Water and Wastewater Engineering: Design of Water Supply System of Bahria Town Phase 1

REPORT: DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF BAHRIA TOWN PHASE 1
Water and Wastewater Engineering
Design of Water Supply System of Bahria Town Phase 1
Project Supervisor: Engr. Shamas Tabraiz
Group Investigator
Abaid Ullah 10-ENV-91
Department of Environmental Engineering,

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Table of Contents
Chapter 1....................................................................................................................................................4
1.0. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................4
Environmental Engineering Department 1

1.1. Study area...........................................................................................................................................4

1.2. Need ....................................................................................................................................................4
Chapter 2....................................................................................................................................................6
2.0. Components of Water Supply.......................................................................................................6
2.1. Collection works ........................................................................................................................6
2.1.1. Reservoirs..................................................................................................................................6
2.1.2. Advantages of Ground Water As Compared To Surface Water.................................................6
2.1.3. Types of Well............................................................................................................................7
2.2. Purification works .....................................................................................................................7
2.2.1. Treatment plants ...................................................................................................................8
2.3. Transmission works ...................................................................................................................9
2.4. Distribution works .....................................................................................................................9
2.4.1. Design of Water Distribution Network......................................................................................9
2.4.2. Types of layout..........................................................................................................................9
2.5. Components of water distribution network.............................................................................11
2.5.1. Overhead tank (O.H.T)............................................................................................................11
2.5.2. Fire system...............................................................................................................................11
2.5.3. Valves and their types .............................................................................................................12
2.6. TYPES OF SUPPLIES.............................................................................................................14
2.6.1. Continuous supply...................................................................................................................14
2.6.2. Intermittent supply...................................................................................................................14
2.7. Design Theory......................................................................................................................15
2.7.1. Hardy Cross Method..........................................................................................................15
2.7.2. Hazen William’s Equation.................................................................................................15
Chapter 3..................................................................................................................................................16
3.0. Design criteria...................................................................................................................................16
3.1. Design criteria of surface water reservoir...........................................................................16
3.2. Types of layout.....................................................................................................................16
3.2.1. Design criteria of dead end................................................................................................16
3.2.2. Design criteria of Grid Iron or Looped layout....................................................................17
3.2.3. Design criteria of fire hydrants..........................................................................................17
3.3. Design criteria for the different values of supply................................................................17
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3.3.1. Velocity.............................................................................................................................17
3.3.2. Flow Velocity....................................................................................................................17
3.3.3. Diameter............................................................................................................................18
3.3.4. Material of pipe..................................................................................................................18
3.3.5. Area of the pipe.................................................................................................................18
3.3.6. Earth cover.........................................................................................................................19
3.3.7. Pressure adjustment...........................................................................................................19
3.3.8. Type of soil........................................................................................................................20
3.4. Design criteria of the pipe system.............................................................................................22
3.4.1. Primary Mains (Arterial Mains).........................................................................................22
3.4.2. Secondary Lines.................................................................................................................22
3.4.3. Small distribution lines......................................................................................................22
Chapter 4..................................................................................................................................................23
4.0. Design of our scheme........................................................................................................................23
4.1. Tube well design.......................................................................................................................23
4.3. Natural Gravel Packs...........................................................................................................25
4.4. Artificial Gravel Pack...........................................................................................................25
4.5. Selection of gravel grading...................................................................................................25
4.6. Type of supply..........................................................................................................................26
4.7. Overhead tank design ..............................................................................................................26
4.8. Pressure at nodes......................................................................................................................27
4.9. Storage reservoir......................................................................................................................27
4.10. Display of results.....................................................................................................................28
4.11. Calculation of Area.................................................................................................................34
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................39
REPORT OF WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE
DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
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Chapter 1
1.0. Introduction [8]
Water services (i.e. water supply and sanitation) are controlled by the Water Services Act (Act 108 of
1997) and the National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998). The Water Services Act deals with water services
provision to consumers, while the National Water Act deals with water in its natural state. Central to the
supply of water to a community is the Water Services Development Plan of the relevant Water Services
Authority, which is required in terms of the Water Services Act.
The Water Services Development Plan defines the minimum as well as the desired level of water service
for communities, which must be adhered to by a Water Services Provider in its area of jurisdiction. It
describes the arrangements for water service provision in an area, both present and future. Water services
are also to be provided in accordance with by-laws made in terms of the Water Services Act.
Engineers and other decision-makers within a Water Services Authority, and those working for and on
behalf of the Water Services Authority, should be aware of the social and organizational constraints in the
provision of potable water.[8]
1.1. Study area

My basic goal is to design the water supply scheme for the Bahria town phase 1, Rawalpindi. In this
report all the networks from the collection works up to the consumer’s end is highlighted here. Here is a
proper layout of the drawing sheet with the design of water supply.
1.2. Need [1]
Life without water is impossible. Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities, commercial
organizations, community endeavors or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes.
Irrigation is covered separately. So, proper systems are required for the transmission and distribution of
water to the city and remote areas as well and to make it sure that the water which we are going to supply
to the community is clean without any contamination.(1)
Water is used for the following purposes:
1. Domestic use
2. Commercial use or public use
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3. Industrial use
4. Fire demand
5. Losses
A water supply system or water supply network is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic
components which provide water supply. A water supply system typically includes. [2]
1. A drainage basin (see water purification - sources of drinking water).

2. A raw water collection point (above or below ground) where the water accumulates, such as a
river, or groundwater from an underground aquifer. Raw water may be transferred using
uncovered ground-level aqueducts, covered tunnels or underground water pipes to water
purification facilities.
3. Water purification facilities. Treated water is transferred using water pipes (usually underground).
4. Water storage facilities such as reservoirs, water tanks, or water towers. Smaller water systems
may store the water in cisterns or pressure vessels. Tall buildings may also need to store water
locally in pressure vessels in order for the water to reach the upper floors.
5. Additional water pressurizing components such as pumping stations may need to be situated at
the outlet of underground or above ground reservoirs or cisterns (if gravity flow is impractical).
6. A pipe network for distribution of water to the consumers (which may be private houses or
industrial, commercial or institution establishments) and other usage points.
7. Connections to the sewers (underground pipes, or aboveground ditches in some developing
countries) are generally found downstream of the water consumers, but the sewer system is
considered to be a separate system, rather than part of the water supply system.
Figure 1: Water from a tap, supplied by a pipe
Chapter 2
2.0. Components of Water Supply
There are following components of water supply:
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2.1. Collection works [3]
In this component we make arrangement of water collection. Estimation of water quantity is basically
related with this work for present and future demands computation. Per capita water required is measured
and intake structure is designed. Recharge and pumping rate is also studied.
It includes sources of water i.e., surface water and ground water.
2.1.1. Reservoirs
Reservoirs are of two types. They are:

Surface water reservoir
For his reservoirs and dams are constructed. For surface water reservoirs design period is 50 years. There
are proper intake structures for the surface water. A water works intake is a structure placed in a surface
water source to draw water from them. There are several pipes in it for different qualities of water for
different purposes. There is a layer after which as we go down there is a sudden change in temperature.
That layer is called THERMOCLINE LAYER. There are infiltration galleries for the rivers such as
submerged crib intake and for reservoirs also.
Underground water reservoir [3]

Tube well is constructed. For underground water reservoirs design capacity is 5 years. If overhead tank is
present in water supply system then we will design our collection work on maximum daily demand. If it
is peak hour then our reservoir will balance the needs. If there is average demand then tube well will
supply the water to the houses and also fill the overhead tank. For maximum demand only tube well will
supply the water to the communities and if there is peak hourly demand then tube well and overhead tank
both will supply water to the communities. There is the formation of hydraulic grade line in the aquifers.
In underground there are aquifers, which are:
 Confined aquifer (water is closed within the two impermeable layers).
 Unconfined aquifer (water is not confined, there is a permeable layer also)
2.1.2. Advantages of Ground Water As Compared To Surface Water
There are several advantages which are as follows:
 As water goes down there are carbonates of calcium and magnesium and complex molecules, which
form bonds with the impurities and stop them.
 Ground water requires only tertiary treatment for the removal of heavy metals. But surface water
requires primary, secondary and tertiary treatment.
 Amount of water available is more certain in underground.
 Groundwater is cheaper than constructing Compounding reservoir.
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 Ground waters have uniform temperature throughout the layer but surface water does not have. In
surface water reservoirs there is a certain layer below which the temperature of water changes. That
layer is called THERMOCLINE LAYER.
2.1.3. Types of Well [3]
There are three types of well, which are as follows:
 Ordinary well or tube well (unconfined aquifer)

 Artesian well (confined aquifer)
It is a well in which water rises above the level at which it is encountered because of pressure in it.
 Flowing well (confined aquifer)
2.2. Purification works [3]
In this work water is treated according to its requirement or its usage. For surface water more treatment is
required and for ground water less treatment is required because surface water is more liable to
contamination. Treated water is used for drinking purposes and irrigation purposes etc. treatment can be
done at any point either at the intake structure or after the transmission lines.Water treatment plant is
employed here and the design period of water treatment plant is 10 to 15 years. Design capacity on the
basis of average daily demand and its hydraulic design on the basis of maximum daily demand.
Figure 2: Rapid sand filters
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Figure 3: Slow Sand Filters
2.2.1. Treatment plants [5]
These treatment plants include the water treatment plant or sewerage treatment plant. Water
treatment describes those industrial-scale processes used to make water more acceptable for a desired
end-use. These can include use for drinking water, industry, medical and many other uses. Such processes
may be contrasted with small practiced by campers and other people in wilderness areas. The goal of all
water treatment process is to remove existing contaminants in the water, or reduce the concentration of
such contaminants so the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. One such use is returning water that
has been used back into the natural environment without adverse ecological impact.
Figure 4: Processes involved in the water treatment
The processes involved in treating water for drinking purpose may be solids separation using physical
processes such assettling and filtration, and chemical processes such asdisinfection and coagulation.
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Biological processes are employed in the treatment of wastewater and these processes may include, for
example, aerated, activated sludge or slow sand filters.
2.3. Transmission works [3]
Transmission line carry water from the intake i.e., river or stream and carry that water to the city. This is a
single line carrying the main water. Its design period is 25 years and it is designed in the basis of average
daily demand.
Figure 5: Transmission line of water.
2.4. Distribution works [3]
These are the pipes which carry water after transmission lines and provide water within the city. Steel
pipes are used. Works regarding overhead tanks and pumping stations like tube well are also studied in
this category. They have unlimited design period. Design period as according to the population saturation.
Its design capacity is peak hourly demand.
2.4.1. Design of Water Distribution Network
Methods of distribution
There may be flow with the following systems:
a. Flow through gravity (very good if gravity is present)
b. Flow through pumping and storage (mostly it is used)
c. Flow through direct pumping to the distribution system
2.4.2. Types of layout
There are two types of layout which are:
1. Dead end (for improper planned area) or tree system

2. Grid iron or looped (for properly planned area)
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Figure 6: Dead End Distribution system
Advantages of Dead End Method
 It can be easily solved

 Less number of cut off valves are required
 Shorter pipe lengths
Disadvantages of Dead End Method
 In a system water can reach at a particular point only through one route. So supplies during fire
cannot be increased by diverting another supplier.
 Any damage or repair in any pipe line will completely stop water supply in the area.
Figure 7: Grid Iron System
Advantages of Grid Iron system

 More fire flow
 Continuous movement of water
 Dead ends are eliminated
 Well pressure is available in the pipe
 Any damage or repair does not disturb the flow of water.
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Disadvantages of Grid Iron system
 Hard and lengthy to solve

 More chances of error
 More pipe lengths
2.5. Components of water distribution network
There are many components of the water distribution system, which are:
2.5.1. Overhead tank (O.H.T)
Overhead tank is a water storing tank. Water is stored in it for the time when there is less supply of water
directly from transmission lines. In water distribution network 60% cost is for overhead tank construction.
Overhead tank is used for emergency and for the balancing of pressure. If community demand is average
and collection network is designed on maximum daily demand then overhead tank remains fill. For peak
hourly demand overhead tank provides the water for balancing the water needs. Storage capacity of
overhead tank is 1/10th of average demand.
Figure 8: Overhead tank
2.5.2. Fire system
This includes the systems designed to overcome the fire. They are:
a. Direct system (Fire hydrants)
b. Mobile system (mobile vehicles like fire extinguishers)
Fire hydrants [4]
Fire hydrants are the devices or the systems which are used during emergency or fire. It is an active fire
protection measure, and a source of water provided in most urban, suburban and rural areas
with municipal water service to enable firefighters to tap into the municipal water supply to assist in
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extinguishing a fire. Buildings near a hydrant may qualify for an insurance discount since firefighters
should be able to more rapidly extinguish a fire on the insured property. [4]
Figure 9: Fire hydrant
2.5.3. Valves and their types [6]
Valves are used to flow water whenever we want. A valve is a device which can be opened or closed to
different extents to vary its flow. So, movement of water can be controlled through a pipeline. Valves are
of various types which are as follows:
Figure10: Valves
a. Gate Valves
Gate valves are used in high-pressure applications such as water feed lines from an elevated water tower.
Gate valves are used to open and close straight-line flow but rarely (if ever) to regulate flow. The water is
either on or off. Gate valves come in various materials for use with different media. Stainless-steel gate
valves can remain hygienic for potable water but are relatively expensive. Cast-iron or galvanized gate
valves can control the flow of waste water when sanitary concerns are not important.
b. Altitude valves
Many water utilities employ devices called altitude valves at the point where a pipeline enters a tank.
When tank level rises to a specified upper limit, the valve closes to prevent any further flow from
entering, thus eliminating overflow. When the flow trend reverses, the valve reopens and allows the tank
to drain or to supply the usage demands of the system.
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c. Globe Valve
A globe valve uses a plug-and-aperture design to regulate flow. Globe valves can handle large volumes of
water and control the flow variably from off to total flow. A globe valve is used to control water flow
between a treatment facility and an elevated water tank. Water usage will drain the water tank at different
rates. The pump used to raise the water to the tank will require flow at different rates. The globe valve
regulates the amount of water necessary to maintain proper levels to the pump and up into the tank.
Globe valves can also be used for handling waste-water flow into different holding tanks. Water from the
sewer line is piped into treatment facilities, and flow is controlled depending on a particular facility's
capacity.
d. Isolation valves
Perhaps the most common valve in the water distribution system is the isolation valve, which can be
manually closed to block the flow of water. As the term “isolation” implies, the primary purpose of these
valves is to provide means of turning off a portion of the system. Well designed water distribution
systems have isolation valves throughout the network.
e. Butterfly Valve
A butterfly valve uses a flat disc rotating in the valve. The disc rotates 90 degrees from fully closed to
fully open. The butterfly valve is used to control water with heavy effluent levels. The open disc offers
little obstruction to the flow and reduces opportunities for clogging and reduced flow. Butterfly valves
can also be used as pressure-release valves in potable water holding tanks and reservoirs. The rotating
disc can be opened quickly to allow water to drain before problems occur due to increased weight and
pressure from overfill.
f. Directional valves
Directional valves, also called check valves, are used to ensure that water can flow only in one direction
through a pipeline, Any water flowing backwards through the valve causes it to close, and it remains
closed until the flow once again begins to go through the valve in the forwarddirection.
g. Air release valves and vacuum breaking valves

Most systems include special air release valves to release trapped air during system operation, and
air/vacuum valves that discharge air upon system start-up and admit air into the system in response to
negative gauge pressures. These valves are often found in system high points
h. Pressure reducing valves

Pressure reducing valves (PRVs) throttle automatically to prevent the downstream hydraulic from
exceeding a set value, and are used in situations where high downstream pressures could cause damage.
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2.6. TYPES OF SUPPLIES
There are two types of supplies:
2.6.1. Continuous supply
In continuous flow there is continuous flow of water every time i.e., 24 hours a day. There are fewer
chances of losses in this flow. This supply is adopted when available pressure is sufficient.
2.6.2. Intermittent supply
Intermittent flow is not a continuous flow. There are some hours in a day when we have the provision of
water. There are more chances of losses in this type of supply due to personal negligence. Water
distribution systems that supply water intermittently are designed and constructed for continuous supply;
however, in intermittent supply, pipes are empty for hours or days at a time. Usually, a valve operator
turns on and off a valve to supply water periodically. In many smaller cities and towns with intermittent
supply, the water utility will supply water to everyone at the same time. In larger cities, they may supply
it rotationally throughout the city; one family will get water for two hours, their neighbors a few streets
away will get water several hours later, and families living on the other side of the city may get water the
next day.
Disadvantages
 No fire flow when supply is off.
 We have to store water for supply.
 Stored or stagnant water have chances of contamination.
 When the tap is remained open then air enters the pipe and then we close the tap. The water behind it
applies a pressure due to which there are chances of pipe bursting.
 There is overflow or losses due to carelessness.
Abstract: In developing countries, water distribution systems are designed for continuous water supply
(CWS) with peak factor between 2.0 and 3.0. While in practice,water is supplied for restricted hours in
the morning and evening hours for various reasons. One of the assumptions is that under intermittent
water supply (IWS), water consumption in residential areas is less compared to CWS. A study was
conducted in four Indian cities to evaluate influence of IWS and CWS on domestic water consumption.
The selected water distribution system (WDS) represents specific situation in each city.
Water consumption data was repeatedly collected through water meter readings in all the cities. The same
WDS was switched over to CWS for few months with prior information to the residents. Water
consumption was again measured under CWS mode of operation. Statistical analysis of water
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consumption was done for all the four cities under both modes of operation. The study indicates that
domestic water consumption depends on adequacy of water supply, under IWS mode of operation. Water
consumption do not change appreciably under CWS, if consumers water demand is satisfied under IWS.
2.7. DESIGN THEORY
2.7.1. Hardy Cross Method

This method is for the analysis of Water Design Network (W.D.N). There are two basic principles upon
which this method depends upon:
a. Sum of inflow at any point is equal to sum of outflow at each junction or node.
b. Sum of head losses in a loop is equal to zero.
For this purpose frictional forces should be same in all the pipes. Here, anti-clockwise flow is taken as
negative and clockwise flow is taken as positive. At joints there is turbulence.
2.7.2. Hazen William’s Equation

In addition to the Darcy-Weisbach equation, a number of more or less empirical equations which are
more easily solved have been developed for use in pipe-flow problems. The Hazen Williams equation is
such a relation and is given below:
V= KCR0.63S0.54
Where,
C is a factor dependent on relative Roughness.
R is the Hydraulic Radius (the area of flow divided by wetted perimeter).
S is the slope of energy grade line.
K is a factor dependent on units.
Figure11: Hardy-cross method
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Chapter 3
3.0. Design criteria
3.1. Design criteria of surface water reservoir

Design Consideration
Some design considerations are given below:
 We will insert the pipe 30 to 35cm below the water surface because there may be dust, leaves or
debris on the water surface which may enter in the pipe.
 Depending upon the season we will open the pipe.
 It should be protected from floods.
 There should be the proper availability of power to run the pumps.
 It should be located upstream the point where we are discharging the water.
 Entrance velocity should not be more than 1.5cm/s.
 Velocity in the pipe should be in the 60 to 90cm/s range.
 Area of slots on the pipe should be more than the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
 There should be a rope of putson tied on the slots so that fine particles will not enter in the pipe.
 There should be a proper back flow of water to remove the fine particles from the rope and slots,
which were sticked there.
3.2. Types of layout

3.2.1. Design criteria of dead end
For the calculation of discharge we use the following formula:
Discharge = (Area) * (Velocity)
Q = AV
For the calculation of velocity we will use the Hazen William’s equation:
V = 0.894CR0.63 (H/L)0.54
H = 10.68 (Q/C)1.85 L/ (D)4.87
 C is the roughness coefficient.
 D is the diameter of the pipe
 L is the length of pipe
 H is the Head loss
 R is the Hydraulic Radius = P/A.
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The pipes are further classified as

 Mains
 Sub mains
 Lateral or branch
3.2.2. Design criteria of Grid Iron or Looped layout

 Velocity is maintained at 1 to 1.5m/s
 Earth cover for the pipe is 1m minimum.
 Diameter of the pipe should not be less than 3 inches.
 Minimum pressure for the rural areas is 25ft and for the urban area is 30ft.
3.2.3. Design criteria of fire hydrants
Minimum diameter for the pipe of fire hydrant is 6 inches. In a community the distance between the fire
hydrants is 60ft. Pressure of the fire hydrant should be 20lb/inch 2 or 46ft for houses. It should be 90ft for
industrial or commercial areas.
3.3. Design criteria for the different values of supply

3.3.1. Velocity
Range of velocity is 1 to 1.5m/s. If it is not in the range then we will change the diameter of the pipe. For
the calculation of velocity we should use the Hazen-Williams Equation. This is as follows:
V= 0.849CR0.63 (H/L)0.54
And for the calculation of head loss (H) we will use the equation:
H =10.68 (Q/C)1.85 L/(D)4.87
Where,
C is the roughness coefficient and it depends upon the material of pipe.
e.g., for PVC its value is 150 and for HPVC its value is 140.
D is the diameter of the pipe
L is the length
H is head loss
R is Hydraulic radius =P/A
3.3.2. Flow Velocity

WASA Criteria: Minimum velocity 0.8 ft /sec And Maximum Velocity 8 ft/sec
PPHED Criteria: Range (1 to 5) ft/sec
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Table 1: Diameter and velocity relation by PPHED
Diameter of pipes Velocity

100 cm 0.9 m/sec
15 cm 1.21 ml sec
25cm 1.52 ml sec
40cm 1.82 l sec
3.3.3. Diameter
Diameter will not be less than 3”. For fire hydrants diameter of the pipe is 6”. A table for diameter and
velocity is given above in table 1.
3.3.4. Material of pipe

Material of the pipe depends upon us. Different materials have different roughness coefficients. We can
use PVC pipe or HPVC pipe. Roughness coefficient for PVC is 150 and for HPVC is 140
Table 2: C-values for different pipes
Pipe material C-value

AC Pipe 140
CI Pipe 110
PVC Pipe 150
3.3.5. Area of the pipe

Area of the pipe depends upon the diameter of the pipe, which is changed accordingly with respect to
discharge and velocity. It should be such that the velocity is in the range 1 to 1.5m/s.For the sizes of the
pipes table is given below:
Table 3: Minimum pipe size
Agency Minimum Pipe Size (mm)

PHED ( Pakistan) 75
WASA-LDA(Pakistan) 75
LWUA (Philippines) 100
CIPTA ( Indonesia) 25
Metro Denver (USA) 150
3.3.6. Earth cover
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Earth cover of 1m should be present above the pipe to keep it intact with the soil and to make it safe from
atmospheric attacks. The minimum cover depends upon the type of traffic. Different values for the
minimum cover are shown below in the table.
Table 4: Minimum cover for different pipe diameters(PPHED)
Pipe Diameter ( mm ) Minimum Cover

75-1200 0.8-1.2
>1200 1.8
PPHED Criteria
75-100 0.75
150-300 1
300-400 1.2
>400 1.5
3.3.7. Pressure adjustment

Minimum pressure in the rural area should be 25ft and for the urban area it should be 30ft.
Table 5: Minimum residual pressures by different authorities in different countries.
Agency Minimum Residual Pressure (m)

PHED ( Pakistan) 9
Tamil Nadu (India ) 8
Utter Pardesh (India ) 12
3.3.8. Type of soil

Depending upon the topography, strata or type of soil is changed. There may be clayey or sandy soil
present there. Grain size is also checked.
Population Density
Table 6: Population density variation based upon the residential area[9]
Residential area Population Density
19
Industrial 10-35
single family small plots 12-37
single family large plots 35-58
Multifamily(double story) 85-245
Apartments 245-2450
Commercial area 10-85
3.3.9. Water Consumption
Here the table shows the domestic water demand for various values of the design populations.
Table 7: Average Water Consumption (PPHED)
Design population Per Capita Consumption per day

(inclusive of unaccounted for water )
Up to 10 gallon
5000 15 gallon
10000 20 gallon
10000 30 gallon( with sewerage facility)
25000 40 gallon( with sewerage facility)
Above 1 lac 50 gallon( with sewerage facility)
But different communities have set their own criteria for the average water consumption within Pakistan
and also beyond the borders. A table regarding those communities is given below:
Table 8: Average water consumption by different communities for domestic water demand
Community Average water consumption

PHHED ( Pakistan) 35-225
Tamil Nadu (India ) 70
Utter Pardesh (India ) 175
For non-domestic water demand following values is being used for different places or areas.
Table 9: Non-domestic water demand for different places. [10]
School 60lit/student-day(250 students)
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Hospital 5oolit/bed (200 beds)

Commercial area 3liter/m2/day
Open spaces 7liter/m2/day
Mosque 60 lpcd (250 followers)
Petrol pumps/Shops 20 lpcd
Unaccounted water includes the water losses and unauthorized connections. That is why extra water is
pumped in to the community to meet the needs of water demands continuously without any intermittent
supply.
 PHA (Pakistan housing Authority) provides a criterion of 10% as unaccounted-for water.

 Unaccounted water increase with the passage of time
Following table gives the amount of unaccounted water for different places:
Table 10: Unaccounted water for different places
Source Unaccounted-for / Leakage %

Industrial / Commercial Area 30
Storage reservoir 5
Domestic area 50
House Appliances 15
3.4. Design criteria of the pipe system
3.4.1. Primary Mains (Arterial Mains)
Form the basic structure of the system and carry flow from the pumping station to elevated storage tanks
and from elevated storage tanks to the various districts of the city
 Laid out in interlocking loops

 Mains not more than 1 km (3000 ft) apart
 Valved at intervals of not more than 1.5 km (1 mile)
 Smaller lines connecting to them are valved
3.4.2. Secondary Lines
 Form smaller loops within the primary main system

 Run from one primary line to another
 Spacing's of 2 to 4 blocks
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 Provide large amounts of water for firefighting without excessive pressure loss
3.4.3. Small distribution lines
 Form a grid over the entire service area

 Supply water to every user and fire hydrants
 Connected to primary, secondary, or other small mains at both ends
 Valved so the system can be shut down for repairs
 Size may be dictated by fire flow except in residential areas with very large lots
Chapter 4
4.0. Design of our scheme
Our results should meet with public health criteria with total design summary.
4.1. Tube well design
Tube well is basically the system to draw the water from ground water reservoirs. Following steps will be
followed for the designing of a tube well:
 First of all most importantly we will determine our Yield, which will tell us the amount of water
which we have to draw to meet our needs and the design of tube well will be accordingly.
 We will then suppose the drilling method which we are going to impose there depending upon the
typography of the area and the material of earth’s crest.
 After that we will identify the aquifer type either it is confined or unconfined.
 Then determine the depth of bore hole and then the minimum well diameter.
 Then we will compare the drawdown and discharge.
 Now if discharge is greater than yield then we will reduce the diameter of the well and if discharge is
less than the well yield then we will increase its diameter or we will drill another well.
 Screen and filter characteristics will be checked.
 Pump characteristics including stages and pumping rate will be checked.
22
Figure 12: Tube well cross-section
For upper well casing and pump housing we will use the following formula:
L = H+SW+SF+PR
Where,
 L is the length of well casing.

 H is the depth of water table
 SW is drawdown
 SF is the factor of safety due to seasonal variation
 PR is the pump requirement
23
Figure 13: Well Hydrology
Entrance velocity should be less than 0.03m/s. Entrance velocity depends on:
 Size of slot
 Open area of strainer
 Discharge
Figure 14: Screen Types
4.2. Gravel and Filter Packs
Necessary conditions for a gravel pack are:
 Sand-free operation after development,

 Highest permeability with stability (low resistance),
 Low entrance velocities,
 Efficient service life, i.e. resistant to chemical attack.
4.3. Natural Gravel Packs
24
These are produced by the development of the formation itself. Development techniques are used.
Uniformity coefficient should be greater than 3.
Figure 15: Gravel pack
4.4. Artificial Gravel Pack
Also known as gravel filter pack, graded envelope, the gravel pack is intended to fulfill the following
functions:
 To support the aquifer formations and prevent collapse into the casing;
 To laterally restrain the casing, effectively strengthening the casing;
 To prevent the movement of fine aquifer material into the well.
The normal approach is to use a filter pack when:
 The uniformity coefficient < 3;
 The aquifer is fine, with D10 of the formation < 0.25 mm
4.5. Selection of gravel grading:
For the selection of gravel grading:
Figure 16: Detailed cross-section of tube well
25
4.6. Type of supply
I will design the type of supply on the basis of continuous flow because this is an urban area so
continuous supply of water is required to meet the water demands of the community in an efficient
manner.
4.7. Overhead tank design [7]
Overhead tank is basically the storage reservoir. It supply the water during peak hourly demand or during
emergency. This is built in those areas where there is less supply of water than the yield. 50% of the total
cost is on the overhead tank (O.H.T).
Location: Our over4head tank in the phase 1 is located in the middle of the phase beside the mosque.
For designing a storage tank one of the important factor is the average daily usage of water per capita,
which is different for different areas depending upon the;
1. Availability of water
2. Climatic parameters like temperature, rainfall etc.
3. Life style of the population etc. For example deserts people water need is less as compared to the
barrage area people because desert people have less accessibility to water.
First you should know the per day per capita demand for water, then estimate the population for whole
building, then decide for how much time/years you are going to design the storage tank, then decide for
how many days you want to store the water, consider the population growth rate and find the future
population need/demand by the formula:
Pp (1 + n/100) ^N (This formula will give you the future population) in which
Pp = Current Population
n = Population growth rate
N= Numbers of years for which you want to design
26
Figure 17: Overhead tank and its parts
4.8. Pressure at nodes
After the calculation of discharge in each pipe we will calculate the nodal demands. Which are given on
the EPA NET file of the concerned phase 1 design.
4.9. Storage reservoir
Storage reservoir may be of two types:

a. Ground water storage reservoir
This includes Tube well. In the phase which is assigned to me we will design the tube well for the
water demands in that Phase 1 of Bahria Town.
b. Surface water storage reservoir.
This includes overhead tank. This will be designed for the emergency and for the peak hourly
demand. Height of my overhead tank is 16m.
Figure 18: Water Reservoir
4.10. Display of results
Per capita water demand=91*3
27
Occupied space (Area) No. of persons

1 kanal 10 persons
10 marlas 7 persons
5 marlas 5 persons
Design Criteria
To find out the demands we will calculate the total houses, total population based upon the number and
size of plots. Per capita demand depends upon the various factors such as:
 Cost of water
 Metering
 Standard of living etc.
Water used per capita is the sum of all types of uses such as:
 Domestic purposes
 Non-domestic purposes i.e., for commercial areas (15% of domestic purposes)
 Unaccounted water (10% of domestic)
 Fire demand (5 lpcd)
So, by putting the values;
 Domestic demand= 91*3= 273 lpcd

 Demand of commercial areas= 0.15*273= 40.95 lpcd
 Unaccounted water= 0.1*273= 27.3 lpcd
 Fire demand= 5 lpcd
 Total demand= 273+40.95+27.3+5= 346.25 lpcd
So,
Average demand= Total population* Per capita demand=3265*346.25 = 1130506.25 lpcd
Maximum demand = 1.5* average demand= 1.5*1130506.25= 1695759.375 lpcd
Peak hourly demand= 1.5* maximum demand= 1.5*1695759.375= 2543639.063 lpcd
A brief table regarding the assigned phase 1 is given below:
No. of 1 No of Peak hourly

Block 2 10 Avg demand Max demand
House no. house kana peopl demand
no. kanal marla (lpcd) (lpcd)
s l e (lpcd)
1 to 19-c 1 26 0 26 0 260 90025 135038 202556
28
4-a to 6-c 2 6 0 6 0 60 20775 31162.5 46743.8

4-d & 4-e 3 2 0 2 0 20 6925 10387.5 15581.3
21,23,25,27 4 4 0 4 0 40 13850 20775 31162.5
22 to 32
&34 to 5 17 0 17 0 170 58862.5 88293.8 132441
50(even)
33 to
54(odd) & 6 40 0 40 0 400 138500 207750 311625
55 to 95
96 to 119 7 23 0 23 0 230 79637.5 119456 179184
204 to 210 8 6 0 6 0 60 20775 31162.5 46743.8
211 to 241 9 32 0 32 0 320 110800 166200 249300
243 to 248-
10 7 0 7 0 70 24237.5 36356.3 54534.4
a
249 to 253 11 5 0 5 0 50 17312.5 25968.8 38953.1
254 to 261 12 8 0 8 0 80 27700 41550 62325
263 to 273 13 13 0 13 0 130 45012.5 67518.8 101278
167 to 173 14 9 0 9 0 90 31162.5 46743.8 70115.6
170 to 192-
15 24 0 24 0 240 83100 124650 186975
d
190-a to
190-c & 274 16 9 0 3 6 72 24930 37395 56092.5
to 279
184 to 190-
17 4 0 4 0 40 13850 20775 31162.5
d
289 to 293 18 5 0 0 5 35 12118.75 18178.1 27267.2
180 to 182-
b & 280 to 19 13 0 4 9 103 35663.75 53495.6 80243.4
288
177 to 179 20 3 0 3 0 30 10387.5 15581.3 23371.9
149 to 166 21 18 0 18 0 180 62325 93487.5 140231
131 to 148 22 18 0 18 0 180 62325 93487.5 140231
130-d to
23 5 0 5 0 50 17312.5 25968.8 38953.1
130- h
194 to 203 24 9 5 4 0 115 39818.75 59728.1 89592.2
57 to
76(odd)
25 24 0 24 0 240 83100 124650 186975
&120 to
130-b
Total 330 5 305 20 3265 1130506 1695759 2543639
Results displayed by EPA NET are given below:

Page 1 12/4/2012 8:38:35 AM
**********************************************************************
* E P A N E T *
* Hydraulic and Water Quality *
29
* Analysis for Pipe Networks *

* Version 2.0 *
**********************************************************************
Input File: Abaidullah(10-ENV-91).net
Link - Node Table:

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Link Start End Length Diameter
ID Node Node m mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------
P30 N1 N2 106.71 152.4
P31 N2 N3 60.98 76.2
P32 N2 N4 70.12 76.2
P33 N4 N5 53.35 76.2
P1 N1 N45 88.41 203.2
P2 N45 N41 30.49 203.2
P28 N41 N42 91.46 152.4
P3 N41 N7 82.31 203.2
P27 N7 N40 198.17 152.4
P34 N7 N44 42.68 152.4
P36 N44 N8 60.98 76.2
P39 N9 N8 45.73 76.2
P38 N8 N10 263.33 76.2
P4 N7 N37 79.27 203.2
P25 N38 N39 76.22 152.4
P5 N37 N46 76.22 203.2
P22 N46 N34 121.95 152.4
P9 N33 N32 64.02 76.2
P10 N32 N31 167.68 152.4
P11 N31 N22 68.60 152.4
P12 N22 N23 36.59 76.2
P13 N23 N24 62.5 76.2
P14 N24 N25 77.74 76.2
P15 N23 N26 60.97 76.2
P17 N26 N27 62.5 76.2
P18 N27 N28 76.22 76.2
P19 N28 N29 45.73 76.2
P20 N30 N29 97.56 76.2
P8 N31 N35 76.22 203.2
P21 N35 N34 128.05 152.4
P7 N35 N36 79.27 203.2
P6 N46 N36 22.87 203.2
P37 N36 N10 70.12 152.4
P46 N10 N11 53.35 76.2
P48 N11 N12 30.49 76.2
P49 N12 N43 60.98 76.2
P47 N12 N19 85.36 76.2
Page 2
Link - Node Table: (continued)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Link Start End Length Diameter
30
ID Node Node m mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------
P40 N22 N18 70.12 76.2
P41 N18 N10 85.36 76.2
P42 N18 N19 85.37 76.2
P43 N19 N20 60.97 76.2
P44 N20 N21 36.58 76.2
P45 N47 N20 42.68 76.2
P16 N24 N27 1000 76.2
P50 N11 N13 70.12 76.2
P51 N13 N14 60.97 76.2
P52 N13 N15 70.12 76.2
P54 N15 N17 106.70 76.2
P53 N15 N16 54.87 76.2
P29 N48 N45 54.88 152.4
P26 N1 N39 243.9 152.4
P55 T1 N36 91.46 203.2
P23 N34 N32 68.60 152.4
P24 N37 N38 198.17 152.4
P35 N6 N44 88.41 76.2
P56 N39 N49 121.95 152.4
P57 N49 N50 91.46 152.4
P58 N50 N51 45.73 152.4
P59 N51 N52 76.22 152.4
P60 N52 N53 99.09 152.4
P61 N53 N22 91.46 152.4
Node Results:
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Node Demand Head Pressure Quality
ID LPS m m
----------------------------------------------------------------------
N1 0.34 14.67 14.67 0.00
N2 0.21 14.66 14.66 0.00
N3 0.10 14.66 14.66 0.00
N4 1.17 14.46 14.46 0.00
N5 0.17 14.46 14.46 0.00
N6 0.17 14.68 14.68 0.00
N7 0.64 14.69 14.69 0.00
N8 0.37 14.68 14.68 0.00
N9 0.24 14.67 14.67 0.00
N10 0.50 14.73 14.73 0.00
N11 0.33 14.49 14.49 0.00
N12 0.26 14.48 14.48 0.00
N13 0.31 14.33 14.33 0.00
N14 0.13 14.33 14.33 0.00
N15 0.32 14.27 14.27 0.00
N16 0.14 14.27 14.27 0.00
N17 0.27 14.25 14.25 0.00
Page 3
Node Results: (continued)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
31
Node Demand Head Pressure Quality

ID LPS m m
----------------------------------------------------------------------
N18 0.31 14.64 14.64 0.00
N19 0.30 14.49 14.49 0.00
N20 0.22 14.46 14.46 0.00
N21 0.22 14.45 14.45 0.00
N22 0.37 14.69 14.69 0.00
N23 0.23 14.59 14.59 0.00
N24 0.23 14.56 14.56 0.00
N25 0.19 14.56 14.56 0.00
N26 0.11 14.56 14.56 0.00
N27 0.18 14.54 14.54 0.00
N28 0.14 14.52 14.52 0.00
N29 0.14 14.52 14.52 0.00
N30 0.07 14.51 14.51 0.00
N31 0.59 14.73 14.73 0.00
N32 0.67 14.74 14.74 0.00
N33 0.26 14.73 14.73 0.00
N34 0.34 14.74 14.74 0.00
N35 0.30 14.75 14.75 0.00
N36 0.25 14.77 14.77 0.00
N37 0.52 14.71 14.71 0.00
N38 0.39 14.68 14.68 0.00
N39 0.63 14.67 14.67 0.00
N40 0.40 14.69 14.69 0.00
N41 0.32 14.68 14.68 0.00
N42 0.44 14.68 14.68 0.00
N43 0.18 14.48 14.48 0.00
N44 0.30 14.69 14.69 0.00
N45 0.15 14.68 14.68 0.00
N46 0.29 14.75 14.75 0.00
N47 0.10 14.46 14.46 0.00
N48 0.27 14.68 14.68 0.00
N49 0.40 14.67 14.67 0.00
N50 0.40 14.67 14.67 0.00
N51 0.40 14.67 14.67 0.00
N52 0.40 14.67 14.67 0.00
N53 0.40 14.68 14.68 0.00
T1 -16.80 15.00 15.00 0.00 Tank
Page 4
Link Results:
----------------------------------------------------------------------
32
Link Flow VelocityUnit Headloss Status

ID LPS m/s m/km
----------------------------------------------------------------------
P30 1.65 0.09 0.14 Open
P31 0.10 0.02 0.02 Open
P32 1.34 0.29 2.81 Open
P33 0.17 0.04 0.06 Open
P1 -1.90 0.06 0.05 Open
P2 -2.32 0.07 0.07 Open
P28 0.44 0.02 0.01 Open
P3 -3.08 0.10 0.11 Open
P27 0.40 0.02 0.01 Open
P34 0.76 0.04 0.03 Open
P36 0.29 0.06 0.17 Open
P39 -0.24 0.05 0.12 Open
P38 -0.32 0.07 0.20 Open
P4 -4.89 0.15 0.26 Open
P25 1.29 0.07 0.09 Open
P5 -7.08 0.22 0.52 Open
P22 1.04 0.06 0.06 Open
P9 -0.26 0.06 0.14 Open
P10 0.45 0.02 0.01 Open
P11 3.70 0.20 0.63 Open
P12 1.30 0.29 2.66 Open
P13 0.53 0.12 0.50 Open
P14 0.19 0.04 0.08 Open
P15 0.54 0.12 0.53 Open
P17 0.43 0.10 0.35 Open
P18 0.35 0.08 0.24 Open
P19 0.21 0.05 0.09 Open
P20 -0.07 0.02 0.01 Open
P8 -3.84 0.12 0.17 Open
P21 0.68 0.04 0.03 Open
P7 -4.82 0.15 0.25 Open
P6 -8.41 0.26 0.71 Open
P37 3.32 0.18 0.52 Open
P46 1.74 0.38 4.55 Open
P48 0.23 0.05 0.11 Open
P49 0.18 0.04 0.07 Open
P47 -0.21 0.05 0.09 Open
P40 0.60 0.13 0.64 Open
P41 -0.76 0.17 0.99 Open
P42 1.05 0.23 1.80 Open
P43 0.55 0.12 0.54 Open
P44 0.22 0.05 0.10 Open
P45 -0.10 0.02 0.02 Open
P16 0.10 0.02 0.02 Open
P50 1.17 0.26 2.19 Open
P51 0.13 0.03 0.04 Open
P52 0.73 0.16 0.91 Open
Page 5
Link Results: (continued)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
33
Link Flow VelocityUnit Headloss Status

ID LPS m/s m/km
----------------------------------------------------------------------
P54 0.27 0.06 0.14 Open
P53 0.14 0.03 0.04 Open
P29 -0.27 0.01 0.00 Open
P26 -0.09 0.00 0.00 Open
P55 16.80 0.52 2.56 Open
P23 1.38 0.08 0.10 Open
P24 1.68 0.09 0.15 Open
P35 -0.17 0.04 0.06 Open
P56 0.57 0.03 0.02 Open
P57 0.17 0.01 0.00 Open
P58 -0.23 0.01 0.00 Open
P59 -0.63 0.03 0.02 Open
P60 -1.03 0.06 0.06 Open
P61 -1.43 0.08 0.11 Open
4.11. Calculation of Area
Calculated area of mosque, parks and commercial place of Bahria town Phase 1 is as follows:
Mosqu Area(ft2 Capacit Deman

e ) y d
1 11823 1000 60000
Area(ft2 Deman
Parks
) d
1 4500 9585
2 15000 31950
Commercial area(ft2)
37125
4.12. DRAWINGS
34
Drawings are given on the EPANET software and the prints taken from that are given below:
For Pressure and Diameter:
35
For Diameter:
For velocity:
36
For Pressure:
37
REFERENCES
38
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_network
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply
3. water supply and sewerage by E.W.Steel and TerengeJ.Mcghee 6 th edition.
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_hydrant
5. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plant
6. http://www.ehow.com/list_6664473_types-water-valves-distribution-systems.html
7. http://www.indiawaterportal.org/ask/5458
8. www.csir.co.za/Built_environment/...II/.../Chapter_09_Vol_II.pdf
9. Ahmed B; and khan U.A, 2003,Optimum design of water distribution system, Msc Thesis, Institute
of environmental engineering and research, UET Lahore
10. http://water.me.vccs.edu/math/waterdemand2.htm
39

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REPORT: DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF BAHRIA TOWN PHASE 1

Water and Wastewater Engineering

Design of Water Supply System of Bahria Town Phase 1

Project Supervisor: Engr. Shamas Tabraiz

Department of Environmental Engineering,

Environmental Engineering Department 1

1.1. Study area...........................................................................................................................................4

REPORT OF WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE

DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

1.0. Introduction [8]

1.1. Study area

1.2. Need [1]

Water is used for the following purposes:

1. A drainage basin (see water purification - sources of drinking water).

Figure 1: Water from a tap, supplied by a pipe

2.0. Components of Water Supply

There are following components of water supply:

2.1. Collection works [3]

Reservoirs are of two types. They are:

Underground water reservoir [3]

2.1.2. Advantages of Ground Water As Compared To Surface Water

There are several advantages which are as follows:

2.1.3. Types of Well [3]

There are three types of well, which are as follows:

 Ordinary well or tube well (unconfined aquifer)

 Flowing well (confined aquifer)

2.2. Purification works [3]

Figure 2: Rapid sand filters

Figure 3: Slow Sand Filters

2.2.1. Treatment plants [5]

Figure 4: Processes involved in the water treatment

2.3. Transmission works [3]

Figure 5: Transmission line of water.

2.4. Distribution works [3]

2.4.1. Design of Water Distribution Network

2.4.2. Types of layout

There are two types of layout which are:

1. Dead end (for improper planned area) or tree system

Figure 6: Dead End Distribution system

Advantages of Dead End Method

 It can be easily solved

Figure 7: Grid Iron System

Advantages of Grid Iron system

Disadvantages of Grid Iron system

 Hard and lengthy to solve

2.5. Components of water distribution network

2.5.1. Overhead tank (O.H.T)

Figure 8: Overhead tank

2.5.2. Fire system

Fire hydrants [4]

Figure 9: Fire hydrant

2.5.3. Valves and their types [6]

g. Air release valves and vacuum breaking valves

h. Pressure reducing valves

2.6. TYPES OF SUPPLIES

There are two types of supplies:

2.6.1. Continuous supply