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Maxi Trial
The Maxi Trial (Italian: Maxiprocesso) was a
criminal trial against the Sicilian Mafia that took place in
Palermo, Sicily. The trial lasted from 10 February 1986
(the first day of the Corte d'Assise) to 30 January 1992
(the final day of the Supreme Court of Cassation), and
was held in a bunker-style courthouse specially
constructed for this purpose inside the walls of the
Ucciardone prison.

Sicilian prosecutors indicted 475 mafiosi for a multitude

of crimes relating to Mafia activities, based primarily on
testimonies given as evidence from former Mafia bosses
turned informants, known as pentiti, in particular A hearing of the Maxi Trial
Tommaso Buscetta and Salvatore Contorno. Most were
convicted, 338 people, sentenced to a total of 2,665
years, not including life sentences handed to 19 bosses; the convictions were upheld on 30 January 1992
by the Supreme Court of Italy, after the final stage of appeal. The importance of the trial was that the
existence of Cosa Nostra was finally judicially confirmed.[1]

It is considered to be the most significant trial ever against the Sicilian Mafia, as well as the largest trial
in world history.[2] Throughout and after the trial, several judges and magistrates were killed by the
Mafia, including the two who led it—Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino.

Contents
Preceding events
Pentiti
Defendants and trial
Verdicts
Appeals
Aftermath
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links

Preceding events

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In the early 1970s, Luciano Leggio was boss of the Corleonesi clan and a member of the Sicilian Mafia
Commission, and he forged a coalition of mafia clans known as the Corleonesi with himself as its leader.
He initiated a campaign to dominate Cosa Nostra and its narcotics trade. Leggio was imprisoned in
1974, so he acted through his deputy Salvatore Riina, to whom he eventually handed over control. The
Corleonesi bribed cash-strapped Palermo clans into the fold, subverted members of other clans, and
secretly recruited new members.[3] In 1977, the Corleonesi had Gaetano Badalamenti expelled from the
Commission on trumped-up charges of hiding drug revenues.[4] In April 1981, the Corleonesi murdered
rival member of the Commission Stefano Bontade, and the Second Mafia War began in earnest.[5]
Hundreds of enemy mafiosi and their relatives were murdered,[6] sometimes by traitors in their own
clans. By manipulating the Mafia's rules and eliminating rivals, the Corleonesi came to completely
dominate the Commission. Riina used his power over the Commission to replace the bosses of certain
clans with hand-picked regents.[7] In the end, the Corleonesi faction won and Riina effectively became
the "boss of bosses" of the Sicilian Mafia.

At the same time that the Corleonesi waged their campaign to dominate Cosa Nostra, they also waged a
campaign of murder against journalists, officials, and policemen who dared to cross them. The police
were frustrated with the lack of help that they were receiving from witnesses and politicians. At the
funeral of a policeman murdered by mafiosi in 1985, policemen insulted and spat at two attending
politicians, and a fight broke out between them and military police.[8]

On 31 March 1980, politician Pio La Torre initiated a draft law that introduced a new crime in the Italian
legal system, mafia conspiracy, and the possibility for the courts to seize and to confiscate the goods of
the persons belonging to the mafia conspiracy.[9] With the inclusion of the mafia conspiracy in article
416 bis of the Italian Penal Code, a serious gap was filled. In spite of its obvious danger, mafia conspiracy
had not been recognized by the Penal Code as a criminal phenomenon. As a result, many judges had not
considered the Mafia a criminal association. The provisions contained in article 416 of the Penal Code
concerning mafia-type association were suitable to cope with local and limited phenomena of associated
delinquency, but not with organized crime.[10]

The groundwork for the Maxi Trial was done at the preliminary investigative phase by Palermo's
Antimafia Pool, created by judge Rocco Chinnici and consisting of Giovanni Falcone, Paolo Borsellino,
Giuseppe Di Lello and Leonardo Guarnotta.[1] After Chinnici's murder in July 1983, his successor
Antonino Caponnetto headed the pool. The Antimafia pool was a group of investigating magistrates who
closely worked together sharing information on related cases to diffuse responsibility and to prevent one
person from becoming the sole institutional memory and solitary target.[1][11] They would carry out all
the investigations on Cosa Nostra, assisted by the deputy prosecutor Giuseppe Ayala and three
colleagues, whose task was also to bring the results of the pool investigations as prosecutors and obtain
convictions.[12]

Pentiti
Most of the crucial evidence came from Tommaso Buscetta. In February 1980, he was granted "half-
freedom" from prison, immediately fleeing back to Brazil to escape the brewing Second Mafia War
instigated by Salvatore Riina.[13] On 11 September 1982, Buscetta's two sons from his first wife,
Benedetto and Antonio, disappeared, never to be found again, which prompted his collaboration with
Italian authorities.[14] This was followed by the deaths of his brother Vincenzo, son-in-law Giuseppe
Genova, brother-in-law Pietro and four of his nephews, Domenico and Benedetto Buscetta, and Orazio
and Antonio D'Amico.[15][16] The war subsequently led to the deaths of many of Buscetta's allies,
including Stefano Bontade. Buscetta was arrested in São Paulo, Brazil once again on 23 October 1983.[17]
He was extradited to Italy on 28 June 1984,[18] where he attempted suicide by ingestion of
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barbiturates;[19] when that failed, he decided that he was utterly

disillusioned with the Mafia.[20] Buscetta asked to talk to the anti-Mafia
judge Giovanni Falcone, and began his life as an informant, referred to as
a pentito.[21]

Buscetta revealed information to Falcone for 45 days,[22] explaining the

inner workings and hierarchical structures of Cosa Nostra including the
Sicilian Mafia Commission,[23] that, until then, were unclear because of
the strict code of silence. This became known as the "Buscetta Tommaso Buscetta (in
theorem".[24] However, Buscetta refused to speak with Falcone of the sunglasses) is led into court
political ties of Cosa Nostra because, in his opinion, the State was not at the Maxi Trial.
ready for statements of that magnitude, and proved to be quite general on
that subject.[25]

Mobster Salvatore Contorno was arrested in 1982.[26] Despite his arrest, Contorno refused to collaborate
any more with Ninni Cassarà and Falcone. After the decision of Buscetta to collaborate, Contorno
changed his mind. According to some, Buscetta met Contorno who supposedly fell to his knees and
kissed Buscetta's hand. Buscetta allegedly put his hand on his shoulder and said: “It’s all right, Totuccio,
you can talk.”[27][28] Contorno began collaborating in October 1984, and a week later 127 arrest warrants
were issued against mafiosi.[29]

Defendants and trial

After the preliminary investigations were concluded, on 8 November 1985, judge Caponnetto issued
indictments for the Maxi Trial entitled "Abbate Giovanni + 706".[30] The indictment was about 8,000
pages long and evaluated the position of 707 suspects; of these, 476 were sentenced to trial (the number
then dropped to 475 because Nino Salvo had already died from cancer in January 1986), and the other
231 were acquitted.[31]

After several years of investigating by the Antimafia pool, the trial began on 10 February 1986. The
presiding judge was Alfonso Giordano, flanked by two other judges who were 'alternates', should
anything fatal happen to Giordano before the end of what was to be a lengthy trial.[32] The charges faced
by the defendants included 120 murders, drug trafficking, extortion and, of course, the new law that
made it an offence to be a member of the Mafia, the first time that law would be put to the test. The trial
took place in an octagonal bunker-style structure that was built alongside the Ucciardone prison. It could
house hundreds of people including defendants, witnesses, lawyers, politicians and police. It had a
computerized system for archiving documents, and a structure that could withstand missile
attacks.[33][34]

It was considered to be the most significant trial ever against the Sicilian Mafia, as well as the largest
trial in world history.[2] A total of 475 defendants were facing charges, although 119 of them were to be
tried in absentia as they were fugitives.[1] Among the defendants present were Luciano Leggio, Pippo
Calò and Michele Greco, who was arrested while the trial had already started;[35] among those in
absentia were Salvatore Riina, Bernardo Provenzano and Leoluca Bagarella.

Verdicts

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The trial ended on 16 December 1987, almost two years after it commenced. The verdicts were
announced, and of the 475 defendants—both those present and those tried in absentia—338 were
convicted. 2,665 years of prison sentences were shared out between the guilty, not including the life
sentences handed to the 19 leading Mafia bosses and killers, including Michele Greco, Giuseppe
Marchese and—in absentia—Salvatore Riina, Giuseppe Lucchese and Bernardo Provenzano.[24]

Appeals
The appeal process lasted over three years, and dozens of mobsters were acquitted on 10 December
1990.[36] Antonino Saetta, a trial magistrate, had been killed with his son on 25 September 1988.[37] On
9 August 1991, Antonino Scopelliti, who was preparing to argue the government's case in the final appeal
of the trial, was murdered by the 'Ndrangheta on behalf of the Mafia.[38]

The president of the first criminal section of the Court of Cassation was Corrado Carnevale, a judge
suspected of colluding with the Mafia. However, Carnevale was not appointed as prosecutor and the final
decision on the Maxi Trial, as he was replaced with judge Arnaldo Valente.[39] Finally, on 30 January
1992, the convictions were confirmed by the Supreme Court of Cassation, and most of the acquittals
granted by the appeals process were cancelled.[39] Another trial was held between 1993 and 1995, and all
the defendants were convicted to life imprisonment.[40]

Aftermath
As part of the Maxi Trial, Riina was given two life sentences in absentia.[24] Riina pinned his hopes on
the lengthy appeal process that had frequently set convicted mafiosi free, and he suspended the
campaign of murders against officials while the cases went to higher courts. When the convictions were
upheld by the Supreme Court of Cassation on 30 January 1992,[1][41] the council of top bosses headed by
Riina reacted by ordering the assassination of Salvatore Lima (on the grounds that he was an ally of
Giulio Andreotti), and Falcone.

On 23 May 1992, Falcone, his wife Francesca Morvillo and three police officers died in the Capaci
bombing on highway A29 outside Palermo.[42] Two months later, Borsellino was killed along with five
police officers in the entrance to his mother's apartment block by a car bomb in via D'Amelio.[43] Both
attacks were ordered by Riina.[44] Ignazio Salvo, who had advised Riina against killing Falcone, was
himself murdered on 17 September 1992. The public was outraged, both at the Mafia and also the
politicians who they felt had failed adequately to protect Falcone and Borsellino. The Italian government
arranged for a massive crackdown against the Mafia in response.

On 15 January 1993, Carabinieri arrested Riina at his villa in Palermo. He had been a fugitive for 23
years.[45][46][47]

References
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Wayback Machine, Peter Schneider & Jane Schneider, May 2002, essay is based on excerpts from
Chapter Six of Jane Schneider and Peter Schneider, Reversible Destiny: Mafia, Antimafia and the
Struggle for Palermo, Berkeley: U. of California Press

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Machine (in Italian)
44. "Audizione del procuratore Sergio Lari dinanzi alla Commissione Parlamentare Antimafia - XVI
LEGISLATURA" (http://www.parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/Reso.steno.26.
3.2012Int..pdf) (PDF) (in Italian). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190331070025/http://www.
parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/Reso.steno.26.3.2012Int..pdf) (PDF) from
the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2020.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi_Trial 7/8
1/12/2021 Maxi Trial - Wikipedia

45. Italy Arrests Sicilian Mafia's Top Leader (https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE6D8

153AF935A25752C0A965958260&scp=11&sq=riina&st=nyt) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0081208154508/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE6D8153AF935A25752C0A96
5958260&scp=11&sq=riina&st=nyt) 8 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, The New York
Times, 16 January 1993
46. Brother of top Mafia turncoat shot (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/68229.stm) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20061108024348/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/68229.stm) 8
November 2006 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 21 March 1998
47. Follain pp. 212–213

Bibliography
Schneider, Jane T. & Peter T. Schneider (2003). Reversible Destiny: Mafia, Antimafia, and the
Struggle for Palermo (https://books.google.com/books?id=f52WqN8pR14C), Berkeley: University of
California Press ISBN 0-520-23609-2

Further reading
Dickie, John (2004). Cosa Nostra. A history of the Sicilian Mafia (https://books.google.com/books?id
=T4hvyB1aN4wC), London: Coronet, ISBN 0-340-82435-2 (Review (http://books.guardian.co.uk/revi
ews/history/0,6121,1148236,00.html) in the Observer, 15 February 2004)
Jamieson, Alison (2000). The Antimafia: Italy’s fight against organized crime, London: Macmillan,
ISBN 0-333-80158-X.
Stille, Alexander (1995). Excellent Cadavers: The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic,
New York: Vintage ISBN 0-09-959491-9

External links
(in Italian) Buscetta e la Mafia sfila al Maxiprocesso di Palermo (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v
EVXwzF2BCc) YouTube
(in Italian) Il maxiprocesso alla mafia – Palermo 1986 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9OZSs7co
uww) Teleacras on YouTube
(in Italian) Michele Greco il "papa" della mafia siciliana (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUuSPB
SC9Z0) YouTube

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