Nature and Origin of society:
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY
• It's the study of society in society we deal with
different individuals, institutions (family, religion etc.)
how these institutions are controlled, social problems
and their solutions and also there are different types of
societies i.e. eastern society or western society.
• Society is human association human associate
themselves with different institutions of the society so
that they could be recognized(family, education
institution, government, religion etc.)
• Human association is based on human interaction it
can be individual interaction as well as group
interaction and this can be either positive or negative.
• Human interaction is effective and meaningful among
those who share a culturehuman interact effectively
with whom they have similarities like middle class to
middle class interaction, interactions on the basis of
common name, religion,culture etc. Punjabi to Punjabi
interaction, Balochi to Balochi interaction or Pakistani
to Pakistani interaction in abroad.
“culture is what we are” (Maclver)
Me
soicology
others you
 The word sociology derives part of its name
from the Latin word socius ("companion"). The
suffix -logy ("the study of'") come from that of
the Greek.
Some definitions of sociology
• The systematic study of human society.
(J.J Macionis)
• The scientific study of human social life-
(Horton & Hunt)
Sociology is about social relationships, the
network of relationships we call society-
(Maclver)
• Systematic study (step by step) of society
started as early as 5th century BC
• Origin  Greek— man is a social animal,
both by nature and by necessity (parents
attention, family love, food, shelter, clothing),
and needs society for survival .
 Nature vs nurture  like the impact of loud
music on the infant, impact of drug intake on
fetus.
• Theorists and Philosophers of the
Enlightenment era of Europe(highlighted the
importance of society and individuals through
their work, Do’s and Don’ts)
• Sociology in Modern Times
• Ibn-e-Khaldun • Auguste Comte' • Herbet
Spencer • Karl Marx • Durkheim • Freud • Max
Weber
Culture:
“culture is man-made part of society”
(maclever)
• 7 billion people living on earth are
members of a single biological species: Homo
sapiens
• The same creatures biologically, human
beings have developed very different ideas of
life.
• These are cultural differences- some are minor
but a few are very profoundfor example
eastern and western culture are very different.
Cultural shock- due to cultural differences.
for example one can go to Karachi beach in
simple shalwar kamees but in west they have
proper dress code for beach only.there exists
cultural shock for us.
What is culture?
• “The values, beliefs, behavior; and material
objects that constitute a people's way of life.”
Values: should (honesty is the best policy) and
shouldn’t(we shouldn’t tell a lie).
Beliefs: real and unreal (Muslims believe in
God but atheists don’t)
Behavior: positive or negative, aggressive or
calm behavior.
Material objects: pen, table, chair, books.

• To understand all cultures it is important to
distinguish between thoughts and things
(thoughts vary from person to person, what you
think might not be I am thinking the same)
• Material (cultural dresses, festivals, events,
arts, books)and Non-material culture(Muslims
shake hands and say ASSAL o ALAIKUM, the
elders give love by putting hand over head &
hindus fold their hands in the Namaste
greetings and touch their forhead as a sign of
respect)
• Only humans rely on culture rather than
instinct to ensure their survival.
Characteristics of Culture:
1. Culture includes all that is created and
improved upon by man .
2. It is learned and acquired.
3. It is a collective and social concept, it
concerns group behavior
4. Culture is shared, preserved, and
accumulated
5. It is transferred from generation to generation
6. Culture is not static, rather dynamic (Punjab.
Sindh, KP, Baluchistan all have their own
culture)
7. It has the power to guides and control
individual and group behaviors
8. Culture has its links with the past
9. It gives identity to its members
10. Culture is ideal and normative
Sociologists:
1. Allama Ibn e Khaldun(Muhammad
Ibrahim Bin Abdul Rehman Ibn e
Khaldun)
Introduction:
 Born in Tunis.
 He wrote, “humans developed from the world
of monkeys through a widening process in
which species become moore numerous.”
 A historian who wrote cultural life of babar
tribes.
 Laid a foundation of new science called Ilmul
Imranfoundation of sociology.
 His contributions accorded him with the title of
“the real father of sociology”
The Muqadimmah:
It’s essentially a sociological work;
Sociology of politics, urban life, economics and
knowledge.
He concluded that societies are living
organisms that experience growth, birth,
maturity, decline and death due to universal
causes.
Theories:
A. Methodology:
 this method is described in his book
“Muqadma”.
 Bcz of this he is in modern scientists.
 Method of logicscientific method.
 Close relationship among historical, political and
social events.
 If one event is cause other is effect.
 Cause=event, no cause= no event.
 In this way cause and effect relationship leads to
inductive method of logic.
B. Al-Asabiya(Social Solidarity):
 Inventor of the concept of Al
Asabiya.
 It’s a uniting force b/w ppl.
“The emotions of similarity which keeps ppl. of a
group united together having a common effective
action.he says uniting force is highest in
this relation”
 It leads to creation of state.
 Without Al Asabiya no tribe can live
and face his enemies.
 A govt. is not snatched from a nation till
there is Al Asabiya in the nation.
 Ppl get together by joining their minds
and fores and create solidarity among
themselves which leads to Al Asabiya.
 Solidarity is very imp. In state and social life
 Similarity b/w pplgroup lifeconflicts(violation
of law)state decides their conflicts.  Aṣabiyyah is linked to chauvinism, which means “a
 Solidarity forceinvincible group. And no one can
subjugate it. Less luxury =Al Asabiya.
 Supported by French Emile Durkheim,  During the colonial period, the group feeling or
“Mutual relationship is the basis of society by
which people got a collective life”
 Religious movements sharpen the forces of Al
Asabiya.
 No such movement can succeed without this force.
 Al Asabiya and force of relationship are directly
related together for creation of brave nation and
dominating force against enemy.
Martindale : “no society can live without Al
Asabiya”
 Spirit of solidarityin getting ppl food and housing
needs.
 Nomadic tribes have a max. asbiya.
 Khaldun: “one cannot live without society until he
gets help from other people for his livelihood.”
 Social process(urbanization) develops. khaldun
called it civilization
 Man is like animal. He became human bcz of
association with other human.
 He says there should be a science to study the
people of this civilization Ilmul-Imran.
 Justice is an imp. Factor in human civilization.
Asabiya and creation of Bengal:
strong and unreasonable belief that your own country
or group is better than others”.
solidarity of the people of this delta was merged with
the feeling of whole South Asian anti-colonial
sentiments. Though it was a move for liberation from
colonialism, nationalism was not un- critically singular
for Bengali people. But the plurality or diversity of
their group feelings became noticeable after getting the
independence with certain state boundaries.
Despite of having a strong religious bond between ppl.
Lack of encouragement and voids in providing basic
amenities (livelihood) and language conflict lead to
creation of Bengal.
Asabiya and the Muslims:
Muslims possessed not only a common religion but
also a set of religious practices, like the pilgrimage, that
brought significant numbers of them together at the
same revered holy sites”
Shia –Sunni, wahabi debandi conflicts. Having
different cultures but united under the common brand
of religion Islam. Arabs desire to follow the west(2030
vision) and leaving their ancestors path will lead to the
vanishing of Al Asabiya between the muslims.
C. Theory of rural & urban society:
 Characteristics of human society that
supersedes the animal society:
i.Wisdom
ii.Need of supreme governer.
iii.Search for measn of livelihood.
iv.Living together with their fellows.
badvi society(rural) hazri society(urban)
strong force of Al Asabiya weak force of Al Asabiya
brave & generous cowards and physically weak
live in deserts live a luxurious life
minimum needs needs increases daily
Hard-workers(shepherds) lazy
believe in their energy depend on police and army
birth
death growth
Life cycle of
society
decline maturity
 D. Theory of social change: and psychiatrist paradigms and the sociological discourse
about suicide is missing from the existing debates and
 Disorganized societyno Al Asbiya force.
discourses.
 Tribes out of powerraided by other and
lose govt. on ‘social’ over ‘individual’ or psychological
 Govt. policy and taxation social change.
3 principles of social change:
i. Physical boundary of state shoul remain in control.
e.g fall of Mughal empire.
ii. Physical age of society is about 120 years in 3 stages
of 40 years.
iii. Rise and fall of nation is turn by turn
Conclusion:
Most famous thought left is Ilmul Imran
Imraniyat(sociology).
Thought left by him are called Khaldooniyat(the
sociology of ibn e Khaldun).
2. Emile Durkheim: (follower of comte)
Introduction:
• Emile Durkheim (1858-
1917) is considered one of
the "fathers" of sociology.
• He invented a new
science called social
physics.
• He emphasized that all
social phenomena(whatever occurs in the society)
could be recorded & studied as social facts.
• Durkheim does not focus on individuals he takes
group as a social fact.
i.
• No society can come into existence without social
life.
• Social fact? Reply is within society. Certain facts in
social life of man neither measure nor can be
described. Forces which influence individual from
external to bring internal change. E.g the moral
principles, the ways of family, religious
ceremonies, methods of professions.
• Pressure of social facts: environment pressurize
him and forms his morals and etiquette’s.
• The individual lives in a society under this pressure.
A. Suicide theory:
He viewed “all classes of deaths resulting directly
or indirectly from the positive or negative acts of
the victim itself who knows the result they
produce” Having defined the phenomenon
Durkheim dismisses the psychological explanation.
Suicide is often considered as a mental health issue ii.
in
Pakistan. Too often, suicide is addressed from the medical
Both sociologists and anthropologists put emphasis
perspectives while addressing different social issues
and problems of society.
However, to explain suicide and the differences in
suicide rates of different groups, Emile Durkheim, one
of the founding fathers of sociology, in his
groundbreaking book ‘Le suicide’ - published in 1897
which is relevant even today - took a very different
position from psychologists and biologists.
Suicide apparently, which seems an individualistic,
private and personal act, has been aptly explained by
Emile Durkheim by the science of Sociology.
Durkheim was less interested in why specific
individuals committed suicide that was to be left to
psychologists (though psychology and biological
factors are important). He was more interested in the
social facts that could explain the differences in suicide
rates in different groups that why one group has a
higher suicide rate than the other group.
Social facts ‘are social structures and
cultural norms that are external to, and the
coercive of, actors.’ Durkheim was more
interested in the extraneous factors and
underlying social facts, collective
sentiments and social currents that affect
individual’s decision about suicide.
However, to explain this social and empirical
phenomenon, Emile Durkheim on the basis of his two
underlying social facts: integration and regulation in
society, and he has discussed four types of suicides i.e.
Egoistic, Altruistic, Anomic and Fatalistic Suicide.
Egoistic suicides are likely to be higher in societies or
groups where individuals are not well integrated into
the larger social structure or unit. An integrated society
gives us common values, morality and sense of
purpose, which are the best parts of individuals and
through this moral/societal support we are able to cope
with the daily small indignities and disappointments.
The lack of this integration and connection
individuals are liable to commit suicide at a smallest
frustration. Durkheim has emphasized the role of
religion in protection against suicide in religious
groups; he says, “Religion protects man against the
desire of self-destruction”. However, it is not true for
all religions and may not provide the same degree of
protection.
This type is found more common in organic society
than in mechanical society.
Contrary to the egoistic suicide, the second type of
suicide altruistic suicide occurs when social
 integration is very strong. The individual is forced into The growing fanaticism and terrorism in Pakistan as
committing suicide for the good of community or well as the strong moral and familial integrated systems
groups. These types of suicides are likely to happen in and bindings have resulted in altruistic suicides. In
military, terrorist activities and those who seek to be Muslim society the soldiers who die fighting for the
martyrs. defense of their country and ppl are called martyr. They
are prepared to sacrifice their lives for the nation and
Individuals who commit altruistic suicide consider
for the land of their country acc. To the will of ALLAH.
it their moral duty to do so. In some cases, altruistic
This pirit of fighting killing or being killed is not
suicide occurs when the integration is so strong that one
suicide but is called JIHAD and SHAHADAT in Islam.
feels that he or she has disgraced the entire group or
community. Pakistani society and culture have also witnessed
social and cultural interventions and disruptions with
Egoistic suicide higher rates stem from depression,
the rise of industrialization, urbanization, materialism,
incurable frustration, whereas altruistic suicide relies
technology and modernization which have resulted in
on the belief in beautiful afterlife and optimism.
higher rates of anomic suicides.
iii. The third form is anomic suicide, which is likely to
Finally, the idea of the strong excessive regulations
happen when the regulatory power of society is
and strict disciplines had led many students across the
disrupted. Given such disruption and disorganization in
country to commit fatalistic suicides. There are other
society leave individuals dissatisfied and there is little
social, psychological, gender and cultural, economic
control over their desires and passions, which runs
and political factors which come into play while
freelyAnomie
in an insatiable racecondition
is a social for gratification.
in which there is a
pushing the individuals into committing suicides.
disintegration or disappearance of the norms and
values that were previously common to the society. The Conclusion:
concept, thought of as “normlessness,” was developed
by the founding sociologist, Émile Durkheim. To sum up, Durkheim concluded that suicide is
often seen as an individual problem; therefore attempts
In his 1893 book The Division of Labor in Society. In to prevent suicides have failed. Durkheim believed that
this book, Durkheim wrote about an anomic division of the measures that are undertaken to prevent suicide by
labor, a phrase he used to describe a disordered divisiondirectly convincing individuals to not commit suicides
of labor in which some groups no longer fit in, though
seem futile because the real causes are in the society
they did in the past. Durkheim saw that this occurred as
European societies industrialized and the nature of
not in individual.
work changed along with the development of a more As a matter of fact, in order to prevent suicides we will
complex division of labor. have to balance the underlying social forces and social
facts i.e. integration and regulation which are found in
society not in individuals.
Anomic suicide rates are likely to rise contingent Main works:
upon the nature of disruption either positive a. The division of labor in society 1893.
(modernization, industrialization) or negative
(economic stagnation, recessions). b. The rules of sociological method.1895
iv. The fourth and final form is fatalistic suicide which is c. Suicide 1897.
on contrary linked to the excessive and oppressive d. The elementary forms of religious life.
regulation in a society.
Criticism:
Fatalistic suicide is likely to occur when people with
future prospects are mercilessly blocked and their Durkheim’s study of suicide has been mostly
passions are violently clogged by oppressive discipline. criticized internally where criticism arose
It is linked to the exploitative system of hopelessness within the positivist perspective. The
and oppressive regulation, the best example of this type functionalist sociologist Halbwachs (1930)
of suicide is when a slave take his own life because of criticised that Durkheim has overestimated the
the oppressive regulation regarded every action. role of religion in his study of suicide by
exploring the factors behind the Protestants and
Examples from Pakistani society: Catholics. He suggested that urban and rural
Given the detailed discussion of Emile Durkheim differences are also a key factor that
suicide theory and types, we can easily recognize all contributed to suicide where he found that
the four different types of suicide in Pakistani Society. suicide rates were lower in rural area compared
If we analyze the data from various sources such as to urban settings (Turner, 1987). Gibbs and
available police reports and research studies, in the Martin (1964) argued that Durkheim’s concept
urban centers as well as rural areas of Pakistan we can of social integration is too vague and unclear
easily decipher that egoistic suicides have occurred in and he did not properly define the concept of
Pakistan. integration. He pointed out that there is no
adequate operational definition of social
 integration mentioned in the whole text (Gibbs
& Martin, 1964). i. Purposeful logical action:
3. Max Weber:
Introduction:
• Theorist of early 20th century.
• German thinker.
• During his time Pareto (thinker) in Italy,
Thomas(philosopher) in America. They were 3
thinkers of same time. iii.
• Marx was getting popularity in Germany about
socialismappreciated by labor class of industrial
areas of Europe.
• Kant popular in Germany.
• Besides these 2, weber joined the material and
spiritual ideas and became popular not only in
Germany but in whole of western Europe.
Theories of Max Weber:
A. Theory of social action:
• Social action originates logically from
action. “the tendency or behavior of
man in which actor relates it a subjective
meaning”.
• Sociology studies the action which
guides towards behaviors of others.
• Weber sociology: “the study of social
action”
• Talcott Parsons also support this theory
of weber : human behavior is included in
his action.
• Actor relates subjective meaning with
action  action for purpose
meaningful action
• Meaningful action: which can be
observed and measured on the principles
of statistics. E.g putting light by a car
driver on the vehicle coming infront of
him gives a meaning to car driver, only
driver knows why he has thrown light.
• For understanding an action, human
behavior can be understood by this
stage.
• Other method used is understand the
motives of action.
Types of action:
 Actor is free to select his sources purely on his
capability.
 Qualities: direct relation with social situation.
It has several sources and purposes. Total freedom
to actor in adopting sources.
 Action that is directed at attaining certain ends.
ii. Value oriented action:
 Rational action, selected acc. To values of people.
 Purpose of action has been fixed bfr performing
action.
 Sources acc. To ability of actor.
 Most effective sources are used for the value.
Affective Action:
 Emotions have been included in the fixation of
purposes and its sources.
 Relations of love and hate can be counted.
 Mostly illogical and irrational.
 Free from any calculation and measurement.
 Affects actor directly.
 Influences his behavior in other parts of life.
 It’s free from scientific observation and
experimentation and is an imp. Part of cultural
values of society.
 In such culture where the values, customs,
conventions, emotions and traditional elements
dominate, such action is more effective.
Traditional action:
 Sources and purposes re fixed acc. To customs and
ceremonies of society.
 Direct relation with csutoms and ceremonies like
marriage, death, birth etc.
 Sources and purposes are joined together here for
the fulfillment of sources. Until the actor adopts
this source, he will not be able to perform the action
for the fulfillment of his purpose.
 Mostly ppl are directly influenced by traditional
actions
 Training and teaching of this action by religion and
family.
 Children are socialized by parents on pattern of
traditional action.
 Traditional actionto recognize members of
family.
 It has emotions, values and feelings directed by
the actor.
 B. Theory of Authority:
A society in which respect for the law is found, the
distribution of authority will be by proper method.
3 types of authority:
i. Bureaucratic authority:
 Found in formal offices and rank of officer.
 It is legal authority.
 Authority given and exercised by written orders.
 Can be held accountable.
 Power of officer rest in law by which he becomes
authorized.
 Constitution and law of state support authority, as
president, P.M and CJ of SC.
 Examples: civil service officers, medical officers,
judges and professors.
ii. Traditional authority:
 Found in belief in sacred norms and traditions which
one must obey.
 Can’t be held accountable.
 No written orders for exercising this authority.
 Customs and ceremonies are considered are
considered respectful traditionally in a society.
 Examples: father, priest, Peer sahib and prince.
iii. Charismatic authority:
 Authority of an extraordinary person who is obeyed
because of his charisma.
 He is respected due to his wisdom, saintliness and
invincible power.
 Examples: prophet of God, brave soldiers,
politicians and national heroes like Allama Iqbal,
M. Ali Jouhar, Tariq bin Ziyad.
C. Theory of bureaucracy:
 He explained the rules of selection, promotion of
govt. servants.
 Theory on structure of govt. and its offices.
 Service structure is hierarchicalgrae 1-22.
 Bureaucracy: “The type of organization of
classes in which work of many ppl is arranged
through wisdom; which they perform for
achievement of admin. Action on large scale.”
 He discourage inefficiency and idleness on table
of office. He advocates merit and
talentprogressive state.
 Weber says it is the quality of democratic
society where bureaucracy is adopted fully.
Characteristics of bureaucracy:
• There are rules & regulations in offices for work.
• In Bureaucratic society regular work is divided into
different stylegovt. duties.
• For the performance of these actions, there is an
institution which directs orders in which there is
pressure and stiffness. The institution is permanent
and stable.
• Only those ppl are employed who are able to
perform job regularly.
• The principle of different classes is set strictly on the
principle of high and low.
• System of modern office depends upon written
documents (files).files remain in original form in
offices. Bureau: where these files are kept.
• To run the system of office a system of law is
established wich are permanent usually.1 officer is
expected to know the laws of office.
 By this system a govt. levies taxes on people and
creates admin. For the people.
Major works:
Bureaucracy, the religion of china-the religion of India
ancient Judaism, the socialogy of religion (1963), the
methodology of social sciences (1949) , the theory of
social and economic organizations(1947).
Criticism:
One critique was Weber's claim that bureacratic
organizations were based on rational-legal authority.
Parsons (1947) and Gouldner (1954) note that Weber
said authority rests both in the "legal incumbancy of
office" and on "technical competence". This works if
superiors have more knowledge and skill, but often this
is not the case.
Thompson notes that in modern organizations
authority is centralized but ability is decentralized
(Thompson 1961). In fact staff-line distictions seem to
be a structural resolution of this authority-ability
quandary that Weber overlooked.
Weber also doesn't distinguish between definitions and
propositions in his model. His list of distinguishing
characteristics are linked between each other.
Udy (1959) found in examining 150 organizations and
found no correlation between the bureaucratic
attributes of the organization and it's rational attributes
4. August comte:
 Karl Marx:
There are many parts to a society. So, there are many
ways to study society. The scientific study of society
and social behaviors is called sociology, and it's a big
area of study. In order to understand the many
complexities of human societies, sociologists have
developed several viewpoints, or theories, to help
establish the basic concepts of the field. Some theories
deal with the sizes of groups in society. Others deal
with production of morals and values. And some deal
with the economy and the creation of social classes.
That's where we find Karl Marx.
Karl Marx
In the 19th century, a German philosopher
named Karl Marx began exploring the relationship
between economy and the workers within that system.
Over his lifetime, Marx developed a theory that human
societies progress though a struggle between two
distinct social classes. The proletariat, the workers,
are the lower class. They perform the labor, but the
upper class managers, bosses, and rulers, called
the bourgeoisie, get the profits. In this system, which
became known as Marxism, governments existed to
protect the wealthy, not the common good.
To arrive at this conclusion, Marx studied and wrote
on philosophy, economy, and politics. Marx
formulated these into a scientific study of society.
Thus, he is considered to be one of the founding
figures of sociology as a discipline. Marx believed that
with a mixture of historical research and scientific
methods, society could be analyzed logically and
rationally. This idea, of course, is still followed by
sociologists today.
Marx and Sociology
In sociology, Marx's theories are used to study society
through economic systems. Specifically, Marxist
sociology looks at the ways economics define social
roles and expectations. There are several fundamental
questions that this theory seeks to address. First, how
is money used to control the working class? Second,
how are social classes defined by type of work? Third,
what is the relation between workers, money, the
government, and society? Finally, how does the
economy influence social inequality?
Marx's theories formed a sociological perspective
called conflict theory, which stated that capitalist
societies were built on conflicts between the workers
and the rulers. In this theory, society relies on class
conflict in order to keep the wealthy in power and the
poor as subjects to the government. Conflict theory has
been used to examine several aspects of society that
are built upon class conflict, which Marx argued were
designed to protect the wealthy, not society as a whole.
Marx is also considered a founder of critical theory,
which is the belief that society and culture can be
studied using both the sciences and humanities. This is
one of the foundational principles of all of the social
sciences, giving Marx an important position in all of
these disciplines. Critical theory was very unique
when it was first originated because it stressed that
researchers should focus on all of society, not only the
rich and powerful. As modern sociologists stress, all
members of society deserve equal attention, regardless
of their wealth or status.
Class Division & Karl Marx
The political scene in the United States has shifted
considerably over the past few decades. Conservative
members of the electorate want to maintain a certain
status quo, while liberals are more open to progressive
change. Where the division began is open to debate,
but the Great Depression, the Civil Rights Movement,
and other shifts in public thinking have demonstrated
a clear divide within the United States. While there are
those in the U.S. who think of this as a new
phenomenon, people have been writing about and
acting on political and class division, or the financial
divide that exists between those who make different
amounts of money, for centuries.
The current political divide within both the major
parties can be seen as a conflict between the haves and
the have-nots. One group considers itself
disenfranchised by the political establishment, while
the establishment tries to win votes by reminding
potential voters what it has accomplished in the
past. Karl Marx, the prominent philosopher who's
credited with creating communism, saw this kind of
conflict (disenfranchised versus establishment) as a
class struggle. His ideas had to do with economics, but
those ideas ultimately had just as much to do with
politics.
Definition of Class
A class of people is a group that shares common
characteristics. Generally, they have a
similar socioeconomic status, which is based on
income and living situation. Status has nothing to do
with racial or ethnic similarity, although Marx
reasoned that race or ethnicity was sometimes a factor.
The commonality was tied to a group's ability or
inability to wield economic or political power. The
group that held the power would always try to maintain
and grow that power by keeping those who had no
power in a constant state of powerlessness. So, those
who had no power allowed themselves to be exploited
by the powerful in the form of set wages and
conditions, because they had no other recourse. It was
essentially a paradox. Imagine an ant colony being
stepped on by a person. It has no recourse but to be
stepped on because it's powerless to stop the massive
foot coming down on top of the colony.
The Two Classes
Karl Marx believed that in any system there were two
types of people: the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.
The proletariat consists of the working, or labor,
class. The bourgeoisie can be through of as the idle,
or management, class. In Karl Marx's theory of class
conflict, he provided very clear definitions for these
two classes. To understand Marx's stance in social
history, we need to look at the two groups he believed
made up every society.
The proletariat produces and the bourgeoisie exploits
the producers based on their ability to market and sell.
In an agrarian, or farming-based, society, the
proletariat are the farming families who work hard to
grow crops or raise animals. The bourgeoisie are the
people who pay the farmers a small and inadequate
amount of money for their products and sell them at a
much larger profit. In an industrial society, or
factory-based and machine-based society, the
bourgeoisie owns the means of production (the
factory) and exploits the proletariat by making them
work for low wages in dangerous conditions.
Class Struggle
Karl Marx used words like 'exploit' when speaking of
how the rich managed the poor. Although some people
would disagree with his inflammatory take on the
proletariat and bourgeoisie classes, he said that
capitalistic societies were indeed based on this type of
arrangement. Some people have money, either through
an inheritance or other means by which they gained
wealth, whereas other people are destined to remain
oppressed. But Marx wasn't concerned with individual
stories of this. He saw this as a societal issue.
Karl Marx also believed that the bourgeoisie kept the
proletariat powerless through the use of cheap
entertainment and liquor and religious fervor. In order
to keep the proletariat happy in their condition, they
needed to believe that struggle was noble (religion)
and it was impossible to overcome the powerful
(manipulation of the police force). Alternatively, the
bourgeoisie could use alcohol and entertainment to
keep the proletariat in a stupor so they wouldn't care
about their situation.
Communism as a Solution
Members of the proletariat would always remain
powerless unless they found some means of
distributing power equally. As we mentioned before,
Karl Marx is famous for his economic system
of communism, which is a system in which the
proletariat control the means of production and there
is no need for the bourgeoisie. In essence, Marx's
solution was to give the laborer a say in how his or her
labor was used. This idea was the foundation of labor
unions in the marketplace, which gave individual
workers the power to negotiate the terms of their labor
as groups.
Karl Marx's idea was noble in that he envisioned
workers being able to dictate what they would receive
for their efforts, rather than being told what they had
to accept. Labor unions have achieved success all over
the world, and Marx's dreams have been realized, to an
extent. Unfortunately, class struggle continues to be an
issue in both the economic and political arenas, and the
implementation of pure communism in societies has
largely failed. In some cases, communist
regimes were responsible for some of the worst crimes
against humanity in the 20th century, such as the
crimes committed by the Stalinist regime in the Soviet
Union, like the gulag or forced labor camp system.
According to sociologist John Macionis, the wealthy
and the working poor ''have opposing interests and
are separated by a vast gulf of wealth and power,
making class conflict inevitable.''
The Marxist Critique of Capitalism
Karl Marx saw capitalism as a progressive historical
stage that would eventually be followed by socialism.
Capitalism has been the subject of criticism from many
perspectives during its history. Criticisms range from
people who disagree with the principles of capitalism
in its entirety, to those who disagree with particular
outcomes of capitalism. Among those wishing to
replace capitalism with a different method of
production and social organization, a distinction can
be made between those believing that capitalism can
only be overcome with revolution (e.g., revolutionary
socialism) and those believing that structural change
can come slowly through political reforms to
capitalism (e.g., classic social democracy).
Karl Marx saw capitalism as a progressive historical
stage that would eventually stagnate due to internal
contradictions and be followed by socialism. Marxists
define capital as “a social, economic relation” between
people (rather than between people and things). In this
sense they seek to abolish capital. They believe that
private ownership of the means of production enriches
capitalists (owners of capital) at the expense of
workers. In brief, they argue that the owners of the
means of production exploit the workforce.
In Karl Marx’s view, the dynamic of capital would
eventually impoverish the working class and thereby
create the social conditions for a revolution. Private
ownership over the means of production and
distribution is seen as creating a dependence of non-
owning classes on the ruling class, and ultimately as a
source of restriction of human freedom.
Marxists have offered various related lines of
argument claiming that capitalism is a contradiction-
laden system characterized by recurring crises that
have a tendency towards increasing severity. They
have argued that this tendency of the system to
unravel, combined with a socialization process that
links workers in a worldwide market, create the
objective conditions for revolutionary change.
Capitalism is seen as just one stage in the evolution of
the economic system.
Normative Marxism advocates for a revolutionary
overthrow of capitalism that would lead to socialism,
before eventually transforming into communism after
class antagonisms and the state cease to exist. Marxism
influenced social democratic and labor parties as well
as some moderate democratic socialists, who seek
change through existing democratic channels instead
Socialism and believe that capitalism should be
of revolution,
regulated rather than abolished.
Socialism is an economic system in which the means
of production are socially owned and used to meet
human needs, not to create profits.
Socialism is an economic system in which the means
of production are socially owned and used to meet
human needs instead of to create profits. The means of
production refers to the tools, technology, buildings,
and other materials used to make the goods or services
in an economy. Social ownership of the means of
production can take many forms. It could refer to
cooperative enterprises, common ownership, direct
public ownership, or autonomous state enterprises.
Social ownership contrasts with capitalist ownership,
in which the means of production are used to create a
profit. In a socialist economic system, the means of
production would instead be used to directly satisfy
economic demands and human needs. Accounting
would be based on physical quantities or a direct
measure of labor-time instead of on profits and
expenses.
Although socialism is often associated with Karl
Marx, it has evolved to take a variety of forms. As a
political movement, socialism includes a diverse array
of political philosophies, ranging from reformism to
revolutionary socialism, from a planned economy to
market socialism. In a planned economy, the means of
production are publicly owned and the government is
in charge of coordinating and distributing production.
By contrast, in market socialism, the means of
production may be publicly or cooperatively owned,
but they operate in a market economy. That is, market
socialism uses the market and monetary prices to
allocate and account for the means of production and
the products they create. Just like in capitalism, the
means of production generate profit; however, that
profit would be used to remunerate employees or
finance public institutions, not to benefit private
owners.
The Significance of Socialism:
Karl Marx helped to create the system of social
thought now called Marxism.
Socialists critique capitalism, arguing that it derives
wealth from a system of labor exploitation and then
concentrates wealth and power within a small segment
of society that controls the means of production. As a
result, society is stratified, split into classes according
to who owns the means of production and who is
forced to sell their labor; as a result, individuals do not
all have the same opportunity to maximize their
potential. A capitalist society, they argue, does not
utilize available technology and resources to their
maximum potential in the interests of the public.
Instead, it focuses on satisfying market-induced wants
as opposed to human needs. Socialists argue that
socialism would allow for wealth to be distributed
based on how much one contributes to society, as
opposed to how much capital one owns. A primary
goal of socialism is social equality and a distribution
of wealth based on one’s contribution to society, and
an economic arrangement that would serve the
interests of society as a whole.
Labor Theory of Value
The labor theory of value is a major pillar of traditional
Marxian economics, which is evident in Marx’s
masterpiece, Capital (1867). The theory’s basic claim
is simple: the value of a commodity can be objectively
measured by the average number of labor hours
required to produce that commodity.
Example:
If a pair of shoes usually takes twice as long to produce
as a pair of pants, for example, then shoes are twice as
valuable as pants. In the long run, the competitive price
of shoes will be twice the price of pants, regardless of capitalists extract “surplus value” from the workers
the value of the physical inputs. and enjoy monetary profits.

Although the labor theory of value is demonstrably
false, it prevailed among classical economists through
the mid-nineteenth century. Adam Smith, for
instance, flirted with a labor theory of value in his
classic defense of capitalism, The Wealth of Nations
(1776), and David Ricardo later systematized it in his
Principles of Political Economy (1817), a text studied
by generations of free-market economists.
So the labor theory of value was not unique to
Marxism. Marx did attempt, however, to turn the
theory against the champions of capitalism, pushing
the theory in a direction that most classical economists
hesitated to follow. Marx argued that the theory could
explain the value of all commodities, including the
commodity that workers sell to capitalists for a wage.
Marx called this commodity “labor power.”
Labor power is the worker’s capacity to produce goods
and services. Marx, using principles of classical
economics, explained that the value of labor power
must depend on the number of labor hours it takes
society, on average, to feed, clothe, and shelter a
worker so that he or she has the capacity to work. In
other words, the long-run wage workers receive will
depend on the number of labor hours it takes to
produce a person who is fit for work. Suppose five
hours of labor are needed to feed, clothe, and protect
a worker each day so that the worker is fit for work the
following morning. If one labor hour equaled one
dollar, the correct wage would be five dollars per day.
Although Marx tried to use the labor theory of value
against capitalism by stretching it to its limits, he
unintentionally demonstrated the weakness of the
theory’s logic and underlying assumptions. Marx was
correct when he claimed that classical economists
failed to adequately explain capitalist profits. But
Marx failed as well. By the late nineteenth century, the
economics profession rejected the labor theory of
value. Mainstream economists now believe that
capitalists do not earn profits by exploiting workers.
Instead, they believe, entrepreneurial capitalists earn
profits by forgoing current consumption, by taking
risks, and by organizing production.
Criticism:
According to the labor theory of value, the value of
something is determined by the amount of labor used
to produce it. So consider the following case. One man
goes out panning for gold and at the end of a 10-hour
day has enough grains of gold to make an ounce.
Another man goes walking along and in 1 minute, trips
over a stone. He picks it up and it’s a gold nugget.
Labor input? Ten hours vs. one minute. Value: the
same. That’s what Tyler meant when he said “inputs
are heterogeneous.”

Marx then asked an apparently devastating question: if

all goods and services in a capitalist society tend to be
sold at prices (and wages) that reflect their true value
(measured by labor hours), how can it be that
capitalists enjoy profits—even if only in the short run?
How do capitalists manage to squeeze out a residual
between total revenue and total costs?

Capitalists, Marx answered, must enjoy a privileged

and powerful position as owners of the means of
production and are therefore able to ruthlessly exploit
workers. Although the capitalist pays workers the
correct wage, somehow—Marx was terribly vague
here—the capitalist makes workers work more hours
than are needed to create the worker’s labor power. If
the capitalist pays each worker five dollars per day, he
can require workers to work, say, twelve hours per
day—a not uncommon workday during Marx’s time.
Hence, if one labor hour equals one dollar, workers
produce twelve dollars’ worth of products for the
capitalist but are paid only five. The bottom line:

Role of law enforcement agencies in
controlling crime/terrorism
Pakistan is home to an estimated 200 million people,
spread over six regions including the provinces of
Balochistan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Punjab and
Sindh. Gilgit-Baltistan in the far north - adjacent to the
disputed Himalayan region of Kashmir - is treated as a
fifth province with a special legislative status. The
Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA),
operating directly under the purview of the federal
government, borders Afghanistan. India in the east,
China in the northeast and Iran in the southwest are its
other immediate neighbours.
Since 9/11, Pakistan has been pulled into the
controversial global war on terrorism (WoT), and has
suffered a substantial rise in terrorism, extremism,
political and sectarian violence, and an unusual surge
in crime. The sources range from criminal mafias,
syndicates, extremists, terrorists and militant/jihadist
groups to armed militant wings of political parties in
various parts ofthe country.
Pakistan's security apparatus comprises of around 35
law enforcement and investigation agencies (LEAs)
including the police. Of these, 27 LEAs work under the
federal government, 6 LEAs under the provincial
governments and two (Khasadars and Levies) under the
administrations in the border areas. Non-police LEAs
number around 200,000. These LEAs include Rangers
(Punjab), Rangers (Sinclh), Frontier Core (Khyber-
Pakhtunkhwa), Frontier Core (Balochistan), Pakistan
Coast Guards and Northern Areas Scouts.
In 2018, Pakistan was designated as a “Country of
Particular Concern” (CPC) under the International
Religious Freedom Act of 1998. It was re-designated
as a CPC in 2019.
2019 Terrorist Incidents: Pakistan experienced
numerous terrorist attacks in 2019. The following
examples include some of the more destructive and
high-profile attacks and demonstrate a variety of
methods, targets, and perpetrators:
 On May 8, a suicide bomber killed at least 10
(including police officers and security guards) and
wounded at least 24 others in an attack at Lahore’s
Data Darbar Sufi shrine. Hizbul Ahrar, a faction of
TTP, claimed responsibility for the attack,
specifying that the target was law enforcement
officers and not civilians.
 On May 11, three militants killed five (including a
Pakistani Navy officer) and injured six in an attack
on the Pearl Continental Hotel in Gwadar. The
Balochistan Liberation Army claimed
responsibility for the attack, stating the targets were
Chinese and other foreign investors.
 On July 21, two back-to-back attacks in Dera Ismail
Khan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, killed 10 and injured
30. Unidentified gunmen on motorbikes opened
fire on a police checkpoint killing two police
officers. A suicide bomber later detonated an
explosive device at the hospital where first
responders transported victims of the first
attack. TTP claimed responsibility for the attack.
 On August 16, a timed explosive at Quetta’s Al-Haj
mosque detonated, killing four (including the
brother of Afghan Taliban chief Mullah
Haybatullah) and injuring 25 others. No group has
claimed responsibility for the attack.
Countering financing of terrorism:
In 2019, Pakistan made some progress toward meeting
the action plan requirements for the FATF, allowing it
to avoid being blacklisted, but did not complete all
action plan items. In early 2019, Pakistan issued, inter
alia, a statutory regulatory ordinance directing
immediate implementation of sanctions against
individuals and entities designated under UNSCR
1267. In October 2019, APG published a Mutual
Evaluation Report that reviewed Pakistan’s
compliance with FATF standards and the effectiveness
of Pakistan’s AML/CFT system.
Role of community policing:
Threats of terrorism come from a variety of sources –
organized groups outside the country, those inside the
country, and the lone attacker. Regardless of the
source, community policing is critical to identifying
those who are planning to carry out acts of violence,
preparing communities to respond, aiding public safety
officials in the response, and when acts cannot be
prevented, helping communities heal and recover.
Law enforcement officers who are connected to the
communities they serve have the ability to identify
individuals who may embrace an extremist ideology,
radicalize, and pose a threat of violence against
individuals or facilities.
To bridge trust gap between police and community,
he( Inspector General of Police (IGP) Islamabad
Muhammad Aamir Zulfiqar) said that community
policing is an effective tool and grievances of the
public were being addressed through professional and
fair approach. The present government is ensuring
every possible support to the police department and
Islamabad police have taken reformatory steps in
pursuance of the government directions. These steps,
he said, included policy of ‘Pehlay Sallam- Pir Kalam’
while front desks have been established in Model
Police Stations along with online system for
registration of FIRs.
Moreover, he said that beat system has been
established within the AOR of police stations and beat
officers were deployed in these beats to approach the
public in time of emergency.
Intelligence led policing:
 With the advent of terrorism in Pakistan after 9/11,
the police have been burdened with additional
responsibility to tackle the terrorists on the streets.
Inherently, the police force is trained for crime control
and its hands were already full with it therefore it was
neither ready nor equipped to take the added
responsibility of confronting the terrorists. The terrorist
attack on Sri Lankan cricket team in Lahore in 2009
was the turning point in this regard. It was then that the
police realised that it had to tackle this hydra too, but
of course with the help of intelligence agencies.
A couple of years ago, the Lahore police had tasked
the staff of all police stations to gather information
about criminals. ILP can be greatly helpful in ensuring
foolproof security on sensitive events like Muharram
processions, public gatherings, and VVIP security and
against extortionists, land grabbers and gangs.
Role of army:
For the first time since independence, the army
moved into FATA in force. The equivalent of six
infantry divisions were deployed over time to FATA
and Swat, some having moved from their positions
along the Indo-Pakistan border where they represented
Pakistan’s strike force against any Indian attack.
Largely a conventional army, it was trained and
equipped for regular warfare against other similar
forces, not against insurgent guerrilla units.
Operation Zarb-e-Azb, June 15, 2014 to April 3,
2017, was a very successful operation by Pakistan
Army & Air Force against terrorist organizations like
TTP, IMU, ETIM, LJ, Jundullah and their facilitators
hiding in North Waziristan Area of FATA.
NACTA role.
Role of Interpol:
Terrorist groups incite individuals, often young
people, to leave their communities across the world and
travel to conflict zones, primarily in Iraq and Syria and
increasingly in Libya. The way recruits are targeted and
radicalized has shifted, with a greater focus on social
media and other digital channels.
Biometric data is of increasing importance in
identifying foreign terrorist fighters and preventing
them from crossing borders, while we also promote the
exchange of battlefield data between the military and
police.
Through INTERPOL, the world’s police can share
intelligence and alerts on transnational terrorist
networks, to better understand their methods, motives
and financing and – ultimately – to identify and arrest
suspects.
Activities:
 Identifying terrorist suspect: biometric and
battlefield data help police to identify terrorists. for
example as Blue Notices which are international
alerts to collect additional information about a
person’s identity, location or activities in relation to
a crime.
 The data can also be searched against other
INTERPOL databases, in particular the facial
recognition system and fingerprints database, to
positively identify individuals and their
international movements.
 Preventing terrorist travel: data bases are the
heart of Interpol’s counter terrorism operations,
especially those that can prevent travel.
“Once terrorist information is shared at the global
level, every traffic check, passport control or
random search holds the potential for a break in a
terrorism investigation or to foil a plot.”
Jürgen Stock, INTERPOL Secretary
General
 Tracing terrorist finances: disrupting the flow
of terrorist funding is critical to curtailing their
activities.
 Analyzing social media: Terrorists use social
media for radicalization, recruitment, funding,
planning and execution of terror activities, For
example, we search social media platforms to
identify potential witnesses, as was the case
following the London Bridge attack in the UK
in 2017, and the attack at a hotel complex in
Nairobi, Kenya, in January 2019.
Role of united nations:
The Terrorism Prevention Branch (TPB) of the
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
has a specific role to play in these international efforts.
For over a decade, TPB has been the key United
Nations entity providing legal counter-terrorism
technical assistance to Member States. As mandated by
the United Nations General Assembly, TPB works to
assist Member States, upon request, with the
ratification, legislative incorporation and
implementation of the universal legal framework
against terrorism.
Within the United Nations system, UNODC
possesses significant comparative advantages for
offering a comprehensive response to terrorism. In
particular, it combines a range of expertise in the
related areas of crime prevention and criminal justice,
rule of law, drug control, transnational organized
crime, money-laundering, corruption and related
international cooperation in criminal matters with
operational field-level capacity.
Role of civil society and NGOs:
Civil society and non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) play a vital role in the prevention of conflict.
They may also play a key role in the prevention of
terrorism. Indeed, various international documents
have repeatedly stressed the importance of involving
civil society and NGOs in a comprehensive and multi-
dimensional response to the threat of terrorism. Most
recently, the UN General Assembly, in its resolution
adopting the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism
Strategy on 8 September 2006, affirmed the
determination of UN member states to “further
encourage non-governmental organizations and civil
society to engage, as appropriate, on how to enhance
efforts to implement the Strategy”.2 The Global
Counter-Terrorism Strategy, formally launched on 19
September 2006, built on many of the elements
proposed by then UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in
his April 2006 report entitled “Uniting against
Terrorism: Recommendations for a Global
CounterTerrorism Strategy”.3 In this report, the vital
role of civil society in promoting a truly global strategy
against terrorism was highlighted throughout. The
importance of involving civil society and NGOs in
effective efforts to prevent terrorism has not only been
acknowledged by various UN documents but also
features prominently in several terrorism-related
declarations and documents adopted in the framework
of the OSCE. The 2001 OSCE Bucharest Plan of
Action for Combating Terrorism, for example, directly
mandated the Office for Democratic Institution and
Human Rights (ODIHR) to continue developing
projects to solidify democratic institutions, civil
society, and good governance.4 The 2001 Bishkek
Programme of Action on Strengthening
Comprehensive Efforts to Counter Terrorism stressed
the importance of promoting active civil society
engagement in the fight against terrorism.5 Similarly,
the 2002 OSCE Charter on Preventing and Combating
Terrorism recognized that it was vital to engage civil
society in finding common political settlements for
conflicts and to promote human rights and tolerance as
an essential element in the prevention of terrorism and
violent extremism.6 The OSCE, and ODIHR in
particular, have since been active in exploring and
promoting the role of civil society in preventing and
combating terrorism.
---------------------------------------------------

Asif Ali Zardari,

“The Terrorists Want to Destroy Pakistan,
Too,” December 8, 2008.
---------------------------------------------------
 Top tips to protect your firm from money laundering
are:
1. Make sure your AML programme reflects
your business – Too many firms rely on external
consultants to help put together an almost off-the-
shelf AML policy and procedural framework, that
doesn’t reflect a firm’s day to day business
activities.
2. Make sure the flow makes sense – Too often
there is misalignment within a financial crime risk
management framework. The risk assessment
should drive the policy, the policy drives the
procedures, the procedures need to reflect actual
business as usual, and the subsequent controls
should monitor that the entire process is aligned
and working.
3. Have a clear technology plan – With the data
sets that require scrutiny becoming larger and
larger, it is almost impossible to have an effective
financial crime risk mitigation strategy without
technology components, whether within client
identification, client and transaction monitoring
or managing the outputs from all these processes
in one clear view. The regulators are clear that
they expect a clear technology plan. Even if you
choose not to use technology for certain activities,
you need to be able to articulate why you believe
a manual process is better.
4. Understand your tools – When using third party
PEP and sanctions list, make sure you understand
where the data come from, and who how they are
maintained. When using analytics to monitor
behaviour, trends and transactions, make sure you
can explain the underlying rationale for the
algorithms deployed.
5. Be sure to conduct risk-based due diligence-
This includes for all customers, associates,
consultants and third parties. The higher the risk,
the higher the level of due diligence is required.
Emerging regulations are requiring firms to
provide more and more detail about what they do
in this respect, and why they believe that what
they do is appropriate. Over the coming 12–18
months there will be increasing clarity about what
constitutes standard and enhanced due diligence,
so firms need to review their current practices
against new emerging regulations.
6. Make sure your training is focused– Everyone
in a firm should be able to explain how their firm
and its products and services are most at risk from
financial crime. In the same vain everyone should
be clear on how to respond to unusual activity, in
order to determine whether this unusual activity
gives rise to concern or possibly suspicion.
7. Regular reviews – Regulations require regular
internal control reviews and reassessments. These
should be hardcoded into your financial crime
compliance programme with a frequency that reflects
the risks your business is exposed to because of the
types of client it deals with, the products and services
it sells and the jurisdictions it operates within. They
should be essential, non-moveable processes in your
AML compliance program.
8. Ensure the financial crime team is adequately
resourced– The risk assessment and associated
risk mitigants will drive the decision about required
resources. In the absence of sufficient resources, a
firm cannot revisit the risk assessment. A financial
crime team needs adequately competent staff and
an efficient toolkit to manage financial crime risk.
Not having that is a big red flag to any regulator.
What Are The Methods Used for Money
Laundering?
Various institutions and methods are used for money
laundering. Some of these are described below with
examples:
 Smurfing:
It is a method of preventing the reporting of the
said transactions to the authorized institutions
within the scope of providing continuous
information or identification by making
transactions under the legal limits brought by the
countries regarding the obligation to provide
continuous information and identification.
 Opening an account with a fictitious or wrong
name:
In order not to attract attention and to prevent
control, the transaction is carried out entirely by the
name of the fictive or someone else.
 Partnering in crime with financial institutions:
With this type of transaction, in order to
overcome the reporting obligation, it is ensured that
the notification is not made by agreeing with the
management or employee of the institution where
the money is deposited above the notification
amount.
A case study determined on the subject is as
follows; illegal earnings were taken to the
intermediary institution with the cooperation of
personnel working in intermediary institutions, and
checks issued by the intermediary institution were
received in return. These checks were deposited in
the customer account opened by the brokerage
house with fake names, and the funds in this
account were used to buy bearer bonds and deposit
certificates. Then, when the maturity date came, the
coupon prices and interest rates of the bond were
taken, and deposit certificates were sold to be
transferred to the bank account.
 Benefiting from various companies:
In this method;
 - Nonfunctional companies are used. The laundering of black money has reached
terrible dimensions today. Although it is
- Companies operating legally are used.
impossible to determine the exact amount, it is
- Shell corporations are used. estimated that billions of dollars of money
 Money laundering with workers: laundering are committed every year. The source of
black money is always illegal and especially drug
It is a method used by money launderers with trade is the leading one of these crimes. Especially
the idea that the remittance process of the workers behind the rising wave of terrorism in the world,
working in developed countries to their relatives in drug traffic is often found. Drug traffic, which is in
their country will not attract attention. the hands of large mafia groups in the past years, is
 Partnering in crime with foreign financial gradually under the control of terrorist
institutions: organizations, and this development results in the
fact that terrorist organizations, which pose a
It is a method of cooperation with cross- significant danger for each country, are easily out
border centers and other foreign financial of control. Other activities include money
institutions. smuggling, child and youth trade, white woman
 Exchange offices: trade, organ trade, kidnapping, blackmail, and
commercial fraud.
It is the receipt of illegal income in cash by
foreign exchange offices and placement into the The illegal activities mentioned above create great
financial system. social problems in every society. In addition, the increase
in the amount of laundered money every day increases the
 Cash smuggling: power of the criminal organizations politically as well as
In this method; The cash obtained from illegaltheir dominance in the state institutions. On the other hand,
activities is taken to countries where there are not amoney laundering negatively affects national economies.
lot of obligations either by the persons serving asFor example; Although there is no change in the supply-
money courier or by any means. Later on, this cashdemand amount of goods and services in the economy,
is taken into the financial system in these countries.sudden changes in the amount of money put on the market
As a result of these transactions, these funds, whichmay cause fluctuations in prices.
are provided with legal images, can be sent directly
to the country they were first acquired, or they can
be sent in different countries and used without risk.
The way to get rid of the social, economic, and
 Prize money from chance games: political problems caused by the crimes that constitute
In this method; The winner of the jackpot is the source of money and money laundering crime is to
found by the launderers before he gets his jackpot, destroy the organizations that commit these crimes. In
and he is given more money than the jackpot he has this, it is necessary to prevent money laundering and
won. Then the grand prize is taken by the money money laundering that finances these organizations and
launderer. to solve the problem at its source.
 Casinos or etc. businesses: II. What Are The Negative Effects of Money
Laundering on The Economy?
In this method, the launderers' cash is used to
buy chips from casinos, but no gambling is played
The Decrease in Government Revenues
or played very little, and the chips are replaced with
checks taken from the casino. The checks in Money laundering is a global phenomenon that
question are then deposited in a bank, the check undermines the economic and political stability of
prices are transferred from here to another country States. As it becomes difficult for the government to
or used for the purchase of the real estate. generate income from the related transactions, which
On the other hand, money can be transferred are frequent in the informal economy, it decreases tax
directly to the casino, and in return, the money revenues, which causes a serious negative impact on
remaining after the commission can be converted the economy.
into checks that are issued as gambling winnings.
In both cases; Questions asked by money holders Socioeconomic Costs
about the source of this money are answered as
gambling winnings. The socioeconomic effects of money laundering are
diverse because dirty money from criminal activities
I. Why Is It Necessary To Anti-Money flows into legitimate funds; they are used to expand
Laundering? existing crime transactions and finance new ones. Also,
money laundering can lead to the transfer of economic
power from the market, the government, and citizens to
criminals, thereby eliminating crimes and corruption.
Money laundering Consequences:
The negative and long lasting impact of money
laundering can easily be understand or it can be
determined through one of the most common and
important ways which are here as under.
Societal Impact:
The one of the most important area which greatly
and deeply impacted from money laundering which is
non other then the society where all the people living,
money laundering destroy the norms and culture of the
society the further impact may elaborated as follows.
The initial impact of money laundering on every
society which promotes the crime rates, the major o It hurts the corporate & brand image of the
reason behind is due to the large amount of moneyorganization, it will also hurt the goodwill of people at key
supply is circulating in the economy which generatedlevels of organizations.
from illegitimate sources, which motivated the low o It’s created encumbrance in creating new institutional
class to improve himself by means of crime. relationship as well as affects the banking business.
Promotes White collar crimes and corruption in
the organization. This further creates the imbalance
in the society.
Badly affected the moral value of the society,
every person in the society is willing to earn more
to take lead on the others without concerning
whether the funds or wealth coming from the
legitimate sources or not.
Creates evils in the society & Promotes dirty
politics
Money launderer establish any legitimate
business from the money that previously
generated from illegitimate sources, to get the
higher return from the legitimate business the
launderer reduces the prices with higher quality and
this expense is to be financed through the funds
coming from illegitimate source which increase the
u fair competition in the society.
Economic Impact :
The other area which is also impacted from the
money laundering, which further impacted the other
areas which is directly or indirectly linked with the
economy or from the growth and development of
the economy, some of which are here as under.
Parallel economy which is one of the most
common economies in the Asian markets like
casinos, brokerage firms, parallel remittance
systems (hawala, hundi, fie chen) one of the most
reliable systems in Pakistan, India and china,
parallel economies greatly affected economy as
whole in the shape of reducing the earning from
foreign exchange through banking sector.
Money laundering will help to increase the un-
employment level in the economy because due to
high level of corruption in the economy will reduces
the growth cycle of the economy which will
ultimately affected the new development project,
when the new projects are not starting on time then
it will create less opportunities for new
employments.
Tax evasion, illegitimate business, bad integrity,
affects public policy making badly.
The impact of money laundering will affects
foreign and domestic investments.
a) Organizational Impact:
The third and last activity which affected by
the money laundering which is organizational
structure and its image, some of key understandings
are here as under.
Anti Money laundering Ordinance 2007 (SBP)
“A person should be accountable of offence of
money laundering if the person
a) Acquires, converts, possesses or transfer of
property, knowing or having reason to believe that
such property is proceeds of crime or
b) Renders assistance to another person for the
acquisition, conversion, possession or transfer of ,
or for concealing or disguising the true nature,
origin, location, disposition, movement or ownership
of property knowing or having reason to believe that
such property is proceeds of crime”
(Source: SBP anti money laundering ordinance
2007 www.sbp.org.pk)
Money Laundering & Role of FATF:
The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is inter-
governmental organization whose principal agenda is
to formulate and implement the anti money laundering
and terrorist financing laws, both at national and
international levels. So, we called the FATF as policy
making organization, which works to gather the
information and monitor the different countries laws
and its implementation, and penalize them if not
followed. The other functions included to evaluate the
countries performance relating to anti money
laundering measures as well as the implementation of
new laws if introduced by the FATF organization.
FATF does not have defined constitution or the
unlimited existence. The task force performance
review conducted after every five years. The FATF
came into being in the year 1989 after completion
of first / initial successful five years, the ministry
and its members extended its duration for further 8
years till 2012.
 The FATF has the power to work with the local or
national task force agency of any country, if they found
some fishy or non implementation of anti money
laundering laws in such countries. Currently FATF is
working with many countries to develop their own
countries internal as well as external policies relating
to money laundering and terrorist financing. The main
focus of FATF, now a days is on free trade zones of
every country which established for the purpose of
offering the free trade environment with minimum
regulations, as per the record of FATF the free trade
zones in the span of one year has sharply increased
to approximately 3000 in 135 countries around the
globe.
Free trade zones provide the incentives to the
companies for the purpose to route the maximum
business through this ventures, incentives by means of
tax rebates, exemption of duties and well defined
procedures and not very stringent policies, however
these exemption is also very much attractive for the
illegitimate business as well as money launderer used
these places for smooth running of their operations.
FATF 40 recommendations divided into four main
portions.
At the time of formation of FATF,introduces its
special 40 recommendations to control the money
laundering activities around the globe and to
strengthen the financial sector of the world economy.
These 40 points are summaried into 4 main portions;
1. Legal system (possibility of illegal offense of
money laundering)
2. Measures to be taken by the non bank
financial sector as well as financial sector of
the individual country and its implementations
according to the world desire.
3. Other measures taken by different institutions
against money laundering and terrorist
financing.
4. International cooperation.
“Cybercrime, or computer-oriented crime, is a
Chapter
crime that#20:Cyber crime
involves a computer and a network.
The computer may have been used in the
commission of a crime, or it may be the target.
Cybercrime may threaten a person or a nation's
security and financial health.”
Categories of Cybercrime
There are three major categories that cybercrime
falls into: individual, property and government. The
types of methods used and difficulty levels vary
depending on the category.
Property: This is similar to a real-life instance of a
criminal illegally possessing an individual’s bank or
credit card details. The hacker steals a person’s bank
details to gain access to funds, make purchases online
or run phishing scams to get people to give away their
information. They could also use a malicious software
to gain access to a web page with confidential
information.
Individual: This category of cybercrime involves
one individual distributing malicious or illegal
information online. This can include cyberstalking,
distributing pornography and trafficking.
Government: This is the least common cybercrime,
but is the most serious offense. A crime against the
government is also known as cyber terrorism.
Government cybercrime includes hacking government
websites, military websites or distributing propaganda.
These criminals are usually terrorists or enemy
governments of other nations.
Types of Cybercrime
DDoS Attacks
These are used to make an online service
unavailable and take the network down by
overwhelming the site with traffic from a variety of
sources. Large networks of infected devices known as
Botnets are created by depositing malware on users’
computers. The hacker then hacks into the system once
the network is down.
Botnets
Botnets are networks from compromised computers
that are controlled externally by remote hackers. The
remote hackers then send spam or attack other
computers through these botnets. Botnets can also be
used to act as malware and perform malicious tasks.
Identity Theft
This cybercrime occurs when a criminal gains
access to a user’s personal information to steal funds,
access confidential information, or participate in tax or
health insurance fraud. They can also open a
phone/internet account in your name, use your name to
plan a criminal activity and claim government benefits
in your name. They may do this by finding out user’s
passwords through hacking, retrieving personal
information from social media, or sending phishing
emails.
Cyberstalking
This kind of cybercrime involves online harassment
where the user is subjected to a plethora of online
messages and emails. Typically cyberstalkers use
social media, websites and search engines to intimidate
a user and instill fear. Usually, the cyberstalker knows
their victim and makes the person feel afraid or
concerned for their safety.
Social Engineering
Social engineering involves criminals making direct
contact with you usually by phone or email. They want
to gain your confidence and usually pose as a customer
service agent so you’ll give the necessary information
needed. This is typically a password, the company you
work for, or bank information. Cybercriminals will find
out what they can about you on the internet and then
attempt to add you as a friend on social accounts. Once
they gain access to an account, they can sell your
information or secure accounts in your name.
PUPs
PUPS or Potentially Unwanted Programs are less
threatening than other cybercrimes, but are a type of
malware. They uninstall necessary software in your
system including search engines and pre-downloaded
apps. They can include spyware or adware, so it’s a
good idea to install an antivirus software to avoid the
malicious download.
Phishing
This type of attack involves hackers sending
malicious email attachments or URLs to users to gain
access to their accounts or computer. Cybercriminals
are becoming more established and many of these
emails are not flagged as spam. Users are tricked into
emails claiming they need to change their password or
update their billing information, giving criminals
access.
Prohibited/Illegal Content
This cybercrime involves criminals sharing and
distributing inappropriate content that can be
considered highly distressing and offensive. Offensive
content can include, but is not limited to, sexual activity
between adults, videos with intense violent and videos
of criminal activity. Illegal content includes materials
advocating terrorism-related acts and child exploitation
material. This type of content exists both on the
everyday internet and on the dark web, an anonymous
network.
Online Scams
These are usually in the form of ads or spam emails
that include promises of rewards or offers of unrealistic
amounts of money. Online scams include enticing
offers that are “too good to be true” and when clicked
on can cause malware to interfere and compromise
information.
Exploit Kits
Exploit kits need a vulnerability (bug in the code of
a software) in order to gain control of a user’s
computer. They are readymade tools criminals can buy
online and use against anyone with a computer. The
exploit kits are upgraded regularly similar to normal
software and are available on dark web hacking
forums.
History of Cybercrime
The malicious tie to hacking was first documented in
the 1970s when early computerized phones were
becoming a target. Tech-savvy people known as
“phreakers” found a way around paying for long
distance calls through a series of codes. They were the
first hackers, learning how to exploit the system by
modifying hardware and software to steal long distance
phone time. This made people realize that computer
systems were vulnerable to criminal activity and the
more complex systems became, the more susceptible
they were to cybercrime.
Fast Forward to 1990, where a large project named
Operation Sundevil was exposed. FBI agents
confiscated 42 computers and over 20,000 floppy disks
that were used by criminals for illegal credit card use
and telephone services. This operation involved over
100 FBI agents and took two years to track down only
a few of the suspects. However, it was seen as a great
public relations effort, because it was a way to show
hackers that they will be watched and prosecuted.
The Electronic Frontier Foundation was formed
as a response to threats on public liberties that take
place when law enforcement makes a mistake or
participates in unnecessary activities to investigate a
cybercrime. Their mission was to protect and defend
consumers from unlawful prosecution. While helpful,
it also opened the door for hacker loopholes and
anonymous browsing where many criminals practice
their illegal services.
Crime and cybercrime have become an
increasingly large problem in our society, even with the
criminal justice system in place. Both in the public web
space and dark web, cybercriminals are highly skilled
and are not easy to find.
IMPACTS OF CYBER CRIME:
The impacts of a single, successful cyber attack can
have far-reaching implications including financial
losses, theft of intellectual property, and loss of
consumer confidence and trust. The overall monetary
impact of cyber crime on society and government is
 estimated to be billions of dollars a year. Criminals take Cyber criminals take full advantage of anonymity,
advantage of technology in many different ways. The secrecy, and interconnectedness provided by the
Internet, in particular, is a great tool for scammers and Internet, therefore, attacking the very foundations of our
other miscreants, since it allows them to ply their trade modern information society. Law enforcement officials
while hiding behind a shield of digital anonymity. have struggled to keep pace with cyber criminals, who
cost the global economy billions annually. All over the
Cyber crime affects society in a number of different
world, Police and other Law enforcement agencies are
ways, both online and offline. Becoming the victim of
attempting to use the same tools cyber criminals use to
cyber crime can have long-lasting effects on life of an
perpetrate crimes in an effort to prevent those crimes and
individual in particular and society in general. One
bring the guilty parties to justice. In a traditional society
common technique scammers employ is phishing,
like Pakistan, cyber crimes have a far reaching effect.
sending false emails purporting to come from a bank or
Incidents like Qasur Scandal have shaken the very fabric
other financial institution requesting personal
of our society.
information. If one hands over this information, it can
allow the criminal to access one’s bank and credit EMOTIONAL IMPACT OF CYBER CRIME:
accounts, as well as open new accounts and destroy The emotional impact of cyber crime shows that
credit ratings. victims’ strongest reactions are feeling angry, annoyed,
SECURITY COSTS: dejected and cheated, and in many cases, they blame
Cyber criminals attack on businesses, both large and themselves for being attacked. Only few people don’t
small. Hackers attempt to take over company servers to think it will happen to them, and majority do not expect
steal information or use the machines for their own cyber criminals to be brought to justice resulting in an
purposes.. It compels companies to hire new staff and ironic reluctance to take action and a sense of
update software to keep intruders out. According to E- helplessness. Despite emotional burden, the universal
Week, a survey of large companies found an average threat and incidents of cyber crime, few people dare to
expenditure of $8.9 million per year on cyber security, report such crimes to FIA. In such state of affairs, Cyber
with 100 per cent of firms surveyed reporting at least one crime is becoming a business opportunity open to
malware incident in the preceding 12 months and 71 per everybody driven by profit and personal gain.
cent reporting the hijacking of company computers by RECOMMENDATIONS:
outsiders. Cyber crime is indeed getting the recognition it
MONETARY LOSSES: deserves. Cyber criminals always try to develop and
upgrade themselves by staying ahead of the law. Cyber
The overall monetary losses from cyber crime can be
space offers a plethora of opportunities for cyber
immense. According to a report, more than 1.5 million
criminals either to cause harm to innocent people, or to
people fall victim to some sort of cyber crime every day,
make money at the cost of unsuspecting citizens. We
ranging from simple password theft to extensive
know that forensic evidence is important in normal
monetary swindles. With an average loss of $197 per
criminal investigations. But collection and presentation
victim, this adds up to more than $110 billion dollars lost
of electronic evidence to prove cyber crimes have posed
to cyber crime worldwide every year. As consumers get
a challenge to investigation and prosecution agencies
wise to traditional avenues of attack, cyber criminals
and the judiciary. We need a good combination of
have developed new techniques involving mobile
traditional investigation techniques, modern cyber laws
devices and social networks to keep their illicit gains
and technology in harmony with the laws of other
flowing.
countries developing common security standards. In the
PIRACY: era of e-governance and e-commerce, a lack of common
The issue of piracy has affected the entertainment, security standards can create havoc for global trade as
music and software industries in recent times. Claims of well as military matters.
damages are hard to estimate and even harder to verify, * As a society we need to take necessary steps to not
with estimates ranging widely from hundreds of millions only to enact legislation covering every aspect of cyber
to hundreds of billions of dollars per year. In response, crime but also evolving ways and means to keep
copyright holders have lobbied for stricter laws against amending the laws at par with the changing nature of
intellectual property theft, resulting in laws like the such high tech crimes.
Digital Millennium Copyright Act. These laws allow
* We should change our traditional laws especially
copyright holders to target file sharers and sue them for
the Pakistan Penal Code in the backdrop of modern day
large sums of money to counteract the financial damage
of their activities online. Major Film Industries like crimes which involve sophisticated technology.
Hollywood, Bollywood are trying their best to stop the * We should harmonise our laws on cyber crime in
release of pirated versions of their billion dollar movies conformity with International Conventions, treaties and
over the internet especially YouTube agreements in such a way as to facilitate international
cooperation in preventing and combating these illegal
SOCIAL IMPACTS:
cyber activities;
 * The Government should focus on capacity building
of its law enforcement agencies especially FIA in the
area of cyber crime and explore bilateral, regional, and
multilateral cooperation mechanisms to enhance the
same;
* Necessary steps should be taken to create awareness
of regarding this menace among the masses, with a focus
on law enforcement agencies, judiciary and legislature.
* To establish a cyber crime victim support fund to
restoration and rehabilitation of the affected people of
such crimes.
* To establish a Research Fund, to support efforts to
for exploring new methods to tackle this menace.
* To formulate a manual of guidelines for
government offices and its functionaries regarding usage
of internet especially social media.

Chapter#13:Terrorism,
"All criminal acts directed against a State and
intended
Radicalism or calculated
and to create
War on a. Terror.
state of terror in
the minds of particular persons or a group of
persons or the. general public."

The global terrorism database (GTD) defines a

terrorist attack as ‘the threatened or actual use of illegal
force and violence by a non-state actor to attain a
political, economic, religious, or social goal through
fear, coercion, or intimidation.ʼ The attacks on the Twin
Towers on September 11, 2001 (9/11), established that
terrorism had reached a new dimension. Its roots are as
much Middle Eastern as they are European and as much
religious as they are secular.
 Economic cost of terrorism in Pakistan Terrorism in
Pakistan mainly originated during the Soviet-Afghan
war in 1980s. This conflict brought terrorist into south
Asia in the name of Jihad. These Mujahideen were
trained by American CIA and other western
intelligence agencies to carry out insurgencies in
Afghanistan and to fight a proxy war against Soviet
forces in Afghanistan. Mostly these Mujahideen were
not disarmed after the war ended in Afghanistan. Some
of these Mujahideen found safe places in tribal areas of
Pakistan near the Pakistan-Afghan border. After the
event of 9/11 both internal and external funded
terrorists started terrorism activities in Pakistan in the
name of Islam as Pakistan was playing the role of a
front line state against terrorism. These terrorism
activities after the event of 9/11 have adversely affected
the economy of Pakistan. First, Pakistan observed an
immediate flood of Afghan refugees, which spilled
terrorism into Pakistan. Second, the Indian insurgency
in Pakistan, particularly in Balochistan province,
through Afghanistan has also increased terrorist
activities because terrorists obtain financial and
military support from India. Terrorism activities have
adversely affected economic growth in Pakistan.
Figure 1 shows GDP growth and deaths by suicide
attacks in Pakistan. Figure 1 clearly indicates an
inverse relationship between economic growth and
terrorist attacks in Pakistan, i.e., when terrorism is low,
economic growth is high, and when terrorism is high,
economic growth is low. To overcome terrorism, a
significant share of human and financial resources have
been allocated for security purposes. In the last 17
fiscal years since the event of 9/11, Pakistan’s economy
has suffered a direct and indirect cost linked to terrorist
activities of almost $126.79 billion, which is equal to
Rs. 10762.14 billion (see Table 1). Further, normal
economic and trading activities have also been
disrupted, which has increased the cost of doing
business. Terrorism has also adversely affected
Pakistan’s international trade. As a result, Pakistan has
lost its market share and therefore remains unable to
achieve its targeted growth rates.
Effect of terrorism on foreign direct investment
Terrorism affects FDI in many ways. Terrorism
increases insecurity and uncertainty in the country,
which causes a loss of confidence in foreign investors,
causing them to divert their resources from the host
country to other, peaceful countries
. If foreign investors do not see any increase in their
expected returns in Table 3. Fatalities in terrorist
violence in the presence of high levels of terrorism, then
they will shift their resources from the host country to
other, safe countries. An uncertain environment makes
an investor to deem it an unproductive investment since
costly security measures decrease the returns on FDI.
Terrorism also damages local infrastructure such as
roads, bridges, and telecommunications. It discourages
foreign investment by increasing the cost of doing
business.
Effect of terrorism on domestic investment
Domestic investment is also an important channel
through which terrorism affects output growth. Similar
to foreign investment, terrorism also decreases domestic
investment because it becomes difficult for domestic
investors to invest in a terror-stricken environment.
Further, public investment is also severely damaged
because government projects such as the construction of
roads, highways, canals, dams, bridges, highway,
hospitals, and schools are also brought to an end in the
presence of terrorist activities.
Effect of terrorism on government spending
Terrorism increases government expenditure because
the government must spend more on security issues to
maintain law and order in the country. This reallocation
of government resources decreases expenditure on social
sector development such as health and education. It will
decrease economic growth. In turn, high government
expenditure on security offsets terrorism by improving
the law and order situation, which will increase both
domestic and foreign investments. It will increase
economic growth.
LOSS OF JOBS
A steady decline in livelihood was observed among
affected families following a terrorist attack. in most
cases, the victims were the sole earners in their
respective families; nearly two thirds of the affected
families (69%) have only one income-earning member
Social impacts:
CHANGES IN FAMILY STRUCTURE
Death of the breadwinner and injuries to survivors
significantly influenced the family structure of affected
families. one third of the affected families experienced
changes in family structure after the terrorist attacks.
Approximately three fourths of the deceased’s families
were merged into their respective extended families
(75%). In almost half of the deceased’s families, the
widows and orphans were relocated to their in-laws’
houses (43%) and became part of their husbands’
parental extended families. In 33% of the deceased’s
families, senior males from the late husband’s extended
family joined the deceased’s family and began living
with them on permanent basis. In contrast, no significant
changes in family type were reported in survivors’
families.
DISRUPTION IN CHILDREN’S EDUCATION
AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Terrorism severely disrupted the education and
academic performance of children from affected
families. Nearly 10% of the students ended their studies
and began working or sought employment to support
their families in the aftermath of terrorist attacks.
Moreover, one third of the affected children failed to be
promoted to the next class (33%), and more than half of
the students received lower grades on their examinations
following terrorism incidents (57%). children in the airport security had a devastating effect on the airline
survivors’ families suffered comparatively more in terms industry following the September 11th attacks. Airline
of lower grades than children from the deceased’s employees and those working in support industries have
families. Prior to the incidents, children from affected been faced with layoffs, salary reductions, potential loss
families used additional coaching facilities, either from of retirement benefits, and uncertainty about their future
a home tutor or from a coaching academy, to improve employment.
academic performance. However, nearly all affected
Islam and terrorism:
families suspended their children’s attendance at these
coaching facilities subsequent to the attacks. If one examines a wide range of sources, however,
a number of key patterns emerge that make five things
EFFECTS OF TERRORISM ON CHILDREN very clear:
In addition to victimizing the economically active  First, the overwhelming majority of extremist and
population, terrorism has devastating effects on children violent terrorist incidents do occur in largely
.Various studies have shown that children are at a Muslim states.
relatively higher risk of suffering from posttraumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) in the wake of their exposure to  Second, most of these incidents are perpetrated by a
terrorism. In Israel, empirical studies have found small minority of Muslims seeking power primarily
behavioral problems such as alcoholism and addiction to in their own areas of operation and whose primary
smoking among youth exposed to terrorism. victims are fellow Muslims.
Parents play a significant role in child school  Third, almost all of the governments of the
achievement and loss of parents or health shocks to them countries involved are actively fighting extremism
increases the risk of poorer school attendance and and terrorism, and most are allies of Western
dropping out of school. states that work closely with the security, military,
and counterterrorism forces of non-Muslim states
Psychiatric impacts: to fight extremism and terrorism.
An increase in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders  Fourth, the vast majority of Muslims oppose violent
is one consequence of terrorism. Even emotional and extremism and terrorism, and,
behavioral changes that do not reach the level of a
diagnosable disorder may contribute significantly to the  Fifth, religion is only one of many factors that lead
overall health burden resulting from terrorist attacks. to instability and violence in largely Muslim
Psychiatric disorders will occur in a relatively small states. It is a critical ideological force in shaping
percentage of the exposed population. The course of the current patterns of extremism, but it does not
illness for those in whom such a disorder develops will represent the core values of Islam and many other
be variable. Many will experience transient reactions, far more material factors help lead to the rise of
such as acute stress disorder (ASD) and bereavement. In extremism.
an even smaller percentage more serious conditions such The analysis draws on a wide range of sources to
as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression illustrate these trends and how the global patterns in
will develop. For those individuals, the course of illness terrorism and violence interact with Islam.
may be highly variable; some will experience remission,
while others will have symptoms that persist for months
or years. In addition to illness, there will be changes in
health-related behaviors, changes in routine behaviors
among members of a community, and changes in the Causes of terrorism:
level of overall stress experienced by survivors of Several causes of terrorism were identified in
terrorism qualitative and quantitative analysis. However, five
Changes in health-related behaviors causes have been considered as the most important. Now
we discuss these most important five factors.
While this aspect is not often considered by
psychiatrists, large-scale traumatic events such as the 1. Lack of law enforcement
September 11th attacks can lead to changes in health Lack of law enforcement was ranked as the most
related behaviors. As emotional resilience is challenged important cause of terrorism. Law enforcement is
during such an event and during recovery, individuals defined as ensuring obedience to state laws, and is
may resume or increase use of alcohol, tobacco products, generally considered as a society’s formal attempt to
and illicit drugs. Even if use does not rise to the level of obtain compliance with the established rules,
abuse or dependence, the increased use may result in regulations, and laws of that society. Law enforcement
long-term health effects, effects on family interactions, has much to do with terrorism as it is an important
and increased rates of injury, assault, and crime. counterterrorism tool, and provides basis for responding
Acts of terrorism will also result in changes of routine acts of terrorism in a country.
behavior among survivors. Anxiety about air travel and Unfortunately, the situation of law enforcement in
the increased congestion and delays associated with Pakistan is very discouraging. According to the Rule of
Law Index 2014 , Pakistani administrative agencies are civilian population.35 These anti-Pakistan groups
ineffective in enforcing regulations. Out of 99 countriesorganized themselves as Tehreek e Taliban, Pakistan
included in this index, Pakistan is ranked 95th for (TTP). TTP claimed the responsibility of recent attacks
regulatory enforcement, and ranks last in the world for on Karachi international airport. The militant group also
order and security. The index further highlights that theowned responsibility of May 2011 attacks on Mehran
country’s judicial system is slow and ineffective, and law
naval airbase. Many other attacks of mass destruction
violation is common. have been claimed by this militant group. On June 15,
The shortcoming of our system is that many detained 2014 Pakistan’s joint military forces launched an
terrorists are released without trial as their detention offensive, Operation Zarb-e-Azb, against these militant
expires without any action. Among other shortcomings groups.
are; lack of a proper mechanism to collect and preserve 4. Foreign involvement
authentic evidence to present in court, poor police Respondents believe that foreign intervention is the
system, absence of high security prisons for terrorist fourth most important cause of terrorism in Pakistan. It
suspects, lack of security for the judges, prosecutors & is common perception among Pakistani media and
witnesses, and lack of a monitoring mechanism over academic literature that foreign intelligence agencies are
mosques & religious madrassas. These are some serious widely present in the country, and they are financing and
weaknesses of an antiterrorism act, and can be expected
training terrorists in anti-state activities. A research
to encourage rather than preventing terrorism. Recently, published in The Washington Quarterly indicates that
the military courts have been established to deal with “most private media outlets go so far as to find a joint
terrorists. In sum, an overall situation of law ‘CIA – RAW – Mossad’– in other words, U.S. – Indian
enforcement in the country can be thought an important – Israeli – hand in every terrorist attack that takes place
cause of terrorism. inside Pakistan”.36 Other researchers such as Sajjad37
2. Poverty and Dostani 38 also indicate the similar facts. A press
article written by Scahill39 in The Nation informs the
Poverty has been ranked as the second most important
widespread existence of Blackwater in the country.
cause of terrorism in Pakistan. It is generally believed
However, no solid evidence has been found about
that poverty, inequality, and poor economic conditions
Blackwater’s involvement in terrorist activities in
are among the root causes of terrorism.30 Though
Pakistan, but there is much such noise in media. Though
contradictions exist in literature regarding the role of
foreign intervention can be a cause of terrorism in
poverty in breeding terrorism, many world leaders have
Pakistan, the country’s media may have some impact on
warned about the relationship between poverty and
expert opinion.
Islamic militancy. Our respondents believe poverty as an
important cause of terrorism because the ground reality 5. Unemployment
is evident that in this country 60% of population lives Unemployment was believed to be the fifth most
below poverty line, if $2 be the minimum daily wage31. important cause of terrorism in Pakistan. Generally
Many poor parents are unable to feed and educate their speaking, unemployment refers to the situation in which
children, and send them to madrasas (religious schools) the people of working age are not working but looking
to fulfill these basic needs. Madrasas are an important for employment. Though there are some contradictions,
source of militancy in Pakistan.32 Madrasas are not the strong evidence exists on the relationship between
only source of militancy emerging from poor economic unemployment and terrorism.40 Unemployment is a
conditions. The youth from poor families also directly source of insurgency as it creates grievance among
join the militant groups to improve their living.33 Thus, unemployed people. If the economies are unable to
poverty causes the provision of an ample supply line of provide a reasonable employment, especially to low-
manpower for terrorist organizations. skilled marginally unemployed people, recruitment in
3. Pakistan’s participation in War on Terror insurgent groups may be high. This argument comes
from opportunity cost approach which describes that
Among the most important causes of terrorism in
supply of labor to terrorist groups is not legitimate in the
Pakistan, a considerably high rank was assigned to
presence of paid employment.41 Referencing from
participation in war on terror. Pakistan’s participation in
existing research, Justino describes that “More recent
war on terror means Pakistan’s support to US, UK, and
studies have suggested that persistent levels of
NATO forces in global war on terror which was initiated
unemployment may make soldiering a means of earning
by US in search of Usama bin Laden after the tragic
a living when other (non-violent) means of livelihoods
incident of 9/11. Pakistan’s support was “in terms of
offer limited opportunities”. 42 Looking at these
access (basing, sea and air access), intelligence support
and logistics”. arguments it can be stated that a strong line of reasoning
exists on the relationship between unemployment and
Historically, Pakistan patronized these groups for terrorism. Pakistan is a country with high unemployment
achieving its objectives in Afghanistan and India, but rates. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (2013)43 reports only
Pakistan’s participation in war on terror converted these 6% unemployment rate in the country, but the statistics
groups into anti-Pakistan militants, and they started don’t reflect real employment situation. The researchers
targeting the Pakistan army, police, infrastructure, and and academic scholars believe that these statistics don’t
show a connection between employment and other
macroeconomic variables. This fact is further confirmed
by International Labor Organization’s Global
Employment Trends 2014, which emphasized that
Pakistan should create decent employment for young
men and women.44 CIA World Fact Book45 also
indicates that substantial underemployment exists in the
country. Unemployment, underemployment, and lack of
decent jobs for qualified youth are among the causes of
militant recruitment in Pakistan.46 Moreover, a sense of
helplessness and deprivation is promoting suicidal
attempt and ideation among unemployed Pakistani
youth.47 In his address to Third Global HR Excellence
Awards-2012, that time Federal Minister Dr. Farooq
Sattar highlighted the connection between
unemployment and terrorism in Pakistan.48 So, there is
less doubt that unemployment is an important cause of
terrorism in Pakistan.

There is a lot of detail behind each of these

statements. But if you feel confident that everything is
appropriately covered and documented within your
firm, you are on track to have an effective financial
crime risk strategy.
The Criminal Justice System in Pakistan comprises
of five components i.e. the police, judiciary, prisons,
prosecution, probation and parole. This study discusses
and analyzes the efficiency level of these components
by taking into account the work assigned and disposed
of by every component of the criminal justice system
during the year 2014. The scope of the study was
limited to the four provinces namely Punjab, Sindh,
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. Data for cases
registered by police, district and superior judiciary and
prisons was obtained. A mix of primary and secondary
data was used. It transpired that during the year 2014,
a total of 612,835 cases were registered by police in
four provinces of Pakistan out of which 26 percent
were still pending with the police at the end of the year.
Similarly cases taken up by the district courts at trial
stage in the four provinces were 2,160,752 and 69.2
percent cases were disposed of during the year. The
disposal rate of High Courts collectively was 53.9
percent and the disposal rate by the Supreme Court was
less than fifty percent. The jails were found to be over
crowded as they were overpopulated by 156 percent
and majority included under-trial prisoners. Even
though prosecution has been separated from police, it
is still in infancy and no specialization or work load
management system is in place. No credible data as to
probation and parole was available, so it
appeared to be a much neglected area. More or less
the performance of criminal justice system is not at its
optimal level in Pakistan and remedial measures like
improvement and enhancement of physical
infrastructures and capacity building of existing police,
investigators, judges, prosecutors and jail staff is
required along with focus on enhancing the existing
strengths of investigators, judges, prosecutors and jails
in order to improve the efficiency level and
effectiveness of service delivery by the criminal justice
system as a whole.
Glossary of Terms
FIR First Information Report
Challan Police report under section 173 of
CrPC
CrPC Criminal Procedure Code 1898
PPC Pakistan Penal Code 1860
The criminal justice system in Pakistan is known to
be faulty, exploitative and inequitable. These problems
are most certainly some of the main causes behind high
crime rates [1]. The civil and criminal justice system in
Pakistan is confronted today with the serious crisis of
abnormal delays. Delay in litigation of civil and
criminal cases has become chronic and proverbial. The
phenomenon is not restricted to Pakistan; it is rather
historical and universal. It is inherent in every judicial
system which meticulously guards against any injustice
being done to an individual in a civil dispute or criminal
prosecution. A paramount principle of the criminal
justice system is that an accused is punished only after
his or her guilt is proved beyond a shadow of doubt.
Similarly, justice demands that in the trial of a civil
case, the dispute must be decided strictly in accordance
with the law and on the principles of equity,
justice and fair-play. Such universally recognized
and time-tested principles are also in accordance with
the injunctions of Islam as the Holy Quran ordains that
Muslims must eschew injustice, coercion and
suppression.
The criminal justice system is defined as the set of
agencies and processes established by governments to
control crime and impose penalties on those who
violate laws. This system has various components
which have to work in harmony and support of each
other in order to provide justice to not only to the victim
but to the accused as well [2].
A good and reliable system of criminal justice not
only caters to speedy remedy for the victims of crime
but also safeguards and protects the legitimate rights of
the accused. The system is based on fairness, equality,
justice and fair-play for all – a system that deals with
crime and criminals with the view to maintain peace
and order in the society [3].
Criminal justice is the system of practices and
institutions of the government directed at upholding
social control, deterring and mitigating crime, or
sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal
penalties and rehabilitation efforts. Criminal justice
system mainly consists of three parts:
(i) Police (law enforcement); (ii) Courts
(adjudication/trial); (iii) Prisons (corrections/ probation
and parole).
The criminal justice system of Pakistan has been
inherited from the British. This system aims to reduce
crime, bring more offenders to justice and raise public
confidence that the system is fair and will deliver
justice for law-abiding citizens.
The major and important deficiencies and
weaknesses of the criminal justice system of Pakistan
are accurate reporting of crime to the police,
malpractices during litigation, delayed submission of
challans to the courts by public prosecutors, lopsided
and long duration of trials where the accused is
considered to be the favourite child of the court,
overcrowding of jails due to a large number of under-
trial prisoners, underdeveloped system of parole and
probation and capacity issues. These weaknesses,
especially capacity issues, are not restricted to any one
segment of the criminal justice system – all
components including law enforcement, judiciary and
corrections/prisons equally fall short.
The legal basis of the criminal justice system of
Pakistan includes the Criminal Procedure Act of 1898
(popularly known as the CrPC) and Pakistan Penal
Code 1860 which lay out the foundations, procedures
and functions of all components of the system starting
from reporting of the case to police, its trial by courts,
appeals and correction at jails. However, even though
amendments from time to time had been made in laws
to cater for changing needs, Islamize laws and keep
them up-to-date, the major shape is still the same.
Unfortunately, Pakistan’s system has failed to achieve
the wider objectives, that is why the Supreme Court
observed that “…people are losing faith in the
dispensation of criminal justice by ordinary criminal
courts for the reason that they either acquit the accused
persons on technical grounds or take a lenient view in
awarding sentences [4].” This has resulted more often
in people resorting to street justice and incidents
involving lynching of criminals by public which have
been reported by media a number of times [5].
 Owing to the above shortcomings, the whole system
of criminal justice is considered to be underperforming.
In the past, several attempts were made at amending the
legal framework to make the system efficient and
improve its efficiency and effectiveness but those were
largely in bits and pieces and were done half-heartedly,
not yielding any positive results [6].
To critically analyze the functioning and
interrelations of various components (police, courts,
prisons, etc.) and their correlation with each other, the
study will also focus on the weaknesses of the system
and coordinated efforts to improve efficiency.
The main objective of the research is to analyze the
flaws of the criminal justice system/criminal
prosecution system in Pakistan and to find effective
solutions to create an accessible, efficient and reliable
justice system in Pakistan. Moreover, this study aims
to analyze the issues concerning criminal prosecution,
exploitation by law enforcement agencies and the vast
problems existing in the lower courts of Pakistan. The
study will be carried out with a number of general and
specific objectives.
The specific objectives will be to:
(i) Critically analyze the working efficiency of each
component in terms of work assigned and disposed of
in a specific period of time; (ii) Correlation of these
components to one another in the efficient dispensation
of justice.
The general objectives will be to:
(i) Identify weaknesses of the system; (ii) Suggest
measures for improving the overall efficiency of the
criminal justice system.
The study will be limited to the aforementioned four
provinces of Pakistan and major components of the
criminal justice system i.e. police, judiciary and
prisons. Data from calendar year 2014 will be
used regarding all these components.
The nature of adversarial litigation is such that the
parties themselves are responsible for preparation and
presentation of their cases during interlocutory stages
at trial. The cases are decided on legal and factual
issues presented to the court while parties have
complete control in the matter of factual investigation
for that purpose. This necessarily means that the pace
at which proceedings are pursued is largely dictated by
the parties and the traditional role of the court is to
adjudicate when called upon to do so [7].
An analytical study of the criminal justice system of
Pakistan highlights its main lacunae and shortcomings
and provides viable recommendations so that a fair trial
could be ensured and radical changes for overhaul
could be enforced [8]. Review of literature that has
been carried includes a number of annual reports by
various monitoring agencies along with research
papers, journals, news items and books on the subject.
The following literature was chiefly consulted:
SA Rehman Law Commission examined the causes
of delays in civil and criminal litigation and
recommended the appropriate amendments in relevant
laws. The Commission, however, did not suggest any
radical change in the existing judicial system [9].
Justice Hamood ur Rehman Law Reform
Commission Report is a fairly comprehensive report on
the subject of delays in civil and criminal litigation. It
did not find any major fault with the existing legal
system. The report listed recommendations under three
categories namely legislative action, strict application
of existing laws/rules and administrative action. It
proposed for an increase in the number of judicial
officers and allied infrastructure to reduce the time in
disposal of cases [10].
Law Reform Committee Report recommendations
were given with respect to increase the number of
judges and provision of infrastructure to improve the
work of investigation and prosecution officers [11].
President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and
Administration of Justice’s Challenge of Crime in a
Free Society (1967) suggested a systematic approach to
criminal justice which improved coordination among
law enforcement, courts and correction agencies [12].
Criminal justice system reflects a commitment by
the society to prevent and control crime while dealing
justly with those accused of violating criminal law [13].
It is a system of people, politics and procedures that
interacts dynamically with agencies at all levels of
government and with the interests and values of society
at large [14].
A defense analyst has noted that, “The Police Order
of 2002 increased senior police posts by 300 per cent.
More than 15 percent of the police budget funds police
administrators in the form of a long chain of
supervisors above DSP (Deputy Superintendent
Police) level [15].”
A mix of primary and secondary data has been used
for the purpose of this study. Data related to the
registration of cases by the police was collected from
the respective Central Police Offices of the provinces
and data about the disposal of criminal cases by district
judiciary, high courts and supreme court was collected
from Judicial Statistics of Pakistan for the year 2014.
Percentage analysis was used as the primary tool of
data analysis. Percentage change – between the work
assigned, disposed of and pending – has been the
criterion to assess the output.
This paper consists of three main parts i.e. role of
police, role of Judiciary and role of jails/prison
departments in the criminal justice system.
Furthermore the strong and weak areas will be
identified accordingly with conclusion and
recommendations.
Role of Police
 The police has been entrusted under law to protect
the life and property of citizens of the country. Criminal
Procedure Code and Police Order 2002 provide
necessary legal cover to the police to perform this
function and bring criminals to book.
Police is the first and foremost component of the
criminal justice system. Persons aggrieved of
highhandedness approach the police for legal
protection and redressal of grievances. This forms the
basis of criminal action and the foundation of criminal
justice system.
Registration of FIR: Criminal justice begins with a
First Information Report (FIR) at a police station. It has
been observed and usually complained about that
police avoids registering the crime when reported and
usually delays the registration of FIR. The delay in
registration of FIR is due to a number of reasons, the
foremost being non-willingness on the part of police as
it will reflect badly on their performance. Other reasons
may include extraneous pressures and corruption. The
second stage is apprehension or arrest. The law requires
any person taken into police custody to be presented
before a court within 24 hours, with the magistrate then
determining whether, prima facie, there are grounds for
a case. This process, more often than not, is honoured.
Magistrates commonly order a
remand without even seeing the accused. Moreover,
when judges do not remand the accused, the police
often re-arrest him or her. By law, the accused cannot
be in police custody for more than fourteen days,
although courts typically grant extensions on the
grounds that the police need more time to recover
evidence. Meanwhile, the police are said to torture the
accused to get a confession.
To provide relief to general public in the registration
of FIRs and to counter delays, an amendment was made
in CrPC and justices-ofpeace were introduced by
inserting a new section 22 A & B. Delay in registration
of FIRs, non-registration of FIRs and the powers of
justice-of-peace are dealt with under the said section.
However, the police still have to register the FIR as
justice-of-peace can only pass an administrative order
to the concerned Station House Officer (SHO) for
registration of FIR. No separate register for registration
of such FIRs has been prescribed. If the same is
prescribed, a problem will arise as to who would carry
out the investigation and submit challan to the court,
the police or the justice-of-peace?
It has also been observed that after the introduction
of section 22A and B, the number of false FIRs has
increased as the FIRs which were usually not registered
by the local police on suspicion of being false and
fabricated, are now ordered under 22A of CrPC by the
concerned justice-of-peace directing local police to
register the same. This has largely been misused.
Investigation: This is the second most important
function performed by the police. After the registration
of FIR the matter is assigned to a police officer for
investigation. Investigation is carried out under the
procedure given in CrPC as well as the guidelines given
in Chapter 25 of the Police Rules 1934.
Investigation is the process of collection of
evidence to establish the commission of any offence
and the roles played by individuals in commission of
those offences. Once evidence is collected and grounds
of involvement or innocence of the accused are
established, the investigating officer (IO) prepares
challan for submission to the court. CrPC provides
powers to the investigating officer to acquit any
accused against whom no evidence of involvement is
found under section 169 but this practice is usually
disliked by the courts and they insist that the police
should challan them under Column No.2 of the challan.
This causes delay in justice and puts the falsely
implicated persons under undue torture and delay in
getting relief and being discharged. All accused against
whom no evidence is received should be released by
the police.
Quality of investigation by police and timely
completion of investigation is of vital importance for
the dispensation of justice and effective operation of
the criminal justice system. Under the law,
investigation officer is bound to submit challan in 17
days before the court. As it is practically not possible
to collect all of the evidence in such short time, interim
challans are submitted in this period and investigations
at times take months to complete.
FIGURE I – Police Work Load 2014
Figure I depicts the registration of FIRs by various
provinces and the challans submitted. It is clear that the
maximum number of FIRs was registered in Punjab
whereas Khyber Pakhtunkhwa police was able to send
the maximum number of registered cases to court.
During the year 2014, a total of 612,385 FIRs were
registered by the four provinces’ police. This is the
number of crimes that has been registered by police.
The actual number of crimes reported to the police is
higher than this as there is a tendency that not all of the
crimes reported to the police get registered. Similarly
there are also some instances where crimes are not
reported to police at all.
 Police submitted almost 80% of the cases to court
after investigation and at the end of the year only 27%
of the cases were pending for investigation with the
police. The detailed breakup province-wise is given in
Figure I.
It is evident from the data of the year 2014 that a
total of 612385 FIRs were registered by the police all
over Pakistan out of which almost 3% were cancelled
for being false or lacking evidence and 52% were
challaned and sent to courts.
The cases under investigation come to around 4%.
We can safely infer from this data that police has
completed almost 97% of the work assigned during this
period. This analysis is purely on the quantity of work
disposed of and not on the quality of investigations.
FIGURE II: Annual Police Workload Country-
Wide
Reforms in Police System: Much has been talked
about reforms in the police system but all of these are
cosmetic. No real focus has been made on the root
causes of the problems. Mere amendment in laws will
not yield the desired results.
Police powers under s.54 and 169 CrPC are largely
criticized by the judiciary for their misuse by the police.
Law has given powers to police officers which they
should exercise in a transparent manner and in the
interests of justice. An SHO has been been given
powers of bail but these are not exercised in ordinary
circumstances. The application of law and the use of
powers of bail by an SHO should be without fear or
favor as it will be the first level of redressal or relief to
any accused against whom a false FIR has been
registered. It should rather be made mandatory that any
person against whom
an FIR has been registered should be accorded the
facility of bail as soon as he or she reports at the
concerned police station while investigation on him or
her should be conducted in the same manner as of any
other person on bail before arrest.
Police stations are also inadequately equipped,
sometimes even lacking proper premises. Police
budgets do not cover individual stations. Instead,
allocations for arms and ammunition, transport,
maintenance, stationery and other necessary items are
centralized in provincial police budgets and then
distributed to stations. Many stations do not have their
basic requirements met and their monthly expenditures
outpace their allocations. Most stations are selffinanced
to a significant extent. For example, police may pay for
their own stationery and maintenance of vehicles,
including petrol. The SHO becomes beholden to others
because he or she is relying on them to provide the
station with vehicles, equipment, and so on, to be able
to carry out their jobs. The SHO is similarly beholden
to superiors who often interfere in the business of
police stations on behalf of outsiders, including
intelligence officials. The Police Order 2002 made the
force even more top-heavy, further weakening police
stations’ operational independence and efficacy.
Role of Judiciary
Pakistan’s courts and prisons are overburdened. At
the start of 2014, excluding those before special courts
and administrative tribunals, there were more than
138,296 cases pending in the superior courts, including
the Supreme Court and provincial High Courts, and
more than 2.6 million with the subordinate judiciary.
Police, lawyers and judges agree that the number of
courts needs to be doubled at a minimum [16]. Staffing
those courts will be an even more crucial task. Around
900 magistrates with civil and criminal jurisdiction for
a population of roughly 160 million handle around 75
per cent of all criminal cases [17]. While there have
been some improvements in recruitment and salaries,
with the Punjab government for example tripling
judicial officers’ salaries, the benefits are not visible
yet and trained judges are scarce.
There is the Supreme Court with its principal seat in
Islamabad, High courts in all provinces and sessions
courts in each district of the province headed by
sessions judges who deal with criminal cases. Then
there are further subordinate courts of additional
sessions judges and judicial magistrates.
Criminal cases punishable with death and life
imprisonment as well as cases arising out of the
enforcement of laws relating to Hudood are tried by
sessions judges. Offences not punishable with death or
life imprisonment are tried by judicial magistrates.
An appeal against the sentence passed by a sessions
judge lies to the High Court and against the sentence
passed by a judicial magistrate, a special judicial
magistrate or a special magistrate to the sessions judge
if the term of sentence is up to four years, otherwise to
the High Court.
Trial Stage: Trials are carried out at district levels
where subordinate judiciary undertakes the same.
There is a rampant delay in deciding cases and it is
owing to this delay in framing charges, recording
evidence, examining witnesses and other delaying
tactics used by lawyers for ulterior motives, that derail
due process for the benefit of the accused. There is no
fixed time-frame for the completion of trial in criminal
cases.
 FIGURE III: Annual District Judiciary Work Load
Province Wise Year 2014
Province wise breakup of disposal of work by the
district judiciary is given in Figure III.
FIGURE IV: Annual District Judiciary Work Load
Year 2014
The highest pendency brought forward was 29% in
the district courts of Sindh. The highest disposal of
cases was 79.9% carried out by the district courts of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa followed by 79.8% by the
district courts of Balochistan. The least disposal of
cases was by the district judiciary of Punjab.
A total of 2,160,752 cases were placed before the
trial courts during the year 2014. Out of these 592,964
had been brought forward from the previous year 2013.
The total cases disposed of during the year were
1,495,783 which were 35% of the total cases for the
year 2014. The cases pending were about 14% of the
total. It is pertinent to mention that a bulk of cases, that
is 37% is instituted during the year. The balance
brought forward and left at the end of the year is almost
same which shows that the level of pendency is not
decreasing rather it is increasing at a constant rate. This
is alarming and needs special attention and efforts to
tackle otherwise it will keep on increasing and will
defeat the actual rate of disposal severely. This also
highlights that cases are delayed for over one year. The
reason as highlighted earlier is the huge burden of cases
per judge.
High Courts: There are four High Courts in the
country with principal seats in all the provincial
headquarters. The cases instituted by the High Courts
and their disposal are shown in FIGURE V below.
FIGURE V: Annual Workload of High Courts
Province-Wise Year 2014
The highest pendency brought forward from the
previous year was in Sindh High Court. Peshawar High
court was the most efficient in disposal of assigned
work as it had disposed off almost 63% of the cases
followed by Lahore High court with 59.5% disposal
rate. The minimum disposal of cases during the year
was of Sindh High Court as reflected in the figure.
The pie-chart shows the collective disposal rate of
all High Courts of the four provinces, which comes to
27% of the cases (instituted and brought forward) at the
beginning of year 2014. 22% pendency was brought
forward and at the end of year 2014, it rose to 23%.
This situation is not very satisfactory.
FIGURE VI: Annual Workload of High Courts
Case-Wise Year 2014
Supreme Court: The delay at Supreme Court level
is not only phenomenal but also causing an increasing
backlog. There is a proverb that “justice delayed is
justice denied”. In a recent case of Khawaja Mazhar
Inayat, the accused who was convicted in a murder case
in 1997 by the lower judiciary, was exonerated of the
charges being false by the Supreme Court after almost
20 years of that conviction. It transpired later that the
said accused had died of a cardiac arrest two years
earlier (in 2014) in District Jail Jhelum.
A total of 10,730 criminal cases were placed before
the Supreme Court of Pakistan during the year 2014.
Out of these 5,379 were instituted during the year 2014.
5,320 cases were disposed off during the year 2014,
which comes to around 49.5% and the balance left
behind is about 5210 cases, that is almost 48.55%. It is
pertinent to note that the pendency brought forward
was 49.8%. Accordingly, the pendency brought
forward and disposal is almost at the same rate.
FIGURE VII: Annual Work Load of Supreme
Court of Pakistan in the year 2014
Figure VII clearly shows that the pendency brought
forward is almost equal to the disposal. The remaining
balance is almost equal to what the Supreme Court
started with at the beginning of the year. There is a need
for the ratio of disposal of cases by Supreme Court to
be higher than the cases instituted or pending, only that
way it will be able to clear the pendency otherwise the
level of pendency will remain the same.
Prosecutors: The decision to take a case to trial
ultimately rests with the prosecutor. While the courts,
prisons and police represent the public face of the
justice system, the relatively small prosecution services
have lesser needs for elaborate infrastructure than the
other three. Nevertheless, they form the core of the
criminal justice
system and their effectiveness determines the
effectiveness of the system. Until 2002, prosecution
services were part of the police. Each provincial force
maintained its own prosecution wing, comprising of
law graduates of the rank of sub-inspector, inspector or
deputy superintendent. The Police Order 2002
separated prosecution services from police, bringing
them under the Law Department. Between 2003 and
2006, all four provinces passed a Criminal Prosecution
Service Act to establish “an independent, effective and
efficient service for prosecution of criminal cases, for
better coordination in the criminal justice system of the
province” [18]. A Prosecutor General heads each
provincial service, appointed by the provincial
government. Below him or her are Additional
Prosecutors General, Deputy Prosecutors General and
Assistant Prosecutors General – there are District
Public Prosecutors, Deputy District Public Prosecutors
and Assistant District Public Prosecutors at the district
level. Separating police and prosecution was overdue,
but the newly established service faces major
difficulties. Inducting recruits with criminal law
expertise remains a major challenge, particularly as the
prosecution services have yet to develop their
institutional identity. “Prosecutors with only three or
four years of experience are serving as District
Attorneys or Assistant District Attorneys,” said a
former Inspector General (IG) Punjab [19]. A former
Supreme Court Chief Justice added that, “To separate
prosecution from the police, you need to properly fund
it and equip it with a competent lawyer. That has not
happened.”
Since no data was available as to how much work
had been assigned per year to prosecutors, parole and
probation officers, no analysis as to their work assigned
and disposed of in a year was carried out.
Role of Prisons
Prisons are overcrowded, with prisoners on trial
accounting for more than 80 percent of the prison
population. Only 27,000 of the country’s roughly
81,000 prisoners have been convicted. In early 2010, a
major prison in Lahore, with a capacity for 1,050 held
4,651 prisoners. There has been some improvement in
recent years. In August 2008, for instance, Sindh’s
prison population was over 20,000; by September 2010
Sindh’s prisons held 18,234 prisoners but still
significantly above the prison capacity of 9,541 and
with only 2,641 convicts [20]. Prison resources, which
would be inadequate even for a smaller prison
population, are overstretched. A Sindh provincial
minister told the Sindh Assembly that the government
had only 155 vans to bring more than 13,000 prisoners
to courts and that is why prisoners are seldom
transported to courts on the date of their hearing. “It
seems to take more time to bring a person to court than
to actually dispose of the case,” said a former Sindh
Advocate General. Conditions are abysmal and
prisoners’ rights are regularly violated, for example,
remand prisoners are assigned to labourious work in
contravention of the law.
This huge prison population also poses serious
security implications – law enforcement officials refer
to prisons as the ‘think-tanks’ of militant groups, where
networks are established and operations are planned,
facilitated by the availability of mobile phones and a
generally permissive environment. Prisons have thus
become major venues of jihadi recruitment and
activity.
There have been a few sustained efforts to address
overcrowding and the conditions of prisoners under-
trial, and to even implement existing codes and
procedures. In 1972, Pakistan’s first elected
government led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s People’s
Party, introduced a reforms-package aimed at
improving delivery of justice and provision of relief for
prisoners through bail. According to Section 426 (I-A)
of the CrPC:
An appellate court shall, unless for reasons to be
recorded in writing it otherwise directs, order a
convicted person to be released on bail who has been
sentenced
a) to imprisonment for a period not exceeding three
years and whose appeal has not been decided within a
period of six months of conviction;
 b) to imprisonment for a period exceeding three
years but not exceeding seven years and whose appeal
has not been decided within a period of one year of
conviction.
The prisons are overcrowded, most of them with
prisoners undertrial. The total capacity of all prisons in
four provinces is 50,709. However, prisoners housed at
present in these prisons are 80,089 which is almost 158
percent of the existing capacity. The highest percentage
is that of under-trial prisoners, which accounts for 149
percent.
Table I: BUILT CAPACITY AND CURRENT
POPULATION OF PRISONS IN PAKISTAN
Probation: Probation is the judicial action that
allows the offender to remain in the community,
subject to conditions imposed by court order, under the
supervision of a probation officer. It enables the
offender to continue working while avoiding the pains
of imprisonment. In developed countries, social
services are provided to help the offender adjust in the
community – counselling, assistance from social
workers and group treatments as well as the use of
community resources to obtain employment, welfare
and housing, etc. are offered to the offender while on
probation. In some countries community-based
correctional centers have been established for first-time
offenders where they live while keeping their jobs or
obtaining education [21].
Parole: The parole system in our country is not
much established. In other developed countries the
convicted are selected for early release on the condition
that they obey a set of restrictive behavioral rules under
the supervision of a parole officer. The main purpose
of early release is to help the ex-inmate bridge the gap
between institutional confinement and positive
adjustment within the community [22].
After their release offenders are supervised by
parole authorities who also help them find jobs, deal
with family and social difficulties and gain treatment
for emotional or substance abuse problems. If the
offender violates the conditions of community
supervision, parole may be revoked and that person
may be sent back to jail for completion of his or her
remaining term [23]. A system of remissions is in
practice whereby a remission/reduction in sentence is
granted keeping in view the good behavior of the
convict and the nature of crime committed by him or
her.
The criminal justice system of Pakistan is not
performing according to the wishes and expectations of
the public and the values of
society. Dispensation of justice gets delayed in the
process of registration of FIRs by police, poor quality
of investigations, long duration of trials, poor
prosecution, overcrowded jails, rampant corruption
among all departments dispensing justice, lack of
infrastructure facilities for police, courts, prosecutors
and jails to adequately and properly meet workload and
the absence of a conducive work environment. This is
resulting in constant increase in pendency and poor
disposal ratio.
Recommendations:
The following recommendations are proposed for
the improvement of criminal justice system:
1. The Criminal Procedure Code needs to be
redrafted and amended with specific reference to police
responsibilities and powers for:
a. Registration of FIR Section 154. Redesigning
business procedure for simplified registration of FIR.
b. Police powers to release accused during course of
investigation if no evidence found under Section 169.
c. Repealing section 22A and B relating to justice-of-
peace for the purposes of registration of FIR. d.
Redesigning the form for submission of challan under
s.173 and the time-frame for submission of challan. e.
Fixation of time-frame to conclude trial by the courts
once challan is submitted by police.
2. Amendments in Qanoon-e-Shahadat Ordinance
should be made by:
a. Including confession before a police officer as
admissible evidence. b. Giving more weightage to
circumstantial evidence as compared to eye-witness
account.
3. All offences to be made cognizable and the
distinction of cognizable and non-cognizable to be
abolished.
4. Registering FIR by police and amending law to
provide for FIR should not be the basis for the arrest of
any accused. Arrest can be made based on warrants
duly issued by the court after examination of evidence
produced by the police.
5. The importance of police stations in maintaining
computerized records of all FIRs cannot be over-
emphasized. It is necessary to devise a process for
citizens to check the status of their FIRs and complain
to the proper authority in case of neglect. Online
computerization of the registration of FIRs, criminal
investigation and court proceedings, along with jail
authorities maintaining proper coordination among all
components of the criminal justice system will improve
transparency and reduce delays.
6. A monthly progress review should be made on
district as well as provincial level by the Deputy
Commissioners/ DCOs and Chief Secretary to assess
the working performance of all the components of
criminal justice system.
 7. All provincial High Courts and district courts be
made accountable for their performance to the
government, as there is often a gross misuse of the term
‘independence of judiciary’ by the judiciary itself to
ridicule other government institutions, for personal
gains and satisfaction of egos. Since judiciary is being
financed by taxpayers’ money, they should also be held
accountable to the public and the state, through an
independent system as well as through internal checks.
8. Infrastructure development is necessary at police
station level as well as trial-court level.
9. The cost of investigations should be realistically
calculated and budgeted accordingly.
10. Production of witnesses from both prosecution
and defense sides should be ensured and the process of
serving should be updated electronically by developing
a mechanism to record their evidence in one sitting.
11. Ongoing empowerment and capacity building of
police, judiciary and jail staff for timely and efficient
dispensation of justice and quick disposal of cases must
be ensured.
12. Human resources must be enhanced i.e. the
number of investigation officers and judicial officers,
in order to conduct trials more efficiently and reduce
pendency of cases under trial.
13. Video-conferencing should be encouraged to Probation
save the time and cost of travel otherwise carried out to The Probation of Offenders Ordinance (1960), was
physically produce the accused before court from the promulgated by the President of Pakistan to cater to the
police station or jail. needs of first-time offenders who can be rehabilitated
14. Establishment of separate prisons for under-trial under the supervision and proper guidance of the
and convicted prisoners and a more organized system probation officer without being sent to prison. In the
of probation and parole to reduce the burden on words of Ahuja Ram(1979), probation is the
existing jails should be ensured. postponement of final judgment or sentence in a
criminal case, giving the offender an opportunity to
-------------------------------------------------------------
improve his or her conduct, often on conditions
imposed by the court and under the 1 guidance and
supervision of an officer of the court. Probation can be
considered as a formative and flexible program for the
first-time offender because it overcomes rigidity of
imprisonment.
An analysis of the definition of probation reveals
that its basic elements are:
 a postponement of sentence;
 a period of re-socialisation for the criminal
in the community;
 the criminal's observance of the conditions
imposed by the court,
 and the supervision of the criminal by the
probation officer.
Correctional and legal scientists like Panakal J.J and
Madhava N.R (1984) think that the concept of
probation be shifted entirely form that of the suspended
sentence so that the corrective and rehabilitative
functions of probation will be emphasized.
 The original aim of probation, as Srivastava, S.
(1970) states, is “to advise, 3 assist and befriend”
criminals whom the court decides to release on
probation. It has widened greatly to include
preparation for economic and social activity. Probation
is based on the belief that encouragement must be given
to the criminal not only to be a law-abiding citizens but
also to contribute to the development of the local
community and society.
Instead of indiscriminate imprisonment, the
criminal is released for correctional treatment in the
community. This community treatment is, in lieu of
imprisonment, which is suspended by giving a chance
to the criminal, to restrain and re-educate the
probationer. Probation, therefore, attaches great value
the influence of the home- and social environment.
. Probation is correctional treatment aimed at
reshaping the personality of a criminal. It, therefore, is
helping the criminal to reshape himself. A fully
rehabilitated person is capable of effectively evaluating
his or her actions. More importantly, one is able to
organize one's life, predict future events, and explain
one's actions or conjecture about what will happen
under various courses of action.
“Probation is a method of correctional process for
the guidance and treatment of the criminal and his
family, the discovery and correction of the criminal's
personality and character and criminogenic
environment, with the help of the resources of the
community.”
Probation Procedures
The Probation of Offenders Ordinance (1960),
Section 5
empowers Judiciary/courts to place certain
offenders on probation not more than 3 years who are
eligible for release on probation. After release of
offenders on probation, the Reclamation and Probation
(R&P) department in the province is to supervise,
monitor and rehabilitate them in community. Probation
and parole officer plays the key role in the whole
process of probation system from release of offenders
to successful rehabilitation. The Courts empowered to
release offenders on probation
 High Court
 Sessions Court
 Judicial Magistrate 1st class
 Any other Magistrate specially empowered
in this regard
 Determination of offender's suitability for
release on probation entirely rests with the
judiciary
Social Investigation Report (SIR)
After hearing the arguments of the prosecution
and the defence, if the Court feels the case fit for
probation, then it orders the Probation Officer to
submit SIR that includes the following
information about the offender likely to be
released on probation Character, Antecedents
,Commission and nature of offence, Home
surroundings and other circumstances
Functions of the Probation Officer
The Probation of Offenders Ordinance (1960),
Section 10 describes the duties of Probation
Officer after release of offender on probation:
 Explain to every probationer placed
under his charge, the terms and
conditions of the Probation order made
in respect of such probationer, and if so
deemed necessary, by warnings,
endeavour to ensure their observance by
the probationer;
 In the first two months of probation of
every probationer under his charge,
meet the probationer at least once in a
fortnight, and thereafter, subject to the
provisions of the Officer in Charge,
keep in close touch with the probationer,
meet him frequently, make enquiries
into his conduct, mode of life and
environments, and wherever
practicable, visit his home from time to
time;
 If any probationer under his charge be
out of employment, endeavour to find
suitable employment for him and assist,
befriend, advise and strive to improve
his conduct and general conditions of
living;
 Encourage every probationer placed
under his supervision to make use of any
recognized agency, statutory or
voluntary, which might contribute
towards his welfare and general well-
being, and to take advantage of the
social, recreational and educational
facilities which such agencies might
provide;
 Where a probationer under his
supervision, who has executed a bond,
with sureties under section 5, is found to
have committed any breach of the terms
of his bond, or to have otherwise
misconducted himself, to bring such
breach or misconduct to the notice of his
sureties;
 Maintain the books and registers and
submit reports prescribed under these
rules;
  Subject to the provisions of these rules;
carry out the instructions of the Court in
regard to any probationer placed by the
Court under his supervision.
Parole
Parole refers to the early release of good conduct
prisoners or offenders who have completed mandatory
period of substantive sentence as required under the
good conduct Prisoner's Probational release Act, 1926
and Rules 1927 that provide for release of good
prisoners on conditions imposed by the government.
This is commonly known as conditional release or
Parole release.
Parole Procedures
Good Conduct Prisoners' Probation Release Act,
(1926) empowers the Executive (Home Secretary) of
the province to release certain offenders on parole who
are eligible to be released on parole. This is commonly
known as conditional release on parole. This act
provides the release of chance offenders with good
antecedents and prison record with a view to remove
them from the society of hardened criminals in jails.
They are to be engaged in suitable environments under
the supervision of Parole officer of the R&P
department in their respective province. The parolees
are employed with approved employers of R&P
department on fixed wages and under specific terms
and conditions.
Selection of Prisoners eligible for Parole Release
The cases of prisoners who are likely to be released
on parole may be taken up by the Assistant Director
R&P department in the following ways
 On application of the prisoner
 On application of the relative or friend
of the prisoner
 On recommendation of the
Superintendent of jail
 The Assistant Director and Parole
Officer visit jail for selection of prisoner
suitability to be released on parole
Functions of the Parole Officer
 Supervision and rehabilitation of
offenders placed on Parole
 Visit jails and arranges interview of
good conduct prisoners with the
Assistant Director R&P department
 Consult history tickets, remission
sheets, warrants etc of prisoners
 Assists Prison administration in
preparation of rolls of selected prisoners
for parole release
 Receive prisoners on parole, finds their
suitable employment, solve problems.
 Periodically pay visits to parolees,
collect wages and submit reports to the
Assistant Director R&P about parole
work and process any complaint
 the duties of Parole officers are
assigned to Probation officers in many
districts of Pakistan as there is shortage
of Parole staff in R&P department of
each province.
Background of Probation and Parole System
In primitive times, each individual dealt with
wrongs, done to him, as he perceived appropriate. In
taking personal revenge, the retaliation, being
unrestrained, frequently went for beyond the original
wrong. Later, attempts were made to limit the
retaliation to the extent of injury. This was the intent
of the ancient Judaic of 'eye for an eye and a tooth for
a tooth'. It was an injunction against inflicting another
more injury than one had received. Fitzgerald, P.J.
(1998) says that as a part of deterrent theory of crime
prevention, prison houses were made to keep the 5
criminal away from the society. Aulakh, Abdul
Majeed (1987) states that the Romans also used
dungeons and basements to confine Under-Trial
prisoners 6 accused of crime. These Prison houses in
U.S.A., Brittan and European countries th th during 17
to late 19 centuries remained Penitentiaries; the places
to penitate by 7 professing before God to attain spiritual
rehabilitation. The purpose of th imprisonment, prior
to 20 century was to punish the criminals on the basis
of retributive, deterrent or punitive Justice System.
Whether the criminal was reformed or not during the
time in prison was not the issue; what was important
was that the offender could not commit crimes again.
Prisons are considered to be factories of crime. High
prison population numbers, as Garland (2001) states,
bring with them poorer conditions of hygiene, poorer
sanitation arrangements, less time for outdoor exercise,
insufficient bedding and clothing, insufficient nutrition
and health care, more tension, more violence 9 between
prisoners, more violence against staff and more
suicides. According to UNAFEI, Tokyo report
(2003), high and growing prison population sizes lead
to overcrowding. Overcrowded prisons are a breach of
United Nations and other international standards,
which require that all prisoners shall be treated with the
respect due to their inherent dignity and value as
human beings, which includes being accorded a
reasonable amount of space.
In the USA (1994), 79 percent of a national sample
shows the statement that society would be better
served if non-violent offenders were not jailed but were
put to work and made to repay their victims, over the
assertion that violent criminals must be kept in jail
because allowing them out represents too great a risk to
society.
In another survey, 64 percent of the respondents
indicated that most violent 10 12 offenders could be
rehabilitated if given the right rehabilitation program.
One of the major transformations in the European
Criminal Justice systems from the 70s onwards has
been the growth of the rehabilitation justice
movement and the increased interest in informal
conflict resolution schemes, such as victim offender
mediation and community based reformation of
offender (Probation and parole system). This change
has global dimensions, well known to Asian and
African countries.
The Purposes of Community-Based Alternatives to
Prison (Probation and Parole System)
United Nation institute for crime prevention
(UNAFEI) has clearly stated the purposes of
community-based alternatives among which are:
 To reduce overcrowding in prisons and
prevent escalation of detention costs;
 To ensure public safety and security
through effective supervision and control
over offenders who serve their sentences in
the community;
 To prevent or reduce offender
stigmatisation;
 To enhance rehabilitation and reintegration
of offenders into the community in order to
strengthen their ability to live peacefully
with other in the community setting;
 To permit the offender to contribute
towards his or her family in particular and
to society by working instead of being
confined in prison or jail;
 To avoid the risks of family break-up due to
separation during incarceration;
 To avoid an escalation in deviant behaviour
when new offenders are mixed with
hardened criminals;
 To monitor and supervise offenders in order
to ensure compliance with court- ordered
conditions and programme requirements.
Benefits
There are many advantages of Community-based
Alternatives to Prison (Probation and Parole System):
 To achieve the reformative and preventive
aim of sentencing as a form of soft
punishment
 To avoid offender stigmatisation
 To reduce prison overcrowding(180% in
Pakistan) and prevent escalation of
detention costs
 To allow the offender to contribute to
his/her family in particular and society
instead of being confined in prison
 To avoid the break-up of family institution
as a result of being in jail
 To retain their employment and contribute
to the economic mainstream of the country
 To avoid the raw/chance offenders from the
company of hardened criminal in prison
 To enhance rehabilitation and reintegration
of offenders into community
Legislative Provisions
Before the partition of the Indian Sub-Continent in
1947, the Government of the Punjab passed the Good
Conduct Prisoners probation Released Act (1926). It
provided protection as well as guidance to the prisoner
for his readjustment and rehabilitation in free life. This
system worked well and was adopted by the
Government of West Pakistan in 1957.
After independence, Pakistan tried to incorporate
the concept of probation for juveniles in the Punjab
Children Act 1952, the Punjab Youthful Offenders Act
1952 and the Sind Children Act 1955. The first two
were never enforced and the latter was implemented in
two Divisions only after a gap on 19 years.
Pakistan has following enactments for operation of
probation and parole institutions as well as regulation
of non-institutional treatment of young offenders under
Reclamation Manual:
 Reformatory Schools Act 1897
 The Criminal Procedure Code(CrPC), 1898
 Punjab Borstal Act 1926;
 Good Conduct Prisoners' Probation
Release Act, 1926
 Punjab Youthful Offenders' Ordinance,
1983
 Sind Children Act, 1955;
 Probation of Offenders Ordinance, 1960
 Juvenile Justice System Ordinance, 2000,
Law, Justice and Human Rights division
Islamabad. The 1st July. 2000

 parenthetical phrase or statement at the end of a
sentence is punctuated outside of the closing
parenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical sentence
is punctuated within the parentheses.)
 A graph within a graph is an “inset”, not an
“insert”. The word alternatively is preferred to
the word “alternately” (unless you really mean
something that alternates).
 Do not use the word “essentially” to mean
“approximately” or “effectively”.
 In your paper title, if the words “that uses” can
accurately replace the word “using”, capitalize
the “u”; if not, keep using lower-cased.
 Be aware of the different meanings of the
homophones “affect” and “effect”,
“complement” and “compliment”, “discreet” and
“discrete”, “principal” and “principle”.
 Do not confuse “imply” and “infer”.
 The prefix “non” is not a word; it should be
joined to the word it modifies, usually without a
hyphen.
 There is no period after the “et” in the Latin
abbreviation “et al.”.
 The abbreviation “i.e.” means “that is”, and the
abbreviation “e.g.” means “for example”.
An excellent style manual for science writers is [7].
USING THE TEMPLATE
III.
After the text edit has been completed, the paper is
ready for the template. Duplicate the template file by
using the Save As command, and use the naming
convention prescribed by your conference for the name
of your paper. In this newly created file, highlight all of
the contents and import your prepared text file. You are
now ready to style your paper; use the scroll down
window on the left of the MS Word Formatting toolbar.
A. Authors and Affiliations
The template is designed for, but not limited to,
six authors. A minimum of one author is required for
all conference articles. Author names should be listed
starting from left to right and then moving down to the
next line. This is the author sequence that will be used
in future citations and by indexing services. Names
should not be listed in columns nor group by affiliation.
Please keep your affiliations as succinct as possible (for
example, do not differentiate among departments of the
same organization).
1) For papers with more than six authors: Add
author names horizontally, moving to a third row if
needed for more than 8 authors.
2) For papers with less than six authors: To change
the default, adjust the template as follows.
a) Selection: Highlight all author and affiliation
lines.
b) Change number of columns: Select the
Columns icon from the MS Word Standard toolbar and
then select the correct number of columns from the
selection palette.
c) Deletion: Delete the author and affiliation lines
for the extra authors.
B. Identify the Headings
Headings, or heads, are organizational devices that
guide the reader through your paper. There are two
types: component heads and text heads.
 Component heads identify the different components
of your paper and are not topically subordinate to each
other. Examples include Acknowledgments and
References and, for these, the correct style to use is
“Heading 5”. Use “figure caption” for your Figure
captions, and “table head” for your table title. Run-in
heads, such as “Abstract”, will require you to apply a
style (in this case, italic) in addition to the style
provided by the drop down menu to differentiate the
head from the text.
Text heads organize the topics on a relational,
hierarchical basis. For example, the paper title is the
primary text head because all subsequent material
relates and elaborates on this one topic. If there are two
or more sub-topics, the next level head (uppercase
Roman numerals) should be used and, conversely, if
there are not at least two sub-topics, then no subheads
should be introduced. Styles named “Heading 1”,
“Heading 2”, “Heading 3”, and “Heading 4” are
prescribed.
C. Figures and Tables
a) Positioning Figures and Tables: Place figures
and tables at the top and bottom of columns. Avoid
placing them in the middle of columns. Large figures
and tables may span across both columns. Figure
captions should be below the figures; table heads
should appear above the tables. Insert figures and
tables after they are cited in the text. Use the
abbreviation “Fig. 1”, even at the beginning of a
sentence.
TABLE I. TABLE TYPE STYLES
Tabl Table Column Head
e Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529–551, April 1955.
Table column Subhe Subhe
Hea
subhead ad ad
d Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon,
copy More table copya
Sample of a Table footnote. (Table footnote)
a.
Fig. 1. Example of a figure caption. (figure caption)
Figure Labels: Use 8 point Times New Roman for
Figure labels. Use words rather than symbols or
abbreviations when writing Figure axis labels to avoid
confusing the reader. As an example, write the quantity
“Magnetization”, or “Magnetization, M”, not just “M”.
If including units in the label, present them within
parentheses. Do not label axes only with units. In the
example, write “Magnetization (A/m)” or
“Magnetization {A[m(1)]}”, not just “A/m”. Do not
label axes with a ratio of quantities and units. For
example, write “Temperature (K)”, not
“Temperature/K”.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT (Heading 5)
The preferred spelling of the word
“acknowledgment” in America is without an “e” after
the “g”. Avoid the stilted expression “one of us (R. B.
G.) thanks ...”. Instead, try “R. B. G. thanks...”. Put
sponsor acknowledgments in the unnumbered footnote
on the first page.
REFERENCES
The template will number citations consecutively
within brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows
the bracket [2]. Refer simply to the reference number,
as in [3]—do not use “Ref. [3]” or “reference [3]”
except at the beginning of a sentence: “Reference [3]
was the first ...”
Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place
the actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which
it was cited. Do not put footnotes in the abstract or
reference list. Use letters for table footnotes.
Unless there are six authors or more give all authors’
names; do not use “et al.”. Papers that have not been
published, even if they have been submitted for
publication, should be cited as “unpublished” [4].
Papers that have been accepted for publication should
be cited as “in press” [5]. Capitalize only the first word
in a paper title, except for proper nouns and element
symbols.
For papers published in translation journals, please
give the English citation first, followed by the original
foreign-language citation [6].
[1] G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, “On certain
integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel type involving
products of Bessel functions,” Phil. Trans. Roy.
(references)
J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and
[2]
1892, pp.68–73.
[3] I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, “Fine particles, thin
films and exchange anisotropy,” in Magnetism,
vol. III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New York:
Academic, 1963, pp. 271–350.
[4] K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished.
[5] R. Nicole, “Title of paper with only first word
capitalized,” J. Name Stand. Abbrev., in press.
[6] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa,
“Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical
media and plastic substrate interface,” IEEE
Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740–741,
August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics
Japan, p. 301, 1982].
[7] M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook.
Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.
IEEE conference templates contain guidance text
for composing and formatting conference
papers. Please ensure that all template text is
removed from your conference paper prior to
submission to the conference. Failure to
remove template text from your paper may
result in your paper not being published.
 We suggest that you use a text box to insert a graphic
(which is ideally a 300 dpi TIFF or EPS file, with all fonts
embedded) because, in an MSW document, this method is
somewhat more stable than directly inserting a picture.
To have non-visible rules on your frame, use the
MSWord “Format” pull-down menu, select Text Box >
Colors and Lines to choose No Fill and No Line.