Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

University of Central Florida

EGN 3373 Principles of Electrical Engineering

Fall 2020

Introduction

Fall 2020: EGN 3373 1 Dr. Sonali Das

What is an electrical circuit?

• A circuit consists of electrical elements connected together, and we can use

symbols to draw circuits.
• The elements in an electric circuit include sources of energy, resistors,
capacitors, inductors, and so on.
• An electric circuit is essentially a pipeline that facilitates the transfer of charge
from one point to another.
• Analysis of electric circuits means determining the unknown quantities such as
voltage, current and power associated with one or more elements in the
circuit.
Fall 2020: EGN 3373 2 Dr. Sonali Das
What is an electrical circuit? (contd.)

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What is an electrical circuit? (contd.)

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What is an electrical circuit? (contd.)
RLC circuit with DC voltage source RLC circuit with AC voltage source
L C L C

V
+
-
R V R
RLC circuit with DC current source RLC circuit with AC current source
L C L C

I R I R
Fall 2020: EGN 3373 5 Dr. Sonali Das
Analogy…

The three most basic components of

electricity are voltage, current, and
resistance.

•VOLTAGE is like the pressure that

pushes water through the hose. It is
measured in volts (V).

•CURRENT is like the diameter of the

hose. The wider it is, the more water will
flow through. It is measured in amps
(I or A).

•RESISTANCE is like sand in the hose

that slows down the water flow. It is
measured in ohms (R or Ω).

Fall 2020: EGN 3373 6 Dr. Sonali Das

What is current?

• An electric current is a movement of flow of charge through a

material.
• The time rate of change of charge constitutes an electric current

Mathematically, the relationship is expressed as:

𝑑𝑞(𝑡) OR 𝑞 𝑡 = න 𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑖 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑄
𝐼=
𝑡
Fall 2020: EGN 3373 7 Dr. Sonali Das
What is current?

• Unit of current is Ampere.

𝑑𝑞(𝑡)
𝑖 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
Unit of current =
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏
Ampere =
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

Fall 2020: EGN 3373 8 Dr. Sonali Das

What is current?

• Measurement is done by an ammeter. Connection in series.

Ammeter

Source

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Problem 1

If a current of 5 A flows for 2 minutes, find the quantity

of electricity transferred.
Solution

𝐼 = 5𝐴 𝑡 = 2 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 = 120 𝑠 𝑄 =?
𝑄
𝐼=
𝑡
𝑄 = 𝐼𝑡 = 5 × 120 = 600C
Fall 2020: EGN 3373 10 Dr. Sonali Das
What is voltage?

• An electric voltage is a difference in energy level between two points

• The energy difference causes the charges in the material to move
from a higher to a lower voltage.
Voltage is the energy required to move a positive charge through an
element.

Mathematically, the relationship is expressed as:

𝑑𝑊(𝑡) 𝑊 𝑡 = න 𝑉 𝑡 𝑑𝑞
𝑉 𝑡 = OR
𝑑𝑞 𝑊
𝑉=
𝑄
Fall 2020: EGN 3373 11 Dr. Sonali Das
What is voltage?

• Unit of voltage is Volt.

𝑑𝑊(𝑡)
𝑉 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑞
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
Unit of voltage =
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
Volt =
𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏

Fall 2020: EGN 3373 12 Dr. Sonali Das

What is voltage?

• Measurement is done by a voltmeter. Connection in parallel.

Source Voltmeter

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Problem 2

Find the energy lost by 6C charge passing through 4V potential

difference.
Solution

𝑄 = 6𝐶 𝑉 =4𝑉 𝑊 =?

𝑊 𝑊 = 𝑉 × 𝑄 = 6 × 4 = 24J
𝑉=
𝑄
Fall 2020: EGN 3373 14 Dr. Sonali Das
What is power?

• Power is defined as the rate of energy that is transformed or

transferred over time.

𝑑𝑊(𝑡) • Unit of power is Watt.

P 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡
• Measurement with wattmeter.
𝑑𝑊(𝑡) 𝑑𝑞(𝑡)
P 𝑡 = X
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡

Power = Voltage X Current

Fall 2020: EGN 3373 15 Dr. Sonali Das

Problem 3

How many amperes does a 100 watt bulb require when

operating on 120 volts?
Solution

𝑃 = 100𝑊 𝑉 = 120 𝑉 𝐼 =?
𝑃 =𝑉×𝐼
𝑃 100
𝐼= = = 0.83 𝐴
𝑉 120
Fall 2020: EGN 3373 16 Dr. Sonali Das
Types of current

• A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant with time.

• An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies sinusoidally with

time. DC Current AC Current

Fall 2020: EGN 3373 17 Dr. Sonali Das

Problem 4

How much charge is represented by 4,000 electrons?

Solution

Charge of each electron = 1.602 × 10-19 C

Charge of 4000 electrons = 1.602 × 10-19 C × 4000 = 6408 × 10-19 C

Fall 2020: EGN 3373 18 Dr. Sonali Das

Problem 5

The total charge entering a terminal is given by 𝑞 = 5𝑡 sin 4𝜋𝑡 mC.

Calculate the current at 𝑡 = 0.5 s.
Solution
𝑞 = 5𝑡 sin 4𝜋𝑡 mC. 𝑡 = 0.5 𝑠 𝑖 =? 𝑚𝐴
𝑑𝑞 𝑑 𝑑(𝑡) 𝑑
𝑖= = (5𝑡 sin 4𝜋𝑡) 𝑖 = [5 sin 4𝜋𝑡 × ]+ [5𝑡 × (sin 4𝜋𝑡)]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑖 = [5 sin 4𝜋𝑡]+ [5𝑡 × 4𝜋 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝜋𝑡)]

𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0.5 𝑠, 𝑖 = [5 sin 2𝜋]+ [10𝜋 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋)]
𝑖 = 10𝜋 = 31.42 mA
Fall 2020: EGN 3373 19 Dr. Sonali Das
Classification of Circuit Elements

Voltage Source Vs Is
Active Elements: Generate energy +-
Current Source

Resistor
Passive Elements: does not
Capacitor generate power, but instead
dissipates, stores, and/or
Inductor releases it.

Fall 2020: EGN 3373 20 Dr. Sonali Das

Direction of current and voltage

• Two ways of showing current.

• Two ways of showing voltage.

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Passive Sign Convention
• For defining the sign of electrical power.
• Assume positive current enters positive voltage terminal.
• If the sign of the power (P = V×I) is positive, power is being
absorbed by the element; if the sign is negative, power is being
supplied by the element.
I
+
V
-
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Problem 6

I = 4A + Determine the amount of power

12 V
- absorbed or supplied by the element.
Solution

As per assumption

I = - 4A + P = -4A × 12 V = -48W
12 V
Power is supplied or delivered by the
-
element.
Fall 2020: EGN 3373 23 Dr. Sonali Das
Problem 7

I = 2A + Determine the amount of power

4V
- absorbed or supplied by the element.
Solution

As per assumption

I = 2A + P = 2A × 4 V = 8 W
4V
- Power is absorbed by the element.
Fall 2020: EGN 3373 24 Dr. Sonali Das
Open circuit

Is
Parameters across AB
V=? V = Vs
A I=? I=0
Vs +
- Ohm’s Law,
B
V = IR
Voltage = Current×Resistance
V Vs
𝑅= 𝑅= 𝑅=∞
𝐼 0
Fall 2020: EGN 3373 25 Dr. Sonali Das
Short circuit

Is
Parameters across AB
V=? V=0
A I=? I = Is
Vs +
- Ohm’s Law,
B
V = IR
Voltage = Current×Resistance
V 0
𝑅= 𝑅= 𝑅=0
𝐼 𝐼𝑠
Fall 2020: EGN 3373 26 Dr. Sonali Das
Classification of Sources

• Independent Sources

• Dependent Sources

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Independent Sources

• Independent Sources: An independent source is a two-terminal

element that maintains a specified voltage between its terminals or
current across the terminals.

Independent Voltage Source Independent Current Source

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Classification of Independent Sources

• Ideal Sources

• Practical Sources

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Classification of Independent Sources

Ideal Voltage Source Practical Voltage Source

V
R = Rs Ideal
Vs

Load
Vs +
Load
Vs + Practical
- -

Rs= 0 I

Fall 2020: EGN 3373 30 Dr. Sonali Das

Classification of Independent Sources

Ideal Current Source Practical Current Source

I
Ideal
Is

R = Rp
Load

Load
Is Is Practical

Rp = ∞ V

Fall 2020: EGN 3373 31 Dr. Sonali Das

Dependent Sources

• A dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which

the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.

Dependent Dependent
voltage source current source

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Classification of Dependent Sources

• Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).

• Current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).

• Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).

• Current-controlled current source (CCCS).

Fall 2020: EGN 3373 33 Dr. Sonali Das

Classification of Dependent Sources
VCVS CCVS
+ + +
I1
V1 Vs = μV1 Vs = rI1
- - -
μ = Voltage gain = Vs/V1 (No unit) r = transresistance = Vs/I1 (ohm)
VCCS CCCS
+
I1
V1 Is = gV1 Is = βI1
-
g = Transconductance= Is/V1 (mho) β = Current gain= Is/I1 (No unit)
Fall 2020: EGN 3373 34 Dr. Sonali Das
Problem 8

1. How many sources are present?

2. Identify the type of sources.

Solution

Independent
Ans 1) 3 sources VCVS CCCS
voltage source

Fall 2020: EGN 3373 35 Dr. Sonali Das

Problem 9 Independent
current source
1. How many sources are present?

2. Identify the type of sources.

Solution

CCVS Independent
Ans 1) 4 sources
voltage source
VCCS
Fall 2020: EGN 3373 36 Dr. Sonali Das
Problem 10

What is the proportionality

constant of the dependent source?

Solution

Type of dependent source = VCVS

Proportionality constant = Voltage Gain
Proportionality constant = Voltage Gain = a
Fall 2020: EGN 3373 37 Dr. Sonali Das