Bab 8 Notes and Latihan Form 3 Ptsi

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PUSATNOTA/LATIHAN

CIKGU K.THIPAN RAJ (SAINS F3/B8) TUISYEN SINARAN INTENSIF I LOVE MY SIR AND SCIENCE
LEARNING REDEFINED
SAINS BAB 8 ( RADIOAKTIFAN / RADIOACTIVITY )
TINGKATAN 3
(K.THIPANRAJ)
Nama :______________________ Kumpulan :______

8.1 SEJARAH PENEMUAN KERADIOAKTIFAN


HISTORY OF DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY

TAHUN AHLI SAINS PENEMUAN


YEAR SCIENTIST DISCOVERY
1895 WILHELM Menemukan sinar –X secara tidak sengaja semasa
ROENTGEN mengambil gambar foto sinar-X.

Discovered X-ray accidentally while taking an X-ray


photograph.
1896 ANTOINE HENRI Menemukan sinar alfa yang dipancarkan dari nukleus
BECQUEREL uranium-238.

Discovered alpha ray that is emitted from the nucleus


of uranium-238.
1897 MARIE dan PIERRE Menemukan sinaran gama yang dipancarkan dari
CURIE nukleus radium dan polonium

Discovered gamma ray that is emitted from the nuclei


of radium and polonium.

KERADIOAKTIFAN
RADIOACTIVITY

Keradioaktifan merupakan proses pereputan secara rawak dan spontan bagi nukleus yang
tidak stabil dengan memancarkan sinaran radioaktif untuk mencapai keadaan yang lebih
stabil.
Radioactivity is the process of random and spontaneous decomposition of an unstable
nucleus by emitting radioactive radiations to achieve a more stable condition.

Sinaran radioaktif
Radioactive radiations
Zarah alfa ( sinar alfa) Zarah beta ( sinar beta) Sinar gama,
Alpha particles ( alpha rays) Beta particles ( beta rays) Gamma rays
α β γ

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Zarah alfa ( sinar alfa)
Alpha particles ( alpha rays)
α Products of decay

Thorium Helium nucleus

Alpha particle

Zarah beta ( sinar beta)


Beta particles ( beta rays)
β
Products of decay

Electron

Thorium Protactinium
Beta particle

Sinar gama,
Gamma rays
γ

Gamma ray

Cobalt-60*unstable Cobalt-60*more stable


nucleus of cobalt nucleus of cobalt

Kadar pereputan nukleus yang tidak stabil ( atau keaktifan dalam pereputan nukleus ) diukur
dalam unit keradioaktifan yang berikut:
The rate of decay ( or activity) of an unstable nucleus is measured in the following units of
radioactivity.
a. Unit S.I bagi keradioaktifan ialah becquerel (Bq)
S.I unit for radioactivity is Becquerel ( Bq)
1 Bq = 1 pereputan/s
1 Bq = 1 decay/s

b. Unit pengukuran bagi keradioaktifan yang pertama ialah curie (Ci)


First unit of measurement for radioactivity is curie ( Ci)
1 Ci = 3.7 x 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 pereputan/s
1 Ci = 3.7 x 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 decay/s 2
CIKGU K.THIPAN RAJ (SAINS F3/B8) NOTA/LATIHAN I LOVE MY SIR AND SCIENCE

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SEPARUH HAYAT PEREPUTAN RADIOAKTIF


HALF-LIFE RADIOACTIVE DECAY

𝟏
Separuh hayat, T 𝟐 ialah tempoh masa yang diambil untuk bilangan nukleus yang belum
mereput berkurang menjadi setengah daripada nilai asalnya.
𝟏
Half-life, T 𝟐 is the period of time taken for half of the total number of nuclei to decay.

Rajah menunjukkan bilangan nukleus yang belum mereput berkurang menjadi setengah
daripada nilai asalnya bagi setiap separuh hayat.
Diagram shows the number of nuclei to decay to half of its original number after each half-life.

contoh masalah numerical


examples of numerical problems
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Kobalt-60 mereput menjadi Nikel-60 dengan separuh hayatnya, T2 5 tahun.
Hitungkan jisim Kobalt-60 selepas 20 tahun jika jisim asalnya ialah 16g.

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Cobalt-60 decays to form Nickel-60 with half-life, T2 of 5 years.
Calculate the mass of Cobalt-60 after 20 years given its original mass is 16g.

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Graf keaktifan melawan masa bagi bahan radioaktif Q adalah seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam
rajah dibawah.
Graph of activity against time for radioactive substance Q is as shown in diagram below.

Activity (Bq)

Time (s)

Struktur Atom
Structure of the Atom
Struktur atom yang terdiri daripada tiga zarah subatom, iaitu proton, neutron, dan elektron
The structure of the atom is made up of three subatomic particles, namely proton, neutron
and electron.

negatively charged
particle neutral particle that
is not charged
Nucleus

positively charged
particle
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Pembentukan Ion Positif dan Ion Negatif


Formation of Positive and Negative Ions

Apabila sesuatu atom menderma atau menerima elektron, atom itu menjadi zarah bercas
yang dikenali sebagai ion.
When an atom gains or loses one or more electron, the atom becomes a charged particle
known as an ion.

Ion positif atau kation – atom yang menderma elektron membentuk ion positif yang dikenali
sebagai kation.
Positive ion or cation – an atom which loses one or more electrons forms a positive ion
known as a cation.
electron 1 electron lost by atom

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Ion negatif atau anion – atom yang menerima elektron membentuk ion negatif yang dikenal
sebagai anion.
Negative ion or anion – an atom which gains one or more electrons forms a negative ion
known as anion.
electron 1 electron gained by atom

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8.3 SINARAN MENGION DAN SINARAN TIDAK MENGION


IONISING RADIATION AND NON IONISING RADIATION

Suatu sinaran seperti sinaran radioaktif melintasi udara dan menghasilkan ion positif dan
ion negatif, sinaran ini dikenali sebagai sinaran mengion.
A radiation such as radioactive radiation passes through air and produces positive and
negative ions, it is known as ionising radiation.

α particle

α particle loses
Neutral air molecules Ionised air energy

Sinaran tidak mengion merupakan sinaran yang melintasi udara dan tidak menghasilkan
ion positif dan ion negatif. Sebagai contoh, cahaya nampak dan gelombang radio ialah
sinaran tidak mengion
Non-ionising radiation is a radiation which passes through the air and does not produce
positive ions and negative ions. For example, visible light and radio waves are non-ionising
radiations

Jenis sinaran radioaktif Sinar alfa Sinar beta Sinar gama


Type of radioactive radiation Alpha radiation Beta radiation Gamma ray
α β γ

Sifat semula jadi Nukleus helium Elektron yang berhalaju Electromagnetic wave
Natural characteristic Helium nucleus High speed electron Gelombang elektromagnet
Cas zarah Positif Negatif Neutral
Charge of particle Positive Negative
Kuasa pengionan Tinggi Sederhana Rendah
Ionising power High Moderate Low

Kuasa penembusan
Penetration power

radioactive source

Paper Lead

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Pemesongan oleh medan elektrik


Deflection by electric field

radioactive source

Pemesongan oleh medan magnet


radioactive source
Deflection by magnetic field

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15.
a.Apakah maksud bahan radioaktif?
What is the meaning of radioactive substance
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1 markah / 1 mark)

b. Rajah menunjukkan satu contoh pereputan bahan radioaktif, Uranium-235.


Diagram shows an example of radioactive substance decay, Uranium-235.

235 235 4
92 U 92
Th + 2
He
Berdasarkan rajah, nyatakan nombor proton bagi :
Based on diagram, state the proton number of :
i. Thorium-231
______________________________________________________________
ii. Uranium-235
______________________________________________________________
(2 markah / 2 marks)
c.

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Separuh hayat =………………………………s


Half life

d. Terangkan mengapa sinaran alfa tidak sesuai untuk mengimbas bagasi di


lapangan terbang.
Explain why alpha ray is not suitable to scan baggage at the airport.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2 markah / 2 marks)

e. Kobalt-60 boleh digunakan untuk memandulkan lalat buah di ladang.


Wajarkan kegunaan bahan radioaktif seperti yang telah dinyatakan.
Cobalt-60 can be used to interfile fruit flies in the farm.
Justify the uses of radioactive substances as mentioned.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3 markah / 3 marks)

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