8051 Chap1 Introduction PDF

ĐH Bách Khoa TP.
HCM Lê Chí Thông
Microprocessing Systems
Lê Chí Thông
Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie, The 8051 Microcontroller
Objectives
• Introduction fundamentals and applications of

microprocessors and microcomputers.
• Architecture, the instruction set, and applications of
8051 microcontroller family
• Basic applications of microprocessors, such as
input/output, analog-digital conversion (ADC), and
digital-analog conversion (DAC), and data acquisition.
Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 2
sites.google.com/site/chithong 1
ĐH Bách Khoa TP.HCM Lê Chí Thông
Textbooks
• I. Scott MacKenzie, ”The 8051 Microcontroller”, 2nd

Edition, Prentice-Hall, 1995
• Kenneth J. Ayala, “The 8051 Microcontroller:
Architecture, Programming, and Applications”, West
Publishing Company
Chapter 1
Introduction to Microcontrollers
These are …
embedded systems
An embedded system is a system in which a

processor/microcontroller/computer is embedded to
perform a specific task or
Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie
tasks
Lê Chí Thông 5
Microprocessors
Control Unit
• Integrated ALU and CU (CU)
• No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself

Arithmetic
• Example: Intel’s x86, Motorola’s 680x0 Logical Unit (ALU)
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Data Bus
Many chips on mother’s board
CPU
General- Serial
Purpose RAM ROM I/O Timer Port
Micro- Port
processor
Address Bus
General-Purpose Microprocessor
Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông System 6
FIGURE 1–2 Block diagram of a microcomputer system
Architecture of computers
FIGURE 1–3 The central processing unit (CPU)
Architecture of CPU
PC-
Program counter
FIGURE 1–4 Bus activity for an opcode fetch cycle
Opcode fetch, decode, execution
FIGURE 1–5 Levels of software
Shell, GUI – user

- hardware
Utilities
Booster loader,
BIOS
Keyboard, monitor
Other hardwires
FIGURE 1–6 Detailed block diagram of a microcomputer system
Microcontrollers
• Integrates CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, … on a
single chip
• Sometimes called a "computer on a chip"
• Typically used in embedded applications
• Example: Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8
and PIC 16X
CPU RAM ROM

A single chip
Serial
I/O Timer COM
Port
Port
Microcontroller
Microcontroller Architectures
Memory
0
Address Bus
Program
CPU Data Bus + Data Von Neumann
2n
Architecture
Memory
0
Address Bus
Program
CPU Fetch Bus Harvard
Address Bus 0
Architecture
Data Bus Data
Embedded System
• Embedded system: the processor is embedded into
that application.
• An embedded product usually uses a microcontroller
to do one task only.
• In an embedded system, there is only one application
software that is typically burned into ROM
Embedded System
Sensor conditioning
Output interfaces
sensor
actuator
sensor Microcontroller
(uC)
indicator
sensor
Representation of Number Systems
• Positive radix, positional number systems

• A number with radix r is represented by a string of
digits:
An - 1An - 2 … A1A0 . A- 1 A- 2 … A- m + 1 A- m
in which 0 < Ai < r and . is the radix point.
• The string of digits represents the power series:
(Number)r = ( i=n-1
Ai r + i ) ( j=-1
Aj r j )
i=0 j=-m
(Integer Portion) + (Fraction Portion)
Representation of Number Systems
General Decimal Binary

Radix (Base) r 10 2
Digits 0 => r - 1 0 => 9 0 => 1
0 r0 1 1
1 r1 10 2
2 r2 100 4
3 r3 1000 8
Powers of 4 r4 10,000 16
Radix 5 r5 100,000 32
-1 r -1 0.1 0.5
-2 r -2 0.01 0.25
-3 r -3 0.001 0.125
-4 r -4 0.0001 0.0625
-5 r -5 0.00001 0.03125
Decimal (Radix r = 10)
4 0 7 . 6 2 5
102 101 100 . 10-1 10-2 10-3
4x102 0x101 7x100 . 6x10-1 2x10-2 5x10-3
400 0 7 . 0.6 0.02 0.005
400 + 0 + 7 + 0.6 + 0.02 + 0.005 = 407.625

Binary (Radix r = 2)
1 0 1 . 0 1 1
22 21 20 . 2-1 2-2 2-3
1x22 0x21 1x20 . 0x2-1 1x2-2 1x2-3
4 0 1 . 0 0.25 0.125
101.011 B = 4 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0.25 + 0.125 = 5.375

Hexadecimal or Hex (Radix r = 16)

Hexadecimal Decimal Binary Hexadecimal Decimal Binary
0 0 0000 8 8 1000
1 1 0001 9 9 1001
2 2 0010 A 10 1010
3 3 0011 B 11 1011
4 4 0100 C 12 1100
5 5 0101 D 13 1101
6 6 0110 E 14 1110
7 7 0111 F 15 1111
5 A 0 . 4 D 1
162 161 160 . 16-1 16-2 16-3
5x162 10x161 0x160 . 4x16-1 13x16-2 1x16-3
1280 160 0 . 0.25 0.0508 0.0002
5A0.4D1 H = 1280 + 160 + 0 +Lê0.25

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie
+ 0.0508 + 0.0002 = 1440.301
Chí Thông 19
Converting decimal to binary

8 . 625 D = ? B
8 :2 = 4 remainder 0
1 :2= 0 remainder 1
1 0 0 0 . 1 0 1 B
0.625 x 2 = 1.25 save the integer digit 1

Converting decimal to hex

1480.4296875D=?H
1480 : 16 = 92 remainder 8
92 : 16 = 5 remainder 12
5 : 16 = 0 remainder 5
5 C 8 . 6 E H

Converting binary to hex

0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 . 0 1 1 0 1 0 10 B
3 B 5 D . 6 A H
Converting binary to octal
2 C 9 . E 8 H
0 01011001001.11101000 B
BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)

Decimal BCD
(8 4 2 1)
0 0000
1 0001 Ex: 12 = 0001 0010 (BCD)
2 0010 39 = 0011 1001 (BCD)
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
ASCII Code
b6 b5 b 4
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
b3b2b1b0 Hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0000 0 NUL DLE SP 0 @ P ` p

0001 1 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 2 STX DC2 ” 2 B R b r
0011 3 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 4 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 5 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 6 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 7 BEL ETB ’ 7 G W g w
1000 8 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 9 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 A LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 B VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 C FF FS , < L \ l |
1101 D CR GS - = M ] m }
1 1 Mackenzie
Ref. I. Scott 10 E SO RS Lê. Chí Thông > N ^ n ~ 24
1111 F SI US / ? O _ o DEL
Boolean (Logical) Operations

a NOT a a b a AND b
0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
a b a OR b a b a XOR b
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
Applying Boolean Operations
• Force a bit or bits to zero

– Sometimes called "masking out bits"
• Use a "mask" byte with
– 0's in positions to be cleared (forced to 0)
– 1's in positions to be unchanged
• Perform an AND with the mask
– x AND 0 = 0 (domination)
– x AND 1 = x (identity)
• Force a bit or bits to one

– Sometimes called "setting bits"
– 1's in positions to be set (forced to 1)
• Perform an OR with the mask
– x OR 0 = x (identity)
– x OR 1 = 1 (domination)
• Toggle a bit or bits

– Sometimes called "flipping or complementing
bits"
– 1's in positions to be toggled (complemented)
• Perform an XOR with the mask
– x XOR 0 = x (identity)
– x XOR 1 = NOT x
Combining Bits in Separate Bytes
• Bit patterns from two bytes are to be combined

– The important bits of each byte must be aligned with 0 (and
unimportant) bits in the other byte
• The OR of the two bytes, combines them into one
– The bold bits are the important ones:
00110000
OR 00001010
00111010
Shifting
• Move bits in a byte to the left or right

– 11011100 shifted left is 10111000
– 11011100 shifted right is 01101110
• In these examples, a zero (0) was brought in to
fill the vacated position
– Variations on the basic shift fill this position
differently
Rotating
• Move bits in a byte to the left or right in a

circular pattern
– 11011100 rotated left is 10111001
– 11011100 rotated right is 01101110
• In these examples, the bit shifted out is used to
fill the vacated position
– There are some variations of this behavior as well
Application of Shifts
• When a byte (or word) is interpreted

numerically (as a binary representation of a
number)…
– Left shift is equivalent to multiplication by 2
– Right shift is equivalent to division by 2
– 5CH shifted left becomes B8H
• 92 * 2 = 184
– 5CH shifted right is 2EH
• 92 / 2 = 46 (remainder if any is thrown away)
Multiplication Tricks
• Every multiplication can be accomplished by

shifting and adding
– Just regroup using only multiplications by powers
of 2 and additions
• 10 * n = (8 + 2) * n
• =8*n+2*n
– or
• 10 * n = (2 * (4 + 1)) n
• = 2 * (4 * n + n)
Memory
• A computer system
0000 3F
component that allows
the storage and retrieval 0001 2C
of data 0002 41
• Main memory is usually 0003 FF
called RAM 0004 00
• Memory is usually 0005 1E
organized as a table of
bytes or words Addresses Data values
are usually are usually
shown in bytes
hexadecimal
RAM and ROM
• RAM: Random Access Memory

– Access time does not vary by address
– Read & write memory
– Typically volatile
• ROM: Read Only Memory
– Also a random access memory
– Retains data even when power is removed
RAM and ROM

RAM ROM
References
• I. Scott Mackenzie, The 8051 Microcontroller

• Nguyễn Trọng Luật, Bài giảng Kỹ Thuật Số
• Các tài liệu trên Internet không trích dẫn hoặc không ghi tác
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ĐH Bách Khoa TP.

HCM Lê Chí Thông

• Introduction fundamentals and applications of

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 2

• I. Scott MacKenzie, ”The 8051 Microcontroller”, 2nd

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 3

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 4

An embedded system is a system in which a

• No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

FIGURE 1–2 Block diagram of a microcomputer system

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 7

FIGURE 1–3 The central processing unit (CPU)

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 8

FIGURE 1–4 Bus activity for an opcode fetch cycle

Opcode fetch, decode, execution

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 9

FIGURE 1–5 Levels of software

Shell, GUI – user

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 10

FIGURE 1–6 Detailed block diagram of a microcomputer system

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 11

CPU RAM ROM

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 13

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 14

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 15

Representation of Number Systems

• Positive radix, positional number systems

Representation of Number Systems

General Decimal Binary

Decimal (Radix r = 10)

400 + 0 + 7 + 0.6 + 0.02 + 0.005 = 407.625

101.011 B = 4 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0.25 + 0.125 = 5.375

Hexadecimal or Hex (Radix r = 16)

5A0.4D1 H = 1280 + 160 + 0 +Lê0.25

Converting decimal to binary

0.625 x 2 = 1.25 save the integer digit 1

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 20

Converting decimal to hex

0.4296875 x 16 = 6.875 save the integer digit 6

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 21

Converting binary to hex

Converting binary to octal

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 22

BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 23

0000 0 NUL DLE SP 0 @ P ` p

Boolean (Logical) Operations

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 25

Applying Boolean Operations

• Force a bit or bits to zero

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 26

Applying Boolean Operations

• Force a bit or bits to one

Ref. I. Scott Mackenzie Lê Chí Thông 27

Applying Boolean Operations

• Toggle a bit or bits