BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE ATTRIBUTIVE PROPOSITION

Attributive or Categorical propositions

- a proposition in which a predicate (P) is affirmed or denied of a subject (S)

It has three basic elements:

1. Subject
2. Predicate
3. Copula

THREE ELEMENTS OF PROPOSITION

1.Subject
- something that is affirmed or denied
- a logical subject of a proposition is not the same with grammatical subject

Example:
“We should elect Smith.”

Grammatical subject: “We”

Logical subject: “the one we should elect”
Therefore, Accept logical subject since that we are telling who should we elect
Notes:
In this proposition, we are not affirming something about we. Rather, telling who it is that we should
elect. “The one we should elect,” the it is about which something is affirmed or denied.

2. Predicate
- what is affirmed or denied in a preposition

3. Copula
COPULA
“is (am, are)” Affirmative
“is (am, are) not” Negative

In an affirmative proposition the copula joins, unites, or “copulates” the predicate with the subject. The
subject is declared to exist as something identical with predicate and the entire comprehension of the
predicate is drawn into the subject.
“A dog is an animal”
We declare that a dog and an animal is identical and the entire comprehension of the animal belongs to
the dog and vice versa.
In the negative proposition the copula separates or divides the predicate from the subject
The identity of the subject and the predicate are both denied and an indeterminate portion of the
predicate is excluded from the subject or vice versa.
In other words, the subject and predicate of a negative proposition may have many notes in common
but their comprehension must differ in at least one aspect; such as an attribute that one does not have
and the other has.

Example:
A dog is not a cat.
Yet both a dog and a cat have similarities such as being organisms, mammals, or vertebrates etc.
However we come to differences that make a dog a dog rather than some kind of animal and a cat as a
cat and not something else.

For a proposition to be negative, the negative particle must modify the copula itself.

- telling indicator in which if the subject and predicate are affirmative or negative
“I am not one of them” meaning the copula is negative
“I am one of them”meaning the copula is affirmative

PROPERTIES OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS

1. Quantity and quality
2. Distributivity
3. Conversion
4. Obversion
5. Contraposition

QUALITY OF THE PROPOSITION

1. Affirmative proposition- The proposition ties or unites the subject and predicate with affirmative
copula (ex. A dog is an animal)
2. Negative proposition- The proposition seperates the subject and predicate with negative copula
(ex. Socrates is not sick)

Quantity or extension of proposition

1. quantity – refers how much or indicates a number in a certain proposition it can be: singular or
particular
2. extension- tells
THE SYMBOLS OF A, E, I and O
On the basis of both quantity and quality attributive peopositions are designated as A, E, I and O.
From latin words
AFFIRMO which means “I affirm” and NEGO which means “I deny”
A, E, I and O have the following meanings:
A and I (the first vowel of affirmo) signify affirmative propositions.
A - either a UNIVERSAL or a SINGULAR and
I - a PARTICULAR
E and O (the vowels of nego) signify negative propositions.
E- either a UNIVERSAL or a SINGULAR and
O- a PARTICULAR.
Affirmative Negative
Universal and Singular A E
Particular I O

Examples of A propositions:
1. All voters are citizen.
2.Meredith Gray is a doctor.
3. A dog is an animal.

Examples of E propositions:
1. No dog is a cat.
2. Dogs are not cat.
3. I am not a colonel.

The following are I propositions:

1. Some cat is black.
2. Dogs sometimes bites strangers.
3. Some houses are white.

The following are O propositions:

1. Some cat is not black.
2. Not all cats are black.
3. All that glitters is not gold.
THE LOGICAL FORMS OF A CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION
Examples:
Propositions
Every dog is an animal.
John is not a sailor.
If the sun is shining, it is day.
He is either going or not going.
He will be chosen because he is the best man.
Arguments or inferences
Every dog is an animal;
but every hound is a dog;
therefore every hound is an animal.

No man is twenty feet tall;

but John is a man;
therefore John is not twenty feet tall.

If the sun is shining, it is not day;

but the sun is shining;
therefore it is day.

GENERAL NOTION OF LOGICAL FORM

Logical form in general is defined as the basic structure or the basic arrangement of the parts, of a
complex logical unit. Complex logical units include propositions and inferences or arguments but not
terms.
Pwede sa part ngaja shin tungaon mo sila into two columns? Ang proposition kag inferences. Hehehehe
thank youuuu!!!

Examples:
Propositions
Every do is an animal.
John is not a sailor.
If the sun is shining, it is day.
He is either going or not going.
He will be chosen because he is the best man.

Each of the examples illustrates a different kind of logical unit, with a distinct arrangements of parts and
therefore each illustrated a distinct logical form.

LOGICAL FORM OF ATTRIBUTIVE PROPOSITION

An attributive or categorical proposition is a proposition in which a predicate (P) is affirmed or denied of
a subject (S).
Pakibutang sa NOTES please heheheh

All attributive propositions have the same parts and the same basic structure regardless of their matter
or thought content, so far as tgeir structure is concerned it does not make difference whether they are
about men, dogs, swimming pool, peace or Asiatic famines.
This basic structure (or generic logical form) is S — copula —- P.
This generic basic structures admits of 6 variations or species according to differences of the quantity of
the subject amd the quality of the copula.

The subject can be:

-universal
-singular or
-particular

The copula can be

-affirmative
-negative

NOTES:
Each of these six varieties of structure is a distinct logical form or type of attributive proposition. Thus,
we have the following forms of attributive propositions.

Su is P. SaP A
Su is not P. SeP E

Sp is P. SiP I
Sp is not P. SoP O

Ss is P. SaP A
Ss is not P. SeP E

NOTES:
This six forms, as we have seen are symbolized by A, E, I and O: A and I signifying affirmative
propositions (A either a universal or a singular and I a particular); E and O signifying negative
propositions (E either universal or singular, O a particular.
REDUCTION TO LOGICAL FORM
Reduction to logical form consists in rewording a proposition or argument according to some set plan in
order to make its basic structure obvious. The purpose of reduction to logical form is to extricate a part
of a complex logical unit (like the subject or predicate of a categorical proposition or the minor, middle
or major terms of categorical syllogism to make it an object of special consideration or to facilitate
various logical process (for instance, conversion)

Conversion is interchanging the subject and the predicate of a categorical proposition or statement. In
general only with so called E and I proposition yields a valid inference or an equivalent proposition.

To converse or reduce proposition to its logical form, the following steps must be taken:
1. State the subject with an appropriate word to express its quantity, usually "all" or "some"
2. Express it copula in the form of "am", "is" or "are"

*"not" should be added if the proposition is negative

3. State the predicate

Example:
All dogs are animal.
Some roses are not red.

Cinsider the proposition: Violinists play the violin,

Reduce it to logical form.

Remember:

☆Determine the logical subject.

☆Specify the copula

☆Compose the predicate

Logical form: All violinist are ones who play the violin.

☆ when there is a linking verb (am, is, are)

☆ if there is a noun after it the proposition is already in logical form

☆if there is no noun, but there is an adjective after it add a being.

Ex: Not every man is a saint.

No man is immortal by nature.
When the verb use is not linking verb
1. Insert proper copula after the subject.
2. Add a noun (may it be a being or a thing) after the copula
3. Attach the relative pronoun to the noun.
4.finish the sentence with the original predicate.
Ex: All cats have fur.
Reduced to: All cats are beings that have fur.

The proposition "All cats have fur" may likewise have the following categorical forms:

All cats are animals with fur.

All cats are creatures having fur.

Examples of reduction of propositions:

1. A proposition
When under pressure, he does his best work.
He is one who does his best work when under pressure.

2.O proposition.
Not all who are here will go to the concert.
Some who are not here are not ones who will go to the concert.

3.I proposition
Dogs are irritating.
Some dogs are irritating.

4.E proposition
No men are immortal.
No immortals are men.

An introduction to the hypothetical proposition

According to Theophrastus of Eresus, hypothetical proposition, is a proposition made up of two or more
component propositions (e.g., “p or q,” or “if p then q”).
It does not declare an unconditional affirmation or denial but expresses a relation of dependence such
as an opposition or likeness between two clauses.

3 kinds of hypothetical proposition

 1. conditional proposition
2. disjunctive proposition
3. conjunctive proposition

CONDITIONAL PROPOSITION
- expresses a condition or relation of dependence between two propositions.
- expressed relation points out that one proposition necessarily follows from the other because of a
definite condition.
* conditional proposition is one which two parts is joined by: if, unless, when, where, suppose, in case
- if-then proposition
Ex. If a man is hungry, he needs food.
If a man is farsighted, he needs eyeglasses.

2 component:
1. Antecedent/Implicands
-generally introduced by word IF
-contains the condition
2. Consequent/Implicate
-expresses the statement that follows the acceptance of the condition.

Example: If a man is farsighted, he needs eyeglasses.

If a man is farsighted= antecedent/implicands
He needs eyeglasses= consequent/implicate

DISJUNCTIVE PROPOSITION
- one who’s subject or predicate consists of parts which exclude each other.
-sometimes called an 'either or' statement
-parts of disjunction are called disjuncts (alternants)
Ex: A body is either in motion or at rest.
Either John or Maria is dishonest

-proper (perfect, complete, strict)

It is either drizzling or not drizzling.
-improper (imperfect, incomplete)
James is either standing or chatting.
-broad
Either my mate or I will pass.
Requirements for Proper disjunctive proposition
1. The enumeration of the possibilities must be complete.
2.There must be an exclusive opposition between or among the enumerated possibilities.

CONJUNCTIVE PROPOSITION
-one that denies two contrary predicates together can be true of the same subject at the same time.
-the truth of conjunctive hypothetical proposition depends soley upon true exclusive opposition existing
between their component parts.
- parts of conjunctive are called conjuncts

Example:
You cannot breath and swallow at the same time.
You cannot be in UH and CON building at the same time.

-reducible to two connective hypothetical propositions or a combination of hypothetical and categorical

propositions.

Examples:
If you are in UH, you are not in CON building.
If you are in CON building, you are not in UH

Categorical vs Hypothetical
Categorical proposition= declare something
Hypothetical= express condition