers
- attaches to the intestine of
the definitive host
 Neck
- thin, small, narrow, un-
segmented neck
- Budding zone containing
germinative tissue
 Rostellum
- a knob-like protrusion at the
extreme anterior end
 Suckers, Hooks or both
- Sucker: specialized
attachment organ that acts
as an adhesion device
 strobila
- flattened, ribbon-like body
- main body
- thin and resembles a strip
of tap
- consists of a chain of
segments known
proglottids
 proglottids
- contain tapeworm eggs
- containing both male and
female reproductive organs
Reproduction
 Adult worm: Mature worms are found only in
humans.
• Larvae (cysticerci): encompasses in a fluid filled
bladder
 Eggs
 Sexual reproduction
 Hermaphrodites
 Cross-Fertilization
 self-fertilization
Locomotion
 not motile
 Adult worm moves against the peristaltic movement
in the host's intestine.
Feeding and Digestion
 Heterotrophic
 Lacks digestive system
 require at least two hosts for their completion:
 definitive hosts – human
 intermediate hosts – human and pigs
Habitats
 found in humans and pig
EXCRETION AND OSMOREGULATION
 protonephridia/
flagellated flame cells
 excretory canals
as