SOURCES OF WATER

For Domestic Use:

SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
- Roofs of buildings and
- Only collected
special water sheds
during wet season
- Stored in cisterns or
- Soft and pure - Storage becomes a
ponds
Rain Water - Suitable for the hot breeding place for
- Cistern water for
water supply system mosquitoes
drinking should be
- Possibility that it is
boiled, chlorinated, or
not clean
otherwise sterilized
- Contains large
- Easy to acquire
amounts of
- Large quantities
bacteria; organic
Natural - Used for irrigation,
- Obtained from ponds, and inorganic
Surface industrial purposes
lakes and rivers substances
Water and, when treated,
- Purification and
for community
treatment is
water supply
necessary
- Obtained underground
by means of - Abundant supply - May have organic
Ground mechanical and - Requires less matter and
Water manual equipment treatment because chemical elements
- Obtained from springs of natural filtering - Its hardness
and wells

WATER TREATMENT
PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION
- Corrosion of non-
- Raising alkaline
Entrance of oxygen and ferrous pipes
Acidity content with a
carbon dioxide - Rusting and clogging
neutralizer
of steel pipes
- Clogging of pipes
Presence of magnesium - Boiling
Hardness - Impaired laundry
and calcium salts - Ion exchanger
and cooking
- Discoloration
Turbidity Silt or mud in surface - Filtration
- Bad taste

Presence of iron and - Discoloration of

Color - Oxidizing filter
manganese fixtures and laundry

Contamination by
Pollution organic matter or - Disease - Chlorination
sewage

OBJECTIONALBLE REASONS FOR TREATMENT

ELEMENT
Calcium, Magnesium Produces hardness OBJECTIONALBLE METHOD OF TREATMENT
Bad taste and odor ELEMENT
Highly corrosive to Carbon Dioxide Aeration
Sulfur
plumbing Hydrogen Sulfide
Stains clothing Suspended Coagulation and settling
Bad taste material process
Salt
Highly corrosive Chemicals
Stains clothing and Bacteria
Sand filtration
plumbing fixtures Calcium/ Addition of water softeners
Iron Interferes with water Magnesium
softeners Iron Iron filters
Iron bacteria clogs pipes Sulfur Chlorination
Unhealthy; may cause Pathogenic Disinfection
Pathogenic germs
poliomyelitis germs
Highly corrosive Marble
Acid Picks up lead Acid
Limestone filtration
Stains clothing
Algae Bad taste and color

PURIFICATION OF WATER
Aeration
- Sparing the water into the atmosphere
through jets or passing it over rough
surfaces to remove unwanted chemicals
Coagulation & Precipitation
- Addition of coagulants (ferrous sulfate,
lime) to the water which cause the larger
suspended particles to form a gelatinous
mass which precipitates readily.
Filtration
- Water is passed through layers of sand and
gravel in concrete basins to remove finer
suspended particles
Two Types of Waste
1. Solid Waste – discharged by water closet
2. Liquid Waste – coming from various fixtures
Two Types of Drainage Piping
1. Soil Pipe – pipes that convey waste coming
from water closet
2. Waste Pipe – pipe that conveys waste from
fixtures other than the water closet
Drainage Installation
- Sometimes referred to as DWV
o D – drainage of solid waste
o W – waste coming from various
fixtures other than water closet
o V – ventilation of the piping system

Sedimentation Definition of Terms

- Water is passed through basins so
sediments can settle through a period of
time
Chlorination
- Water is injected with hypo-chlorite or
chlorine gas to kill harmful bacteria
The Drainage System
Air Gap – unobstructed vertical distance through
the free atmosphere between the lowest opening
from any pipe or faucet supplying water to a tank
or other devices.
Back flow – flow of water, or other liquid mixture
or substances into the distributing pipes of a
potable
supply of water form any source OTHER than its - Thickness is twice as that of the standard
intended source. cast iron pipe
- Superior for embedment in concrete
Plumbing Materials structure for having the same material
properties
1. Cast iron soil pipe
2. Acid resistant cast iron pipe Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
3. Asbestos pipe - Cheapest of all types
4. Bituminous fiber sewer pipe - Light in weight, slightly flexible
5. Vitrified clay pipe - Can take slight soil movement without
6. Lead pipe danger
7. Galvanized steel pipe - May be softened/damaged
8. Galvanized wrought iron pipe
9. Brass pipe Vitrified Clay Pipe
10. Copper pipe - One of the oldest materials
11. Plastic or synthetic pipe - Highly resistant to most acids
12. Stainless steel pipe - Made in short lengths of 750mm

Cast iron pipe Lead Pipe

- Most popular and generally specified
material
- Used in buildings less than 25 storey high
- Commercial length: 600 cm
- Diameters: 50-150mm
- Two types of Cast Iron Pipe
o SV type – used for building
installations
o XV type – extra duty pipe used for
underground installations
- Four Varieties
o Standard pipe
o Single hub pipe
o Double hub pipe
o Hubless pipe (bell-less pipe)
Acid Resistant Cast iron pipe
- Made of an alloy, cast iron and silicon
- Installed in chemical laboratories,
industries, and other installations where
acid wastes are discharged
- Brittles and cracks easily
- Have to be supported at every 1.50m
interval
Asbestos Pipe
- Made of asbestos fibers and Portland
cement
- One of the oldest plumbing materials used
by the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans
- Highly resistant to acid
- Suitable for underground installation
- Never used to convey water for human
consumption because it is poisonous and
injurious to health
Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe
- Better in quality than the steel pipe for
plumbing installation
- More resistant to acid waste than steel pipe
Brass Pipe
- One of the most expensive types of pipe
- Made of an alloy or zinc and copper
Copper Pipe
- Durable and extremely corrosive resistant
material
- Easy to install compared with types of pipe
- Cost little more than the steel pipe but its
fittings cost lesser
- Three Types
o K type
o Heaviest
o Suitable for underground installation
- L type
 o Lighter than K
o Available in both flexible and rigid
form
o Commonly used in residential water
supply line and for radiant heating
installations
- M type
o Thinnest
o Available only in rigid form
o Designed for small water supply
lines and for radiant heating
installations
Plastic or Synthetic Pipes
- New concept in the field of plumbing
- Introduced in the Philippines at the early
70’s
- Types
Rigid type (PIPES)
o Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
o Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
(CPVC)
o Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
(uPVC)
o Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
(ABS)
o Polypropylene (PP)
o Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
Flexible type (TUBING)
o The Polyethylene (PE) – coil form;
30m long
o The Polybutylene (PB) – coil form;
30m -150m long
Considerations in choosing materials:
1. Quality and durability
2. Resistance to external and internal contact
with foreign matters
3. Resistance to acid waste and other chemical
elements that will pass into it
4. Cost of materials and labor
COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Water Supply System
- Consists of water service pipe, water supply
line, water distributing pipe and necessary
branch pipes, fittings and all appurtenances
required for the supply of potable water
PARTS OF THE COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM (POTABLE AND TAP)
Service Pipe
- Pipe from the street water main or other
source to the building served
Water Meter
- Device used to measure in liters or gallons
the amount of water that passes through
the water service
Horizontal Supply Main
- Principal water distribution pipe running
from the water meter
Riser
- Water supply extending vertically to one full
story or more to convey water into fixture
Fixture Branch
- Water supply pipe between the fixture
supply pipe and the water distributing pipe
Control & Valves
- Used for control, isolation and repair of the
water distribution system
Water main
- Water supply pipe for public community use
Gate Valve
- Valve in which the flow of water is cut off by
means of a circular disc fitted against
machine smoothed faces, at right angles to
the direction of the flow
Check Valve
- Valve that automatically closes to prevent
the flow of liquid or gas in a reverse
direction
Globe Valve
- Valve in which the flow of water is cut off by
means of a disk that fits against the valve
seal (tortuous passage)
Building Supply Pipe
- Pipe carrying potable water from the water
meter or other source of water supply to a
building or other point of use or distribution
on the lot
- Water service connection
Fixture Supply
- Water supply pipe connecting the fixture
and fixture branch
Direct / Upfeed system
- Water is provided by the city water
companies using normal pressure from
public water main