Grade 9 Science

Consumer Chemistry
Q1 – Introduction to Chemistry
Review Topics: Laboratory Tools and Equipment, Significant Figures, Dimensional Analysis-
•Chemistry
•History of Chemistry
•Branches of Chemistry
•Matter and Elements
•Isotopic Abundance
•The Periodic Table of Elements
•Electrons and Orbitals
•Electron Configuration
•Quantum Numbers

Q2 – Chemical Reactions
•Compounds
•Types of Chemical Bonding
•Naming Compounds
 •Ions
•Naming Ions
•Ionic Bonding
•Types of Chemical Reactions
•Balancing Chemical Equations

Q3 – Stoichiometry
•Mass Relationships
•Percent Composition
•Empirical and Molecular Formulas
•Limiting and Excess Reactants
•Actual and Theoretical Yields

Q4 – Molecular Structures
•Molecular Geometry
•Molecular Bonds
•Solutions and Concentrations
•Concentrations
•Molarity and Molality
•Dilution
•Parts per million and billion
Review
• Significant Figures
1. Zeroes before nonzero digits from the left side are NOT significant.
2. Nonzero digits are significant.
3. Zeroes after or in between nonzero digits are significant.
4. All significant digits are placed on the multiplicand of a scientific notation.
5. Digits (including zeroes) indicated by a decimal point and other symbols are
significant.

Sum and Difference is determined by the least number of decimal places.

Product and Quotient is determined by the lowest number of significant figures.
Review
• Dimensional Analysis
– Conversion of units to a higher or lower degree.

List of SI Units commonly used in chemistry

– Mass - kilogram (kg) / gram(g)
– Amount of substance - mole (mol./mole)
– Temperature - kelvin (K)
– Volume – liters (L)

Metric Prefixes (from highest to lowest)

Tera > Giga > Mega > Kilo > Hecto > Deca > (base) > deci > centi > milli > micro > nano > pico
1012 109 106 104 103 102 10 1 0.1 0.01 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12
Group 1A – Alkali Metals
- has a charge of 1+
- Most Reactive of the elements
- low ionization, electronegativity, density, and melting points
- react easily with halogens (group 7A)
Group 2A – Alkaline Earth Metals
- has a charge of 2+
- reactive at room temperature
- low density, boiling, and melting points
- reacts with other elements to form cations
Group 3A /13–Boron Group
- has a charge of 3+
- has properties of metalloids
- found bonded with other elements and is rarely found in nature in their free state
Group 4A /14–Carbon Group
- has a charge of either 4+/4-
- has properties of nonmetals, metals, and metalloids
- commonly found in nature in their free state (silicon in the crust and carbon everywhere).
Group 5A/15 –Nitrogen Group
- has a charge of 3-
- has properties of nonmetals, metals, and metalloids
- widest range in physical state of any element group in terms of melting, freezing, and
boiling point
Group 6A/16 –Chalcogens
- has a charge of 2-
- has properties of nonmetals, metals, and metalloids
- high ionization energy, electronegativity
- oxygen bonds with other elements to form anions
Group 7A/17 –Halogens
- has a charge of 1-
- has properties of nonmetals,
- mostly in liquid (Br) and gas (F, Cl) states at room temperature
- reacts with hydrogen to form acids
Group 8A/18 – Noble Gases
- neutral charge (does NOT have no charge)
- rarely bonds with other elements
• Nuclide Notation
– whereas Li is the atomic symbol; 7
Li
and
– 7 is the atomic mass unit (amu); and
– 3 is the atomic number (protons *Z*

3
and electrons); and
– 4 is the number of neutron
(neutron = Z – amu)
• Atomic Mass
– the mass of an atom in amu from Lithium
the average abundance of its 3

Li
isotopes.
– Atomic Mass Unit or amu is the
mass exactly equal to one-twelfth
of the C-12 atom.
– 1 mole of an element is equal to
6.941
its atomic mass.

1 mole of lithium
is equal to 6.94 amu.
Orbitals
• Electron Configuration
s – holds up to 2 electrons, group 1a-2a
p – holds up to 6, group 5a-8a
d – holds up to 10, transition metals
f – holds up to 14, actinides and
lanthanides
Pauli Exclusion Principle
• This exclusion principle states that no two Fermions can occupy the
same energy level corresponding to a unique set of quantum
numbers n, l, m or s. The ground state of an atom is therefore
obtained by filling each energy level, starting with the lowest energy,
up to the maximum number as allowed by the Pauli exclusion
principle.
Quantum Numbers
• Principal Quantum Number (n)
– The coefficient of the last digit in the electron
configuration of the element.
– For example, in 4d5, 4 is the Principal Quantum
Number
Quantum Numbers
• Azimuthal/Angular Quantum Number (l) ℓ
– Get energy level from the last digit of the electron
configuration
• whereas s=0
• p=1
• d=2
• f=3
– For example, in 4d5, 2 is the Azimuthal Quantum
Number
Quantum Numbers
• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
– Get energy level from the last digit of the electron
configuration and distribute it until no exponents are
left
• whereas s= 0
• p= -1, 0,1
• d= -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
• f= -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
– For example, in 4d5, 2 is the Magnetic Quantum
Number
Quantum Numbers
• Magnetic Spin Quantum Number (s)
– Get energy level from the last digit of the electron configuration
and distribute it until no exponents are left
• whereas s= 0
• p= -1, 0,1
• d= -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
• f= -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
– Half-filled films = +1/2
– Full Films = -1/2
– For example, in 4d5, +1/2 is the Spin Quantum Number
Even with only one fully filled film, s = +1/2
Quantum Numbers
Quantum Numbers
• Magnetic Spin Quantum Number (ms)
– Get energy level from the last digit of the electron configuration
and distribute it in films until no exponents are left
• whereas s= 0
• p= -1, 0,1
• d= -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
• f= -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
If the last arrow is in…
– Half-filled films = +1/2
– Full Films = -1/2
– For example, in 4d5, +1/2 is the Magnetic Spin Quantum Number
[He]2s22p5

n=
l=
mL =
ms =
1 s2
2
3
4 s1
s2 d1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6
5
d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 d10
6
7

f1 --------------------------------- f14
Oxidation States
• In the ground state, the electron configuration
of the transition metals follows the format,
ns2ndx.
• As for the electron configuration for
transition metals that are charged (i.e. Cu+),
the electrons from the s orbital will be moved
to the d-orbital to form either ns0ndx or
ns1ndx.
• Nickel at Ground State = [Ar] 4s23d8
• Nickel with an Oxidation State of +2
= Ni2+: [Ar] 4s03d8  [Ar] 3d8
Oxidation States of Metals
Assigning Oxidation Nos.
CONDITION OXIDATION NUMBER
Free elements 0
Monoatomic Ions Net charge of the ion
IA ions, Ag +1
IIA ions, Zn, Cd +2
Al +3
O -2
O22- -1
H bonded to nonmetals +1
H bonded to metals -1
F -1
Cl, Br, I not bonded to O -1
Cl, Br, I bonded to O Positive oxidation no.
Neutral Molecule Sum of oxidation no. is 0
Polyatomic Ion Sum of oxidation no. is equal to the net charge
Oxidation no. does not always have to be an
Special Cases, O2- (superoxide)
integer
Isotopes
• nearly identical chemical behaviour
• same element, different atomic masses
• different physical properties
– Isotones
• isotopes of different elements but same number of neutrons
– Isobars
• isotopes of different elements but same mass numbers
– Isomers
• identical in all aspects except total energy content
Nuclide
• used to describe same isotopes
• nuclear properties are specified

• Nuclide Notation
– whereas Li is the atomic symbol; 7
Li
and
– 7 is the atomic mass unit (amu); and
– 3 is the atomic number (protons *Z*

3
and electrons); and
– 4 is the number of neutron
(neutron = Z – amu)
• Atomic Mass
– the mass of an atom in amu from Lithium
the average abundance of its 3

Li
isotopes.
– Atomic Mass Unit or amu is the
mass exactly equal to one-twelfth
of the C-12 atom.
– 1 mole of an element is equal to
6.941
its atomic mass.

1 mole of lithium
is equal to 6.94 amu.
Isotopic Abundance
• Multiply AMU to the percentage(abundance in decimal
form) to find the average atomic mass.

let y = abundance in decimal form

x = atomic mass of isotope
x1 y1+ x2y2 …… = Element amu
Isotopic Abundance
• If asked to look for the abundance of each isotope

let x = abundance in decimal form

y = atomic mass of isotope

[x1y1]+ [x2(1-y1)] = Element amu

Sample Problem
• A sample of neon contains three isotopes, Neon-20 (19.9924 amu), Neon-21
(20.9939 amu) and Neon-22 (21.9914 amu). The natural abundances of
these isotopes are 90.92%, 0.257%, and 8.82% respectively. Calculate the
atomic weight of Neon.
Sample Problem
• Boron has two naturally occuring isotopes. Find the percent abundances of
10B and 11B given the isotopic mass of 10B = 10.0129 amu and 11B = 11.0093

amu. (B = 10.811 amu)

Sample Problem
• There are two naturally-ocurring isotopes of Rb. 85Rb has an abundance of
72.1% and 87Rb has a mass of 86.9092 amu with 27.9% abundance. Find
the mass of the 85Rb isotope. (Rb = 85.48 amu)
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1Q-
uthwsCYLpEg7LgybCRPq905KpUx8uMZhplZliiUKQ/
Compounds
• Covalent Bonding (Molecular compounds)
- binary compounds of nonmetals
- electrons are shared equally

NAMING
- use prefixes for both elements present (mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, …)
- Add –ide to the root term of the second element.
Compounds
• Ionic Bonding (Ionic compounds)
– electrons are transferred to bond with another element

NAMING
ION HAS ONLY ONE CHARGE
• Alkali & Alkali Earth Metals (IA, IIA ions)
• Ag+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Al3+
– Name the metal
– If monoatomic anion, root term + -ide (example: F-, fluoride)
– If polyatomic anion, use the name of anion. (example: SO42-, sulfate)
– If single element cation, add “ion” (example: Na+, sodium ion)
Compounds
ION HAS MORE THAN ONE CHARGE
• Example: Fe2+, Fe3+
– Conventional
• Name the metal (name from symbol, ex. Au – aurum)
• If using the ion with a lower charge, add –ous suffix, higher charge –ic suffix
ex. Fe2O3 Ferric Oxide
FeO Ferrous Oxide
– Stock System
– Name the metal
– Specify charge (in roman numeral) enclosed in parentheses
Cations
Aluminum Al3+ Copper (I) Cu+ Mercury (I) Hg22+
Ammonium NH4+ Copper (II) Cu2+ Mercury (II) Hg2+
Barium Ba2+ Hydrogen H+ Potassium K+
Cadmium Cd2+ Hydronium H3O+ Silver Ag+
Calcium Ca2+ Iron (II) Fe2+ Strontium Sr+
Calcium Cr2+ Iron (III) Fe3+ Sodium Na+
Chromium (II) Cr2+ Lead (II) Pb2+ Tin (II) Sn2+
Chromium (III) Cr3+ Lead (IV) Pb4+ Tin (IV) Sn4+
Lithium Li+ Zinc Zn2+
Cobalt (II) Co2+
Magnesium Mg2+
Manganese (II) Mn2+
Anions
Acetate C2H3O2 Hypochlorite ClO- Silicate SiO32-
- Iodite IO3- Sulfate SO32-
Bromide Br- Iodide I- Hydrogen Sulfate HSO4-
Carbonate CO32- Nitrate NO2- Ion/ Bisulfate
Bicarbonate HCO32- Oxalate C2O42- Thiosulfate S2O32-
Chlorate ClO3- Oxide O2- Sulfide S2-
Chloride Cl- Hydrogen Oxalate Ion HC2O4- Hydrogen Sulfide HS-
Chlorite ClO2- Ion/ Bisulfide
Chromate CrO42- Perchlorate ClO4- Sulfite SO32-
Cyanide CN- Permanganate MnO4- Hydrogen Sulfite Ion/ HSO3-
Dichromate Cr2O72- Peroxide Ion O 2- Bisulfite
Fluoride F- Phosphate PO4-
Hydride H- Monohydrogen HPO42-
Hydroxide OH- Phosphate
Dihydrogen Phosphate H2PO4-
• LIST OF –IC ACIDS
– HCN – cyanic acid
– HClO3 – chloric acid
– HIO3 – iodic acid
– HNO3 – nitric acid
– HBO3 – Boric Acid
– HBrO3 – Bromic Acid
– H2CO3 – Carbonic Acid
– H2SO4 – Sulfuric Acid
– H2CrO4 – Chromic Acid
– H3PO4 – Phosphoric Acid
Forming Ionic Compounds
IONIC COMPOUNDS vs POLYATOMIC IONS

Formed by two or more ions Ion with two or more

(mono/polyatomic) elements

Neutralized charge Has a charge

Ex. Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 Ex. Ammonium NH4+

Sodium Phosphate Na3PO4 Sulfate SO42
Forming Ionic Compounds
• Criss-cross method
– Given two ions with opposite charges (+/-), use the numerical value of their charges as the
multiplier for each subscript of the other.

EXAMPLE

Al3+ bonded to Br- = AlBr3

• 1) NH4Cl

• 2) Fe(NO3)3

• 3) TiBr3

• 4) Cu3P

• 5) SnSe2
• cobalt (III) oxide

• lithium iodide

• lead (II) nitride

• silver bromide