STRUCTURE ANAYLSIS

SIR DR SAEED
HASSAN AHMED FA18-CVE-004  5/5/20
Q1

TRUSS FRAME ARCH

1) In truss, only nodal 1) In frame, load can 1) Arch action is usually

forces can be allowed point load, uniformly characterized by the
and no moments. distributed or bending-stretching
2) In truss, external uniformly varying couple action.
forces will be resisted load and even 2) In arches, we modify the
by member's axial moments can be shape of the element in
(tension and applied at nodes or such a way that the
compression) anywhere along the imposed shear load gets
capacity only, length. divided into two
3) in truss system only 2) In frames, the components - (1) Radial
hinged and roller external loads are Shear, which is tangential
supports can be resisted in frame to the neutral axis of the
assigned. elements by their arch (2) Normal Thrust,
4)  truss system, shear and bending which is perpendicular to
members can only (flexure) capacity the neutral axis . This has
undergo translational 3) in frame system, an added benefit of
deformations. supports can be generating less bending
5) Truss is a flexural assigned as fixed, moment along the section
member and is hinged or roller (components of shear
normally used for 4) in frame system, generate counter-
supporting a roof. members can moment to each other)
6) Truss is composed of undergo rotation and which in turn increases
many triangles translation the overall load carrying
connected together deformations  capacity of the element
7) .Many types of 5) On the other hand, (provided the element is
trusses are in use members of frames allowed to bend and
( King-post truss are jointed rigidly at stretch simultaneously, i.e.
,Queen post truss, fin joints by means of one roller end is provided)
truss, compound fin welding and 3) Arch is a curved beam
truss , N type truss bolting. So the which experience axial
etc. joints of frame compression and
could transfer sometimes bending
moments also in (depend upon support
addition to the axial condition)..
loads.
Q2

TRUSS
TRUSS

The two methods for analysis of plane trusses ,joint method and section

. The method of joints essentially remains the same, except that three equilibrium equations (PFx ¼
0,PFy ¼ 0, andPFz ¼ 0) must now be satisfied at each joint of the space truss. Since the three
equilibrium equations cannot be used to determine more than three unknown forces, the analysis is
started at a joint that has a maximum of three unknown forces (which must not be coplanar) acting
on it.

The three unknowns are determined by applying the three equations of equilibrium. We then
proceed from joint to joint, computing three or fewer unknown forces at each subsequent joint,
until all the desired forces have been determined.

Identify by inspection any zero-force members of the truss.

METHOD of SECTION

IN this method when we require force in specfic member so we cut the member which is pass with
three member and then applying the eucation of equlibrium

3. Graphical Method of Truss Analysis (Maxwell’s Diagram)

The method of joints could be used as the basis for a graphical analysis of trusses. The
graphical analysis was developed by force polygons drawn to scale for each joint, and then
the forces in each member were measured from one of these force polygons.The number of
lines which have to be drawn can be greatly reduced, however, if the various force polygons
are superimposed. The resulting diagram of truss is known as the Maxwell’s Diagram.

DETERMINACY

A truss is considered to be statically determinate if all of its member forces and reactions can be
determined by using the equations of equilibrium. If a plane truss contains m members, j joints, and
is supported by r reactions,

then if m+r < 2j the truss is statically unstable

m+r =2j the truss is statically determinate

( m+r > 2j the truss is statically indeterminate

The degree of static indeterminacy is given by i =m+r2j-2j

FRAME
1) Anaylsis of the frame is similar to beam expect frame is split to separate member
2) Determine the suppourt reaction using equbrium equcation
3) Resolve all the Member into component acting parallel And perpendicular
4) Sign convection are same of beam
5) When drawing bending moment always in ostive in the compression member

DETERMINACY

A frame is considered to be statically determinate if the shears, bending moments, and axial
forces in all its members as well as all the external reactions can be determined by using the
equations of equilibrium and condition. If a plane frame contains m members and j joints, is
supported by r reactions, and has ec equations of condition, then
if 3m+r < 3j +c the frame is statically unstable
3m+r = 3j+c the frame is statically determinate 3m+r > 3j+c the frame is statically
indeterminate
The degree of static indeterminacy is given by i = (3m+r)-(3j+c)
ARCH
Arch depend on support condition
Three –HINGED arch Is statically Determinate STRUCTURE and Its reaction /internal force are Evaluated by
static Equcation of equilibrium . Two HiNGED arch and FIXED arch are inderterminate .

Determination of reaction is don ny support in same level and different level

According to that we find the reaction arch and the anaylsis it .

 Fixed arches restrict the horizontal, vertical or rotational movement at its two ends, so a fixed
arch is an indeterminate structure.

As they have total of 6 supporting reactions, 3 at each end, they are indeterminate to a
degree of 3. This can be  numerically justified as below:

Total numbers of support reactions:

R=3+3
Total numbers of equations of static equilibrium = r=3

So Indeterminacy,
E = R-r = 6-3 = 3
So, as to analyze a fixed arch we need a minimum of three extra equations.

Two hinge Arches:-

In the case of two-hinged arch, we have four unknown reactions, but there are only three
equations of equilibrium available. Hence, the degree of statically indeterminacy is one for
two hinged arch.
Three Hinge Arches:-
In the case of three-hinged arch, we have three hinges: two at the support and one at the
crown thus making it statically determinate structure.

Analysis of arches :-
We can analysis arches according to there geometry.there are two type of arches according
to their geometry.
1) Parabolic Arches
2) Circular Arches

Parabolic Arches:-
If a three hinged arch is parabolic in shape and it carries uniformly distributed load
over the entire span, every section of the arch will be purely in compression resisting
only a normal thrust. There will be no shear force and no bending moment. However
for other types of loading axial thrust, shear force and bending moment exist.