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 Full Name: Bouakkaz Anis

 Group: 01

 Topic: T.U.W Home Work

 First Assignment:

 Ethics In Research:

o The application of moral rules and professional codes of conduct to the collection,

analysis, reporting, and publication of information about research subjects, in

particular active acceptance of subjects' right to privacy, confidentiality,

and informed consent. Until recently sociologists (and social scientists generally)

often displayed arrogance in their treatment of research subjects, justifying their

actions by the search for truth. This trend is now being redressed, especially in

industrial societies, with the adoption of formal codes of conduct, and greater

emphasis on ethical research procedures. Ethical issues are most salient in relation

to case-studies and other research designs which focus on very few cases (with

the risk that they remain identifiable in reports). Public opinion now resists

invasions of privacy for genuine research purposes just as much as for publicity

seeking mass media stories, as evidenced by periodic increases in survey non-

response, despite the fact that anonymity is effectively guaranteed in large-scale

data collections

 What is plagiarism and how to avoid it:

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 Plagiarism means using someone else’s words or ideas without properly crediting the

original author. Sometimes plagiarism involves deliberately stealing someone’s work, but

often it happens accidentally, through carelessness or forgetfulness.

 When you write an academic paper, you build upon the work of others and use various

sources for information and evidence. To avoid plagiarism, you need to correctly

incorporate these sources into your text.

 Follow these four steps to ensure your paper is free from plagiarism:

 Keep track of the sources you consult in your research.

 Paraphrase or quote from your sources (and add your own ideas).
 Credit the original author in an in-text citation and reference list.
 Use a plagiarism checker before you submit.
 Plagiarism can have serious consequences, so make sure to follow these steps for every

paper you write.

 Step 1: Keep track of your sources

 While you’re doing research and taking notes for your paper, make sure to record the

source of each piece of information. One way that students commit plagiarism is by

simply forgetting where an idea came from and unintentionally presenting it as their own.

 You can easily avoid this pitfall by keeping your notes organized and compiling a list of

citations as you go. Keep track of every source you consult—that includes not only books

and journal articles, but also things like websites, magazine articles, and videos.

 Then you can easily go back and check where you found a phrase, fact, or idea that you

want to use in your paper.

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 Step 2: Quote and paraphrase

 While writing your paper, if you want to share an idea or a piece of information from a

source, you must either paraphrase or quote the original text.

 Quoting

 Quoting means copying a piece of text word-for-word. The copied text must be

introduced in your own words, enclosed in quotation marks, and correctly attributed to

the original author

 Paraphrasing

 Paraphrasing means using your own words to explain something from a source. It allows

you to give only the most important information from a passage.

 In the paraphrased example, the author’s main point has been rephrased and condensed;

the order of information and the sentence structure have been changed.

 In the plagiarized example, even though the text is not identical, many of the same

phrases have been used, and the information is presented in the same order with the same

structure. Even with a citation, this passage would very likely be flagged as plagiarism.

 To avoid plagiarism when paraphrasing, you need to make sure that your text isn’t too

similar to the original.

 Paraphrasing vs. quoting

 In general, paraphrasing is better than quoting, especially for longer passages. It shows

that you have fully understood the meaning of the original text, and ensures that your

own voice is dominant in your paper.

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 Quotes are appropriate when:

 You are using an exact definition introduced by the original author

 It is impossible for you to rephrase the original text without losing its meaning
 You want to maintain the authority and style of the author’s words
 Whether you paraphrase or quote, always build on your sources by adding your own

ideas, interpretations and arguments.

 Step 3: Cite the original source

 Every time you quote or paraphrase, you must include an in-text citation (or footnote

citation) that identifies the original author. It often also includes the publication year and

a page number.

 Each in-text citation must correspond to a full reference in the reference

list or bibliography at the end of your paper. This details exactly where the information

came from, allowing your readers to locate the source for themselves.

 There are many different citation styles, and each one has its own rules for citing. Some

of the most common include APA, MLA and Chicago Style. The most important thing is

to apply one style consistently throughout the text.

 Step 4: Use a plagiarism checker

 Most universities use plagiarism checkers to detect plagiarism in student papers. This

technology scans your document, compares it to a huge database of publications and

websites, and highlights passages that are overly similar to other texts.

 You can use a plagiarism checker yourself before submitting your paper. This allows you

to identify any parts where you’ve forgotten a citation, left out quotation marks, or
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included a paraphrase that’s too close to the original text. Then you can follow the steps

above to easily fix any instances of potential plagiarism.

 There are differences in accuracy and safety between plagiarism checkers. We have

tested and compared all the options

 Second Assignment:

 Qualitative research:

 Qualitative research is defined as a market research method that focuses on obtaining

data through open-ended and conversational communication.

 This method is not only about “what” people think but also “why” they think so. For

example, consider a convenience store looking to improve its patronage. A systematic

observation concludes that the number of men visiting this store are more. One good

method to determine why women were not visiting the store is to conduct an in-depth

interview of potential customers in the category.

 Qualitative research methods

 Qualitative research methods are designed in a manner that help reveal the behavior and

perception of a target audience with reference to a particular topic. There are different

types of qualitative research methods like an in-depth interview, focus groups,

ethnographic research, content analysis, case study research that are usually used.

 The results of qualitative methods are more descriptive and the inferences can be drawn

quite easily from the data that is obtained.

 Qualitative research methods originated in the social and behavioral sciences. Today our

world is more complicated and it is difficult to understand what people think and
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perceive. Online qualitative research methods make it easier to understand that as it is

more communicative and descriptive.

 The following are the qualitative research methods that are frequently used. Also, read

about qualitative research examples:

 One-on-one interview:

 Conducting in-depth interviews is one of the most common qualitative research methods.

It is a personal interview that is carried out with one respondent at a time. This is purely a

conversational method and invites opportunities to get details in depth from the

respondent.

 One of the advantages of this method provides a great opportunity to gather precise data

about what people believe and what their motivations are. If the researcher is well

experienced asking the right questions can help him/her collect meaningful data. If they

should need more information the researchers should ask such follow up questions that

will help them collect more information.

 These interviews can be performed face-to-face or on phone and usually can last between

half an hour to two hours or even more. When the in-depth interview is conducted face to

face it gives a better opportunity to read the body language of the respondents and match

the responses.

 Focus groups: A focus group is also one of the commonly used qualitative research

methods, used in data collection. A focus group usually includes a limited number of

respondents (6-10) from within your target market.

 The main aim of the focus group is to find answers to the “why” “what” and “how”

questions. One advantage of focus groups is, you don’t necessarily need to interact with
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the group in person. Nowadays focus groups can be sent an online survey on various

devices and responses can be collected at the click of a button.

 Focus groups are an expensive method as compared to the other online qualitative

research methods. Typically they are used to explain complex processes. This method is

very useful when it comes to market research on new products and testing new concepts.

 Ethnographic research: Ethnographic research is the most in-depth observational

method that studies people in their naturally occurring environment.

 This method requires the researchers to adapt to the target audiences’ environments

which could be anywhere from an organization to a city or any remote location. Here

geographical constraints can be an issue while collecting data.

 This research design aims to understand the cultures, challenges, motivations, and

settings that occur. Instead of relying on interviews and discussions, you experience the

natural settings first hand.

 This type of research method can last from a few days to a few years, as it involves in-

depth observation and collecting data on those grounds. It’s a challenging and a time-

consuming method and solely depends on the expertise of the researcher to be able to

analyze, observe and infer the data.

 Case study research: The case study method has evolved over the past few years and

developed into a valuable qual research method. As the name suggests it is used for

explaining an organization or an entity.

 This type of research method is used within a number of areas like education, social

sciences and similar. This method may look difficult to operate, however, it is one of the
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simplest ways of conducting research as it involves a deep dive and thorough

understanding of the data collection methods and inferring the data.

 Record keeping: This method makes use of the already existing reliable documents and

similar sources of information as the data source. This data can be used in new research.

This is similar to going to a library. There one can go over books and other reference

material to collect relevant data that can likely be used in the research.

 Process of observation:

 Qualitative Observation is a process of research that uses subjective methodologies to

gather systematic information or data. Since, the focus on qualitative observation is the

research process of using subjective methodologies to gather information or data.

Qualitative observation is primarily used to equate quality differences.

 Qualitative observation deals with the 5 major sensory organs and their functioning –

sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing. This doesn’t involve measurements or numbers but

instead characteristics

 Characteristics of qualitative research

 Below are the three key elements that define a qualitative research study and the applied

forms each take in the investigation of a research problem.

 The Design

 Naturalistic -- refers to studying real-world situations as they unfold naturally;

nonmanipulative and noncontrolling; the researcher is open to whatever emerges [i.e.,
there is a lack of predetermined constraints on findings].
 Emergent -- acceptance of adapting inquiry as understanding deepens and/or situations
change; the researcher avoids rigid designs that eliminate responding to opportunities to
pursue new paths of discovery as they emerge.
 Purposeful -- cases for study [e.g., people, organizations, communities, cultures, events,
critical incidences] are selected because they are “information rich” and illuminative.
That is, they offer useful manifestations of the phenomenon of interest; sampling is aimed
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at insight about the phenomenon, not empirical generalization derived from a sample and
applied to a population.
 The Collection of Data

 Data -- observations yield a detailed, "thick description" [in-depth understanding];

interviews capture direct quotations about people’s personal perspectives and lived
experiences; often derived from carefully conducted case studies and review of material
culture.
 Personal experience and engagement -- researcher has direct contact with and gets
close to the people, situation, and phenomenon under investigation; the researcher’s
personal experiences and insights are an important part of the inquiry and critical to
understanding the phenomenon.
 Empathic neutrality -- an empathic stance in working with study responents seeks
vicarious understanding without judgment [neutrality] by showing openness, sensitivity,
respect, awareness, and responsiveness; in observation, it means being fully present
[mindfulness].
 Dynamic systems -- there is attention to process; assumes change is ongoing, whether
the focus is on an individual, an organization, a community, or an entire culture,
therefore, the researcher is mindful of and attentive to system and situationational
dynamics.
 The Analysis

 Unique case orientation -- assumes that each case is special and unique; the first level of
analysis is being true to, respecting, and capturing the details of the individual cases
being studied; cross-case analysis follows from and depends upon the quality of
individual case studies.
 Inductive analysis -- immersion in the details and specifics of the data to discover
important patterns, themes, and inter-relationships; begins by exploring, then confirming
findings, guided by analytical principles rather than rules.
 Holistic perspective -- the whole phenomenon under study is understood as a complex
system that is more than the sum of its parts; the focus is on complex interdependencies
and system dynamics that cannot be reduced in any meaningful way to linear, cause and
effect relationships and/or a few discrete variables.
 Context sensitive -- places findings in a social, historical, and temporal context;
researcher is careful about [even dubious of] the possibility or meaningfulness of
generalizations across time and space; emphasizes careful comparative case analyses and
extrapolating patterns for possible transferability and adaptation in new settings.
 Voice, perspective, and reflexivity -- the qualitative methodologist owns and is
reflective about her or his own voice and perspective; a credible voice conveys
authenticity and trustworthiness; complete objectivity being impossible and pure
subjectivity undermining credibility, the researcher's focus reflects a balance between
understanding and depicting the world authentically in all its complexity and of being
self-analytical, politically aware, and reflexive in consciousness.
 2- Quantitative Research:
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 Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It

can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal

relationships, and generalize results to wider populations.

 Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative research, which involves

collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g. text, video, or audio).

 Quantitative research is widely used in the natural and social sciences: biology,

chemistry, psychology, economics, sociology, marketing, etc.

Table of contents

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Quantitative research methods

You can use quantitative research methods for descriptive, correlational or experimental

research.

 In descriptive research, you simply seek an overall summary of your study

variables.
 In correlational research, you investigate relationships between your study
variables.
 In experimental research, you systematically examine whether there is a cause-
and-effect relationship between variables.

Correlational and experimental research can both be used to formally test hypotheses,

or predictions, using statistics. In these two types of research, the results can be

generalized to broader populations based on the sampling method used.

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To collect quantitative data, you will often need to use operational definitions that

translate abstract concepts (e.g., mood) into observable and quantifiable measures

(e.g., self-ratings of feelings and energy levels).

quantitative research methods

There are four different types of quantitative research methods:

Primary quantitative research is the most widely used method of conducting market

research. The distinct feature of primary research is that the researcher focuses on

collecting data directly rather than depending on data collected from previously done

research. Primary quantitative research design can be broken down into three further

distinctive tracks, as well as the process flow

There are multiple types of quantitative research. They can be distinguished into the

four following distinctive methods, which are:

1. Survey Research:
Survey Research is the most fundamental tool for all quantitative outcome research

methodologies and studies. Surveys used to ask questions to a sample of respondents,

using various types such as online polls, online surveys, paper questionnaires, web-

intercept surveys, etc. Every small and big organization intends to understand what their

customers think about their products and services, how well are new features faring in

the market and other such details.

By conducting survey research, an organization can ask multiple survey questions,

collect data from a pool of customers, and analyze this collected data to produce

numerical results. It is the first step towards collecting data for any research.

This type of research can be conducted with a specific target audience group and also

can be conducted across multiple groups along with comparative analysis. A

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prerequisite for this type of research is that the sample of respondents must have

randomly selected members. This way, a researcher can easily maintain the accuracy

of the obtained results as a huge variety of respondents will be addressed using random

selection. Traditionally, survey research was conducted face-to-face or via phone calls

but with the progress made by online mediums such as email or social media, survey

research has spread to online mediums as well.

Traditionally, survey research was conducted face-to-face or via phone calls but with

the progress made by online mediums such as email or social media, survey research

has spread to online mediums as well.

There are two types of surveys, either of which can be chosen based on the time in-

hand and the kind of data required:

Cross-sectional surveys: Cross-sectional surveys are observational surveys

conducted in situations where the researcher intends to collect data from a sample of

the target population at a given point in time. Researchers can evaluate various

variables at a particular time. Data gathered using this type of survey is from people

who depict similarity in all variables except the variables which are considered for

research. Throughout the survey, this one variable will stay constant.

 Cross-sectional surveys are popular with retail, SMEs, healthcare industries.

Information is garnered without modifying any parameters in the variable
ecosystem.
 Using a cross-sectional survey research method, multiple samples can be
analyzed and compared.
 Multiple variables can be evaluated using this type of survey research.
 The only disadvantage of cross-sectional surveys is that the cause-effect
relationship of variables cannot be established as it usually evaluates variables
at a particular time and not across a continuous time frame.
Longitudinal surveys: Longitudinal surveys are also observational surveys but, unlike

cross-sectional surveys, longitudinal surveys are conducted across various time

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durations to observe a change in respondent behavior and thought-processes. This time

can be days, months, years, or even decades. For instance, a researcher planning to

analyze the change in buying habits of teenagers over 5 years will conduct longitudinal

surveys.

 In cross-sectional surveys, the same variables were evaluated at a given point in

time, and in longitudinal surveys, different variables can be analyzed at
different intervals of time.
 Longitudinal surveys are extensively used in the field of medicine and applied
sciences. Apart from these two fields, they are also used to observe a change
in the market trend, analyze customer satisfaction, or gain feedback on
products/services.
 In situations where the sequence of events is highly essential, longitudinal
surveys are used.
 Researchers say that when there are research subjects that need to be
thoroughly inspected before concluding, they rely on longitudinal surveys.
2. Correlational research:
A comparison between two entities is invariable. Correlation research is conducted to

establish a relationship between two closely-knit entities and how one impacts the other

and what are the changes that are eventually observed. This research method is carried

out to give value to naturally occurring relationships, and a minimum of two different

groups are required to conduct this quantitative research method successfully. Without

assuming various aspects, a relationship between two groups or entities must be

established.

Researchers use this quantitative research design to correlate two or more variables

using mathematical analysis methods. Patterns, relationships, and trends between

variables are concluded as they exist in their original set up. The impact of one of these

variables on the other is observed along with how it changes the relationship between

the two variables. Researchers tend to manipulate one of the variables to attain the

desired results.
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Ideally, it is advised not to make conclusions merely based on correlational research.

This is because it is not mandatory that if two variables are in sync that they are

interrelated.

Example of Correlational Research Questions:

 Therelationship between stress and depression.

The equation between fame and money.
The relation between activities in a third-grade class and its students.
3. Causal-comparative research:
This research method mainly depends on the factor of comparison. Also called quasi-

experimental research, this quantitative research method is used by researchers to

conclude the cause-effect equation between two or more variables, where one variable

is dependent on the other independent variable. The independent variable is

established but not manipulated, and its impact on the dependent variable is observed.

These variables or groups must be formed as they exist in the natural set up. As the

dependent and independent variables will always exist in a group, it is advised that the

conclusions are carefully established by keeping all the factors in mind.

Causal-comparative research is not restricted to the statistical analysis of two variables

but extends to analyzing how various variables or groups change under the influence of

the same changes. This research is conducted irrespective of the type of relation that

exists between two or more variables. Statistical analysis is used to distinctly present

the outcome obtained using this quantitative research method.

Example of Causal-Comparative Research Questions:

 The
impact of drugs on a teenager.
The effect of good education on a freshman.
The effect of substantial food provision in the villages of Africa.
4. Experimental research:
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Also known as true experimentation, this research method is reliant on a theory.

Experimental research, as the name suggests, is usually based on one or more

theories. This theory has not been proven in the past and is merely a supposition. In

experimental research, an analysis is done around proving or disproving the statement.

This research method is used in natural sciences.Traditional research methods are

more effective than modern techniques.

There can be multiple theories in experimental research. A theory is a statement that

can be verified or refuted.

After establishing the statement, efforts are made to understand whether it is valid or

invalid. This type of quantitative research method is mainly used in natural or social

sciences as there are various statements which need to be proved right or wrong.

 Traditional research methods are more effective than modern techniques.

 Systematic teaching schedules help children who find it hard to cope up with the
course.
 It is a boon to have responsible nursing staff for ailing parents
Characteristics of Quantitative Research

1. Large Sample Size

The first and foremost characteristic of quantitative research is the large

sample size to conduct research. Quantitative research is done on a large

number of audiences to ensure reliability. The sample size used in

quantitative research represents the whole target market

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Because of this characteristic of quantitative research, most organizations

prefer to invest in quantitative research rather than investing in qualitative

research

2. Structured Research Methods

Structural research methods like questionnaires, polls, and surveys are used

to conduct quantitative research. In-depth information about the preferences

of the audience can be drawn using these structured research methods.

Moreover, with the help of the Internet and social media, it is effortless to

reach the vast population irrespective of geographical boundaries. You can

pay to run your Survey ad on various social media platforms such

as Facebook, YouTube, etc. and can collect the opinion of a large population.

In addition to this, these research methods are easy to conduct through offline

means. Also, a participant is only required to fill out the questionnaire and is

not required to be part of the research process for a long time.

3.Highly Reliable Outcome

The outcome of quantitative research methods is quite reliable, as participants

of the research face close-ended questions. Therefore, there are fewer

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chances of getting vague information or wrong information from the

participants.

Quantitative research methods are used for industrial research purposes

because of its reliability. Moreover, the Outcome of quantitative research is

easy to understand and explain.

The researchers present the outcome of the research to get the approval of

the management, and management can understand this information quickly

because it is represented in the form of tables and graphs.

4. Reusable Outcome

Another characteristic of quantitative research is that the outcome of

quantitative research can be used multiple times. Data collected for one

research purpose can be used for the prior study of another research

problem.

Sometimes, researchers make the use of the outcome of research for similar

research problems, which reduces the expense and time required for

conducting research. For example, if you have researched how much money

a man will be willing to pay to buy an electronic gadget

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You can use the output of the previous study to get a reliable answer to the

research problem of how much a man will be willing to pay to buy an

earphone. In this way, the outcome of the previous research problem is used

to support the output of new but related research problems.

5. Close-ended questions

Another characteristic of quantitative research is close-ended questions.

Close-ended question’s answers are more specific and right to the question

than the open-ended questions. Responses to open-ended questions are

more detailed and scattered, and it requires real skills to pick out the answers

that you need.

Moreover, responses to Close-ended questions are more reliable than the

answers to questions of open-ended questions. In addition to this, people also

prefer to answer close-ended questions than open-ended questions for

various reasons. The followings are a few examples of close-ended questions.

1. How often do you shop online?

2. How often do you pay for the subscription of a mobile app?
3. How much are you ready to pay to buy a women’s health
magazine?
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The answer to the above questions would be in numerical form, which can be

used to derive meaningful conclusions.

6. Numerical Outcome

The outcome of quantitative research is always in numerical form. For

example, the result of research can be represented in percentage, range of

numbers.

A numerical output is easy to read and understand, and it is easy to deduce a

conclusion from the numerical outcome than a detailed result.

7. Generalization of Outcome

The outcome of quantitative research can be generalised easily for the whole

population. The reason behind this is that quantitative research is conducted

on a large sample of the population.

A decision can be taken for the entire population based on the outcome of the

sample population.

8. Prior study

The outcome of quantitative research can be used for a previous study of

another research. Many scholars and researchers study and analyze the
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outcome of previous research to establish their research hypothesis or

research problem.

The results of quantitative research are more reliable than qualitative research

and can be used easily to deduce conclusions