THRACE IN'IHE EASTERN DYNASTIC NETWORK 187

the empioyment o{ a monarchical System, though at

first o:r a triba,l basis;
i"t.;;;;;ge with at least one of ih" lurg" dynasties of the East (that o{
involvement with Romans'
il;t", latJ in the first century; and'-increasing
latter two pointsl'
ifrir pJp"t basically considers only the

Abbreviations:
Thrace in the Easrern Dynastic Network A6 L'ann6e 6Pi graPhique (Paris)
Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath Annral of tt e British School at Athens (London)
by Rrcneno D. SurrrvaN, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan ANRW eriJi"g und Niedergang der rdmischen Welt' Geschichte und I(ultur
Ro-. i- Spiegel der neueren Forschung' ed' H Tnuponrxr-W'
Fleesr (Ilerlin-New York 1972fI )
BCH Bulletin cle Corrcspondance Helldnique (Paris)
BIAB Bulletin de 1'Institut Arch6ologique Bulgare (Sofia)
Contents Sar-
BMC Thrace etc' ifr" Cr""t Coins in the British Mo="'-' The Tauric Chersonese'
matia, Dacia, Moesia, Thrace, etc', ed R srulnt Pooro
(London
I. Introduction 186 18??, repr. tsologna 1963)
II. Contacts with Rome, and Unification. The Astaeans and Odrysians; Cotys IV, Ephem. EPigr. iprr"-"ir" Epig"raphica. Corporis Inscriptionum latinarum Supple-
Sadalas II, Cotys Y (C 7553), Ithescuporis II (R 41) *irtrm, ed. lnstit. Arch. Iiom', I-IX (Rome-Berlin 18?2-1910)
189 -frug-"tt.
III. The Sapaeans: Cotys VI, Rhescuporis I, Rhascus FGrIfist ni" clcr griechischen Historiker' ed' F' Jecoev (Berlin
194
IV. Cotys VII (C 1552) l9l3-i8, rcPr. Loiden 195+-571
196
HBln HNz S. V. H"oo, Uistoria Numorum, nerv edition (Oxlord 1911)
v. Rhoemetalces I
(R 50) Litterarum
198 1. G. Inscriptioncs Graecae, consilio et auctoritate Academiae
Rhescuporis III (R 42) and Cotys YIII (C 1b54). Regial Borussicae editae (Berlin 18?3ff')
200
VII. Rhoemetalces II (J 517)
204 I. G. Bu1g. i"='.ripti*". Graecae in Bulgaria Repertae' ed' G X{rrreir-ov' I-IV
VIII. Cotys IX (C 1555) (Sofia 1956-6{3, I'z 19?0)
IX_ Rhoemetalces III (R 52)
207
IGRR i".".ipti."". Graccac ad Res Romanas Pertinentes' ed R' CacN'lr'
209 et al. I, III, IV (Paris 1909-2?)
io."ripiio.". Latinae Sc1ectae, ed' H' DESSAU' I-III (Berlin 1892-
ILS
1916)
i"i*!"f."ft" des Osterreichischen Archiiologischen Instituts (Wien)
lahresh.
I. Introd,wction JHS 1orr..1 of l{el1cnic Studies (London) -
MDAI (A) ititt"itorg". d.es Deutschen Archiiologischen Instituts (Athenische
Abteilung) (Berlin)
Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae, er1. W. DrrroNeBncBn,
I-II
OGIS
rn a number of respects, the dynasty which governed rhrace late in (Leipzig 1903/05, repr. Hilclesheim 1960)
the first century before christ diverged from the 'norm, of those then (Berlin l-89?/98)
PIR Prosopographia Imperii Romani, ed' H' DESSAU et al.
Prosopographia Imperii Romani, ed' 2, ed. F. Cnoec-A.
Srcrx-
governing adjacent Asia }Iinor. In a few other respects, it reflected those PIR2
norms. L. PBrBnsoN (Ber1tu 1933ff.)
a{t,
RE PAULv's Realencyclop:ic1ie der classischen Altertumswissensch
Divergent were the- comparatively recent unification of the country neue Bearbeitung, begodnen v' G' Wrssowe (Stuttgart 1893ff.)
Rous-
under representatives of a single dynasty; the limited participation at SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, ed' J' J. E.HoNorus-P-
first in'international'dynastic politici and intermarri"g.; *rra the -com- ssr (Lugduni Batevorutn 1C13{{ )'
-
parative absence of involvement in struggles r,l,hich b-eset Asia Minor- Sy11oge8 Syltoge Inscriptionum Graecarum, ed' 3' cd. lV. DTTTpNBERGER,
during the decline of the Seleucid Empire, during the rise of Mithradates I-IV (Leipzig 1915-23)
Eupator of Pontus and rigranes the Great of Arme]nia, and during the initial
skirmishes between Parthians and Romans. Most of this activifiz occurred My thanks for suggestions to Dr' JoHN IiEA'
Some o{ the translations herein aie provided lrom texts
in the Loeb Classical Library'
far beyond the Thracian orbit. Insulated by its geography, ihrace had
continued well into the last.century before chrjst to" a&"top"rto*ly torvard 1 on otlrer aspects of the knrgclom in the {irst century,.see the following. Cnt. M' DANov,
national jnstitutions, confining most miJitary activities to iriternal clisputes. Die Thraker aul dem oitb.1Lu, von cler hcllenistischen Zeit bis zur Griindung
A. H' \{ JoNES, citics
I1 a few respects, Thrace de'eloped arong rines pararlel to those pursued Konstantinopels, in this r.olume (ANRW II ?,1) p 21-185;
-bJ' other national groups in the trast. These included a strong s'ense of of thc Eastern Roman lrrovin""" 1"d 2, Oxford 19?1)' Ch 1' pp' 1-2? and-I\{ap I;
1963) the clynasty: lI' I)ESSAU' Miscella-
territorial ide,tit3u, in this case conferred by long centuries of J. WIESNITR, l)ie Thr:rhcr (Stuttgait, ^9i G' Bowctsocx' Augustus
iossession; nca Epigraphica I ancl rr, dpheml Ep:igr' 9 (1913) 691-?05;
 NETWORK 189
THRACE IN THE EASTERN DYNASTIC
i88 RICHARD D. SULLIVAN
&rrior6:v' xcxi 'Po:-
Diegr,lis, the Thracian, 500
men": flpouoicx5^6' &rrsotv rou opqKq'
Despite the considerable problems raisecl by the complexity of rhracian
dynastic politics and by the compar-ative infreque.r.y of mentions i., our uoiJus irni(cov orlrov
ti"tpnit"o"t int :T?*nis' Arlyutrrv
Greek and Roman sources, a reasonably coherent piclure of rhrace in the ili,";,i;9fi ""1,'il._#:*:ll.:l;'JJi,T:.i;'#HJr;X1?T"::JT
{irst century can be constructed. Two facts erp"iiauy contribute to the *
obscurity of rhrace in our records: Thracians ou,ed allegiance to more than ;il:li ;TJ.',Yi l;'l lll'l
"
T' i; 1+ =, Ii I : I l' Ii
also ilto ^r' the SeleuciJ I iu.1ii " ;:11
and
"0"
Bithynian
o{ marriages "i?l
one line of rulers who parcelled out control of the .oorrt.y, and rhracians nctwork 'i"titf ^g ,o P:.p:t" by thernid-{irst
diverted, at least on the fringes of their country, much energy to confLicts houscss. Bur these *ur.;ng.;..iu.d -011a;tic. na.'l becn inc-orporated
'"vith even more obscure peoples. For the first aspect, orr" ,r"J only consult centurv B. C., when ;ili'Nil;n ''-'a-sjtrtunia- chose to move toward"
the tabies of rhracian kings and the eflorts of modern scholars to untangle bv Rome. Nerv ties h';; #i;;;' of kings descended from the
";d.Thracians
i*g-r'*
their spheres of governments. For the seconcl, at least on Thracian relatio-ns Ptntus ancl then u"'o'"'*' !1i'"*" princess C"p""pytit^ to' AsPulf,us ot
with their northeastern neigirbors lve have, for example, a remark of aDDarcnt marriagc ol the Thracian rhose h'other
*rrose uncre rured Armcnia,
Arrian: Ixu06v 6i f1 -rora0rq rrdocx yfr, rrepi rlu io.ropii,Appraud5 Rnrooro.u. A king "r ii'r"." \[inor' and rn'hose sisters
6., rvhose toi"a 'qr*"nia the
or-rogoyor rrori xcxi dporfrpeg 6ureg roi oixicx5 oixo0ure5 xoi m6trer5 61ou-reg, nrlerl Pontus, "t;;;;tht' Bosporus' became
E',er6il 0.'o Opgx6u Err),qyqo-cxu, ger-6pcx7,ou ra rrp6repou ,f0n . . . *oi drro wcre respectl,"ty qo"t' ol'intut" una .q"ttl-' of the policy o[ dvnastic
cL'iJ' o[
ro06e duri yecorr6ucou yeu6o0or uoprcx6cx5.3 result, earlv in the ft;'i:"';;;;"'rit' o{ Th'ace7'
But all is by no means silence regarding normar activities of tire Thrac- ;iil;i;'*c adoptcd hv the dvnastv
ians, nor is the record entirely one of conflict or isoiation. Some intermarriage
and cooperation r'vith nearby dynasties of the Near East had o.curretL by
the first century. Random remarks in the sources reveal this, as for instance
when Prusias II of Bithynia in one of his skirmishes against Attalus II of II' Contacts uith Rome' and' TJnif'ication
Pergamum in the mid-second century B.c. obtains "from his son-in-la.,v,
strong
of Thrace' two especially produced
and the Greek
worid (oxford 1965) 58-59 and 1b2-156, ;lppendix II; M. Rosrovrzorn, Among the tribal groupings are
Queen Dynamis of Bosporus, JHS 39 (1g19) 88-109; G.Mecunnv, Vassal_eueens roval houses *rrl.n .r.it"uliry".o..."a.a in uniiying.Lnt:""",1iL'lhesc con-
whom the ioliowing discusston
(Baltimore 193?; Johns Hopkins Studies in Archaeology, zz) 27-bo. The stemma appears
in expanded form with my 'Papyri rllustrating the Eastern Dvnastic Netu,orh, in
thl Odrvsians and tl)e il;;;t;t' wirh oI lhe Ressi - with
ANRW II 8, p. 908, and with 'Dynasts in pontus, in ANRW II ?,2 (19?g). For other cerns itself . eut notittt'o1tt1i1,;t;f'; "*i=t' "t"ti"11v
in thc middle of the [ir-st cen-
iccasions
points of detail on individual dynasts, the numbers assigned thern in prR and rrIR2 whom Romans contendi ""'r*?r^f whoT appear to have been
with
have been included. The {ollowing discussion consiclers only iate representatives of the tury - and of tt " u"n?li"lae' -Romans
An iiluminating' though
trvo main Thracian royal 1ines, the odrysian-Astaean (on rvhom see note g, beiou-) and on good terms excepti;;:;;;;;isHrmist'es''
o'ation oi 55 B'C' against L' Ca1-
the sapaean. For clarity and convenience, the numeration here adopted for these mon-
archsisthatuscdbyK.lHnsroorinREll,2(1922) 1bb1{1.,s.v. I(ot1,s; Io., RE 1A, 1
not disinterert"a, ""oo""t;-'i;;;;'= tonttict between these two tribes'
(1914,) 1003ff., s. v. 'Porgqrcxlxrls; rp., RE 1 A, 1 (1914) 2bbrr., s. v. 'pcroxorinopr5. purnius Piso demonst"t"t'i"t"t"tcl"e
Despite some dif{iculties occasioned by passage of tlme, this has ttre aclvantage of
sequential numeration and thus avoids confusion, especially for thc many Lings namerl
cotys. It also provides access to the sources gathered. in RE. The alternativJ meflrod , 61p .v 6 Lq;
.."ii::l.;^:::I;::-",:::?JJ:L:i:.1"""Ti'-"ff:.'li:*:ffi; ::?rii
adopted by Mruarrov, op. cit. (note 9), Vo1. I, pp. 99 and 369, clocs allow clistinction among 'hr.
rcscue him from the toils
thc families, but prevents ease oI rc{ercnce. For a list of the dynastsofrhracesinccthe therhracian,S00rncn'':;#';';i;;;oneasab;;;;;'dhetookrefugeinthecitadcl
fifth century B. C., sce Worr-Drsrnrcn vor BanroowBN, AbriIJ clcr Geschichte antiker Studies
Randkulturen (Miinchen 1961), p. 23g, Table I. For the coinagc, see y. younourova,
of Nicaca." (Baltimore 1932; Johns }lopkins
5 Discussions by G lttacunov' Hellenistic-Queens stlt'"us (London' 1902)' stemmata'
coins of thc Ancient rhracians (oxford 19?6; Britisrr Archaeoiogical Reports, Supple- ThL Hoot" ot
in Archaeology, 14) ?4' ;;' E' BrveN'
mentary Serie.. 4). 6 Belorv, note 94'
2 On this see the cliscussions mentioncrl in notc 1. On sect p 209'
the very slow process of uni{ication ? This is Rhoemetalccs rII (R 52); bclow'-
Thrace underrvent in the last centurv beforc christ, see the renarrrs oI ,IX'
the-Bcssi and others: Bessi's ac Thracibus
Jouns, op. cit. 8 Even the {ather ol o"**i"= n'u baltle.yith
l on tt'm",t'ii'""'l iot"' op cit (notc i) 8-9 and
(note 7) 37? note 11 u.ith Dio 51.2i1 anci 25; b4.3. f Zt
3 A. Roos, Flavius Arrianus, II: Scripta Minora
et Fragme'ta (Lcipzig 1g68), Fragment tnogno ptoeliot"'t ttt"i'l''s t'"t*"ci'.1]""iun''-' apparmtly includinx
31G-.371note
g lior coopcrf,tion
54 of the 'Bithynika' : FGrlrist (rr. Jacorv) no. 156, F ?2: "Such is the entire r:ind or ';t;;;i"
the Scythians, about rvhom Arrian rclates that at onc time ttrey ate corn and tilled thc SadalasI-."'1s'11"'p::Iii:i:il*::XJf :f *:l*:,n"?'J,HffJi1?lJff: hanc regi'onem
soil, drvelling in houses and having citics. But rvhen they u,ere smitten by grc Tirracians,
t)rcy a.ltered their former habits ancl became nomads instead of Iarmeri.,,The passagc
d'lristoire srecques'
'
notc 18) in the vierv ol T1;1="lY::| irl3-;ii, ?. ;;'.'iii, ,,'"* eo tetnpore
tener et'"
derives lrom Eustathius, Ad Dionys. 669, p. 838, 38. r egnttm B ast arnaru tn
 190 RICHARD D. SULLIVAN
TI{RACE IN TI.IE EASTERN DYNASTIC NETWORI{ 191

and provides our first certain mention of the Astaean-odrvsir

nine years before, the Bessi also joined with the Roman a.nd ailied
troops
cotys IV: Idemqwe tu Rabocenturr, grrrtroe set.ttis hyi-"i*,i"- -l-n King
of eorrrp"y, Dardanos, Bessos patt'im tnercenarios, partim' 'imperio au't
trecentis talentis regi Cotyi uendidis,ses, ,urr.:;,
legatt't's in castra aenisset-et tibi tnagna'praesid.i_i firr:rrrriUr,""#i"rr:r:,fi ot,atia combaratos . . . aclieceyatt2. The cavalry of Cotys ranged widely
awxitia a E'rr'ror' praoru* "Jurirg the conflict, and in such numbers (compare above) as to_provoke
equitumque poricerektr, ?Leque. el,t?n sori'm,
sintwl uenerant,. quorum. omniu.nt capita r:egi
s.cd^etiam ceteri{ i)gobr,
qu,: sorne"corrsternation, at least when mistaken for Roman cavalry:
Hic nullo
quae natio sempei oboediens nrr, ,*prr:ii
Crryi ,ril'iiiir.""i, in loro Macedoniae m,oratus tnagno intpetu tetendit ad Dom'ititmt, et, curn ab
d'efectione Macecroniant. c.
)iia,n r.n" ltta ,inir*'
;_itlilr!i;, e:o w,il'ia passu,unt, xx afu'isset, sub'ito se ad Cassiwnt
Longinuru in Thessaliam
praetor:e'tu.t.ata est, nerai;ro*"'trrttu* castra cass'ii aduolauit,
cvudele infulisti, eisque cutn .sentio ,t conaertit.^ .. . Eodeut ternpore eqwitatus regis coty'is ad
licrerissimis sociis ut..i posses', ltostibr-r'rtl')""rrt*r, Thcssaliam ,ire contweyot. Twn'L timore perterritus Cassius cognito
malwisti. lta perpetuos
I r'-*us ensores
L'olo'rtrures
d.ef lwaced'o|'n'Ae
Maced,o
oui circr.ttn
''scipionis
aexatores ac praetlatores otlacntu uisisqorc equitibus, quos scipionis esse arbitra_batur, ad
ellecistis.
That this King cotys possessed both the win ,rrontn se conuertit, qui fl'tessaliat'n cinguntls. The distress here of L' Cassius
Romari coope.ation wiitr iris ambirions ii rpp.."nt
and the wearth to curtivate Longinus, a partisan of Caesarla, had good warrant even if he recognized
lrom the passage: cl1r, "cavalry
Ic lreccnlis taletttis regi Cotyi aenr{itlisses. the is Thracian, for Dio records that Cassius did suffer a defeat
}ic continuea
,..tiriu fo} n.urfy at the hands of Scipio and of Sadalas II, son of Cotys IV: AoUxr65 re
a decade in Roman ittui.., as severar ...orrr-rt,
pompev of the civil *"r.-t"t*."n K&oo.rog E9 re rrlu Mcxre6ouiav xcxi
Aoyyivo5 xcrl [-uoio5 Aouirros Kcxtrovivo5
caesar and demonstrate. c*r". t i-s.^rf notes the presence
of is riv oeoo-cxlicv 0n' aOroi nepqocvre5, Aoyyiuo5 prtu Eutaiocx 0116 'rE roi
cotys in the mobirizations of
son10. l"-p"y "ra provrdes as welr trr" I.*. rri,
Among the forces provideci for pompey, DC i*,rri.ro5 xcxi gnd lcx6&trov Opgxog io-Xup65 io9ol,r115. After the defeat
Garos Deiotarus"t ad.- of Pompey, caesar, pursuing a policy of conciiiation toward those o{ Pom-
dwxerat, D Ariobarzanes ix..Cappadocia;
*la'r*nAr* nro*rru*"'Z*yr u pey,s aliies who had shorvn a capacity for loya1ty16, demonstrat-ed his sin-
Thracia d,ederat et Sad.alam
Rhascypolis praeerat,
fiti,i *irerot, e1 Mye.aoyia CC erant, quibws i"r:ity try sparing Sadalas: ru*p{ptor Dt 6rr Icx6ol,ou;riu'ro0 Opgxd5 xci
exceilenti airtwrerr. o..pit. their ,r-treat*"rt"ty iri.o Alroraptu iol' I-tl&tov, xcxi-rot xai iv rfr p&Xq yeuopEvc,:u, Tapxou6rpr6rou
e te'iu uiper p6v rtvt rfl5 Kttrrxia5 6uucxo're0ouro5, rrtreio-rou 6i uirQ rrpd5 tcx
cic' In pisonem 34 84: "yor also, having sord
to King Cotys, beheaded- Rabocentus, , ii"ttJo yourself for three hunrlred tare,ts uqurrx& poq0{o-cuto5, igeioo:rol?.
come as a delcgate to your camp to promise
o{ the Bessic tribe, when he had whether cotys hacl died by now cannot be determined by this passage
you strong garrisons antl auxiliaries of
and foot {rom the Bessi; and rot ti-
aron",-o1so uiit i. t.tto*-a"t"got"" *rror"1i.."
horse
alone, but no furiher meltion of him occurs. Sadalas himself may not long
sold to l(ing cotys. Against the Densereti, yo,
a tr*e *trrct has always been submissive have ruled, for he appear-s to be the manwhosedeathDioreportsin 428.C.:
this empire, and whicrr even at the gencral
rising of the barbarians preserved Macedonia
to .o 6, o0v Bpoc,ro5 ri5 rdxro-rcx rrjv re -roi 'Aurorviov -ro0 Mcxpxou 'neipcxotv
when Gaius Sentius was praetor, you waged
you might have had them for your trustej
an abominabre and cr^uel *"r, ..J arrorgr,
aIies, you preferrecl to treat tn"- o,
xai rilu roi dEelgoi a0roi ogoyilu (pcx0ev, E6eroe ui xcli &11o tr Eu rfr Moxe*
terest Iocs ln this uay you tumed into plunderers l,or. lit-
antl maraudcrs thc nrcn who might havc 6ouig rup& tilv &nouoiov cx'lro0 vecorepro-ofl, xoi e00'i5 E5 rilv . E0pcbnrlv
Leen the permancnt dcfenders oI Maccdonia.,,ff.".or,"*t
is 57 B. C. gV ar,"il*""oi Cotr. ErerX0ei5 rriv re Xcbpav rilu roi Zcx8dtrou yeuop6vrlu nap€trapsu (&rrcxr5 yap
f\r, trvo of the Thracia.n royal lines appear to have joined, -retrevr6v -rois'Pcouaior5 o'jri1v rccrEtrrrre), x(xi E5 Brlooov5 Eppatrci:u, ei rrcoS
thc Astae but also oI the odrysians. ior trre rr"- making him king not only of
capital at Bizye (Iatcr described by ptiny, N.
tiot these two lincs joined, with their &urjvcxrr6 re &gcx aorov5 6v Ex<xroripyouu, xcxi 6uopcx dlir^:p&'re a0toxp&-ropo5,
H. +. ii. 41, as Bizye ;;r,;;;;r;; inrort.orl,
sec Borvrnsocx, op. cit. (note 1) 152f.;
if. vo."*i**, Der Klcine paulv ) (1969) 820f.,
s. v. Kotys nr. 5 arrd 6; w._D..vor
Banrorw:rN,
necov, rnscriptioncs Graecae in rturgaria Repertai "p..rii"""'ii; ;;"'ir;:ffi;, ,,nr- 12 Caes. Bell. Civ. 3. 4.
I,, pp. 9?-98, in his commentary to no. 43. Opposed
(: "
r. G. Rulg. fsophia. 1g?0]), vo1. 13 Caes. 8e11. Civ. 3. 36: "scipio lingering nowhere in Maccdonia, made his u'ay to l)omitius
to the identilication is JoNos, op. cit.
(note 1) 377 rote 11 But as MrrrArlor
r"-urr.., ,,cu*-r*", Sadalae aputr reges od.rysios with great speetl, and when about trventy miles off suddenly turned aside to Thessaly to
et'iam usitatum I,uerit (cl. G. luihaitou, AtU'lij,-l-iiS, cassius Longinus . . . At the same time the cavalry of I(ing cotys, $.hich had been in the
domum origin.is'purae' Asti.cae
161 sq. et inlra ad, n. J07), trana habit of frequenting thc borclcrs of Thessaly, sped to the camp of cassius. Then cassius,
luzsse d.ifJicile a;rrr,
dontum .4slarcnt byobittottilale domttn "rr.-*""-"ri"",r^'ii,ini*'r*"iulror"
Odrysia* roriilgirv
ou, smitten \yith fear rvhen he learnt of the approach o{ Scipio and saw the horsemen whom
I0 cacs B' Il. atd ui(e actsa,.- hc supposed to be Scipio's, turnecl tov-ards the mountains which enclose Thessaly."
crv d.4.'see arqo Luean s'. liia,, ll,i,,rlsoarto*
?er almo Deiotoruw et gerid'ae fottenryue Corytr riduntclue 14 Caes. 8e11. Civ. 3.34.
Rhascypori.n orae conrattd,ant. These conjunctions
of.,thc nmes o{ cotys and Sadalas^d,ominum 15 Dio 41. 51. 2: "Lucius Cassius Longinus and Gnaeus Domitius calvilus had been scnt by
in tne Jourcm rerect c10se cooperation between
father and son in a trrrbrrlent era when
,." him into lvlaceclonia and Thessaly. Longinus had bccn disastrously deleatcd in Thessaly
of their dynasty was by no means
assured Anothcr expression of their cultivation ""."irui
of intemal stabitity is their uniform dynas_
by Scipio and by Sadalas, a Thracian."
tic coinage: Hrao FIN2 2g6. 16 Dio 41 .62.3-4.
1? Dio 41. 63. 1: ,,A proof of his {eeling is that he spared Sadalas the Thracian and I)eiotarus
" r,ho was apparentty the Sapaean Rhcscuporis r,
see sect. III, p. 194,
:r*rlr:s."1;1,rclpolis, the Galatian, u,ho had bccn in thc battlc, ancl Tarcondimotus, who g'as rulcr of a portion
o{ cilicia afld had bcen of thc greatest assistance to Ponpcy in thc matter oI ships."
rF
t
i
ii
j

192 RICFIARD D. SULLIYAN

cos xcri p(ou Ex rourov rQ -re Kcrioapr xai rQ 'Aurcouig rrpoo-rrore;r{o.cou,

rreprpotrorro, dpg6repcx Erenpcfcxro, "paoxurr6pr665 oi orrao.o,i
r,ro5
Es r& p&fuo-rcx poqOrjoouro5..ivreiOeu 6i E9 rr;u Mq<e6oyicxu irOcbv xoindurc
rcx Exei rpcrrvuageuo5 E5 rr)u 'Ao.icxu cxiOr5 &uexogio0r118.

-. -
B*t-i, one respect, the account of Dio appears mistaken: Sadalas
$.d
*l die.childl-ess (ci-n.,s). Not, at least, if theinscription discoriieo at
Bizye in which a King cotlrs (v). honors his pare nts d oes r6fer to him:
Baortreu5
K6ru5 puor)'dc Zcx8cxLou I xcxi pao-i),roocxu flo],egoxpo.rerau, ,oJs-
lor.;ou
youei5, | 0eoi5 rrarpcbor5le.
From a remark by Appian, we r<no.,v that at this time a Thracian
'kinglet' (pcxc,Iioxo5) nia ai.a leaving a wife named polemocratia.
Brutus
received her while gathering reinforcernents in Macedonia. dyeipou..
6i
cx.rQ o-rpa'rou 6rr xqi Xpripcx.rc o-uurvlicx @pgrro5 rorcx'e yiyrJro,.
no,,r-
poxpcxrio, yvurj rruo5 r6u pc-orl,ioxo:u, dvcrpe0duro5
cxi-rfr ro0 du6po5 rirro
E10p6u Eeiocxo'a repi re rrqrDi Err 6urr gerpoxiq:, Sat
flxeu a0r6v gdporo., noi
iuextiproe
_Bpo0rg,.Eueleiproe 6i xcxi ro,)5 roi'duEpog 6r1ocrpo0g. O
'Ot
rOu udy
nai6., Kv(rx1voi5 ducxrp6-geru ncxp66o:xe, udxpr o-lor,doirev ini riu pcortreiau
rcr<xyo'yeiu, Eu 6i roi5 0qocxupoi5 s0ps rropdDo(ou
xpuoiou tr'rrtrq0o5 r<ai
&py0pov. Kcxi roUro giu ixorrte xoi u6gro.gc E.noierzo. '
How long this boy remained in cyzicus cannot be determined with
certainty, though DBssau advances arguments for seeing him on the ihrone

18 Dio 47. 25.7-2: "Now as soon as Brutus learned. of the attempt of Mark
Antony and of
the killing of Antony's brother, he feared that some other insurrection might
taie place
in Macedonia during his ob:"::". and immediately hastened to Europe. On the
way he
took charge of the territory which had beronged to sadatas, rvho had died childless
anci. had
left it to the Romans, and he also invaded the country of the Bessi, in the hope
that
he might at one and the same time punish them for the mischief they were
doing and in-
vest himsell with the title and dignity of imperator, thinking that hc should
thlo, .o.ry
on his war against caesar and Antony more msily. r{e accomplished
both objects chie{Iy
bythe aid of a certain prince named. Rhascyporis. And arter going thence into Macedonia
and making himself master of everything there, he withd.rew again into Asia.,, perhaps
among his descendants is the partisan of Antony in 31 B.C.:"ptut. Ant.
61, pcor),ei5
6i t-ndxoor ouuegdXouv ... )cEal,cg IIIII 6i Op*",tS Sadalas II bore the royal tiile,
as shou.n by coins (note 10) and inscriptions (noie 1g). The tcxt of MrHerrov,s
no.43
spaks of him as poortrEos Opgx6v fcso),ov. A coin bears the legencl K6ruo5 pcx(or),io5)
,, Zcr6olo: Mrnerrov, op. cit. (note g) p_ 9?.
le Drsseu, op. cit. (note 1) 698 with noie 2 : t\{ouusBN, Ephem. Epigr. Z (1g7b)
2-cZ : ro.,
Gesammelte Schrilten YITI (Berrin 1g1B) 2gg : rcRR r |'rb : jutrr..tr.
23 (1g26) Beib1.
119{.: "I(ing Cotys [honors] King Sadaias and
eueen polemocmtia, his parents, in the
pJesence of the nationar gods." See the reasons advanced
by Drssau ior considerirg
this to be Sadalas II, son of Cotys Iy: ibid. p. 6gg.
2o App' B' c' 4.70.75: "whi1e he was stilr couiting soldiers and money piece
a of good
luck carnc to him from Thrace, of the following.oit. por.-o.rotia, ,re wife
of one oI thc
Thracian princcs, h,sband had been tiiea uy his enemies, being ararmed {or her
son, who u'as still ''hose
ar boy, camc to Brutus bringing the boy,
rvhom she pLaced in his hands
together with her husband's treasures. Brutus delivered the boy to the
inhabitants o{
cyzicus to be cared {or until rre shourd have 1eisure to restore him
to his kingdom- Among
the treasures hc found an unexpected. cluantity of gold and silver. This he coined.
and
convcrted into currency." For the subsequent pr"r".." of Thracians
in Cyzicus, see
section IX, p. 209.
 DYNAI

ASTAEAN _ ODRYSIAN

Cotys III (100-87 B. C.)

I
Sadalas I (87- ? B. C.)
I
Rhescuporis I (c. 48 - 42 B. C.) Rhascus (c. 42 B. C.)
Cotys IV (?-44 B. C.) I

I CotysVII (c.42*31, B. C.) oo x

Polemocratia oo Sadalas I1 (44-42B. C.)

sadalas IIi (31 B. C.) Cotys V (t bv 18 B. C.) oo daughter Rhoemetalces I (c. 31 B. C. - A. D 13) oo x
Plut. Ant.61 c 155J I R50

Sons Rhescuporis II (t bv 11 B. C.) Rirescuporis lll (c. A. D. 13 - 19) oo daughter Cotys VIII (c. A. D. 13 - i9) oo Antoni
Dio 54.20. 3 R41 R42

Rlroemetalces II (A. D. 19 -26 +)ac Rhoerne

J s17

C. Jr-rl. Max. Mucianus

//
Teircs
I

Pharnaces
AnatSt L8 1L958) 121
 ASTY OF THRACE

Mithradates VI Eupator (120-63 B' C.)

M. Antonius PONTUS
I
Antonia co Pythodorus of Tralles Zeno Pharnaces II Ariarathes IX (c. 100-86 B. C.) Cleopatra cro Tigranes II
ARMENIA
octs377 I r83s |
.APPADOCIA
I
i I

I oo (2) Pythodoris I (t 23 A. D.
Archelaus ?) oo (2) Polemo I (1) oo (3) Dyn,rnris (l) oo Asander (47 - 17 B. C.)
A 1023 P Bi4 P 405 D21l 41197
PONTUS BOSPORUS
CAPPADOCiA
I

Zeno-Artaxias (t 35 A. D.) sol"I l)

Antonia TrYPhaena A 1168 str. L2.3.29.556
A 900 t'
King o{ ARMENIA
I

I
.lul. IX Aspurgus
Ithocmetalces III (c. 38-a6 A. D') lvlamaea oo (2) Polemo II (1) oo lr.rL. Berenice Cotys (c. 38*47 +) Gepaepyris
A 1265
ttN 1969.4s J 472 .[ 6s1 c 1555 C 168 ; IHS 191.9. 107
R52
F-MESA CILICIA AND PONTUS ]UDAEA ARN4ENIA MINOR

Kings of BOSPORLIS
ANRW 11,7.2,'Pontus

4 uci anus C. Iul. Teres \tbracarches)

.
zl /'
I5g7

senators

tes
t68) 121
 THRACE IN THE EASTERN DYNASTIC NETWORK 193

' ' ' quam' prima Augusti tempora" '

,,tton ruul'to antiquior nec mul'to recentior
.,,i1. the inscription to his parents would be dedicated in Greekzl. In 29,
to a threat by the Dacians and Bastarnae against
M*;;.;;;r;us iesponded aliied by treaty with Romez'. After successfully
;'#il";;;i;tae of Thrace,
-^-"tt;ro them. he came into conflict with some of the Thracian tribes, but
:::,+e; not the Odrysians: <bs 6' &n-<rE r6u 6nlcov c00r5 flrycxto'
Opqxo5 ro,)5. iv rfr dvaxopr6fr rfl ir
-rfrs
Muoicxs
#fi;;;; du1ucxogor tori! iurerp(6pevot rrotreprloei-
irrrri""rr"t cx0r6v' xcxi ydp''r6re Xcopia.'re .xoi
u&X<x]s rt Kcrrcx-
.rr.s-tryyeilouro. xcri oqcou Mcxi6ou5. ptiu xcxi lep6oU5 oix
.r".ar,' xai rcr5 leipag r6v dtrroxop6vc':urfl5
&to-rdpuov'
'r6u 'O6puo6'
&rr6uols u€u'
yfrs
;J;;;"t. o' o0ri'rcx 5' &trlc n'Iqu xccr€bpape'
xcxi r6re &vev r65u 6rrtro:v
.t#;; ycp, 6rr rQ re ArouUoq> rrp6oxerurcxr
iii,*n"kr'"i, Egeiocrro. xoi cxgrois x<xi r{u xcbpcxu
c'jrfi u
Ev fi xai rov 0e6u &yatr-
d9etr6pevo5-23'
iorlt, Bqo'oo'ig roU5 xcrr6Xourcs
"---if.Jilopiocxro,
Oa.ysian ruler .i tt i. time was probably the same King.Cotys V
/pTR; C 1553i, now with a kingdom augmented at the expense of the
Bessi'
Wi..ifr.. "".orrrug"d by this .'r..... oi, ,ro.e 1ikely, resolved even earlier
or, , .o"rr" of unlfication, he marrierl a princess of
the Sapaean royal line'
,-.a,"eht", of Cotys VIi (C 1552)..Thus, if not before, the two major
famities
-*--- of Thrace combined into a single dynasty'
The marriage has been deduced from several items of evidenceza.
First, we learn Jf sons of Cotys V; he had, apparently, died by.16 B'C"
for they have as guardian their uncle, Rhoemetalces: fv T€ tfl Opgr<r1
n'p6-
-roo, ut, Mapxoi A6trtrro5 'Pupqratrxq 0ei9 're r6u 'roi K6ruog rraibcov
-i-;rr*pOrq eir-r poq0'6u Brlo'ooU5 xareo-rpEycxto25. The occasio* and
21 DEssAU, op. cit' (note 1) 698-699'
sg nio bt.Z3.4: lnei 6i r6u re Aluou,inepdprlo'<rv xal rilu Opgr<1v rlv Aluoe1rlr'iu iv-
'ro pEv rr rQ 2rr{ rQ 16v Aeu0etrqriiv
orrov6ov a0roi5 of,oov xccr66pcgou, iurcO0o 6 Kpoooo5
Poorlei wqlQ 6rr du0vo:v, rd 6A 61 tleiotou rrepi
'rfr Mcrxe5oviq. gopqOe\ drrrerfll0E
-"f tfls rrpoo66ov p6vr15 xcxronlrlEos Eq6cooev &uoXel Ex rfr5 Xcipo5 ("When
!qt"r, Ex
"i-i,':5
theycrossedllaemusanrfoverranthepartofThracebelongingtotheDenthelstae'which
then Crassus' partly to defend Sitas' king of the
-aJ ord", treaty with the Romans, out of fear lor Macedonia' went out to meet them'
Dentheletae, who was blind, but chiefly
By his mere approach he threw them into a panic and drove them {rom the country
without a battle").
23 Dio 51. 2b.4-l:: 'iAtd ,o* that he had once taken up arms again' he conceived a desire
topunishtheThracianswhohadharassedhimduringhisreturnfrom}Ioesia;{oritwas
at this time that theywere fortifying positions ancl wcre eager for war. Ife
srrccced-
rcp'orted
not without difficulty,
edin subduing some of them, nameiy the l\laedi and the Serdi, though
byconquerinj them in battle aBd iutting off the handso{thecaptives; andhcoverranthe
betause they
rest ol the country except the territory o{ the Odrysae These he spared
on this occasion without
are attached to the servicl oI Dionysus, and had come to mecthim
the god' tahing it
their arrns; and he also granted them the land in which they magnify
awayfromthcBessi'"h-o*'ereoccupyingit.,,Aninterestirrgsupplementtothisremark
concerningtlredevotionoftheodrysianstoDionyslsisthecoinofaCotys,probablyCotysV'
bearing tte heacl of Dionysr. .t,1 t1'" legmd, KO-TYOC XAPAKTHTPI:
Hero HN2 285'
2a See espccially DEssAU, oi. cit. (note 1) 6.99 ana Bo$'ERsocK, op. cit. (note 1) 153'
,5 Dio 54. 20. 3: ,'In .l.hraci somewhat earlicr Marcus Lollius, while aiding Rhoemctalces,
t]reuncleandguardianofthesonsofCotys,had,subjugatedtlreBessi.,,Theattemptof
13 ANR\\0 U ?.1
 Y
L94 RICHARD D. SULLIVAN TIIRACE 1N THE EASTERN DYNAS'IIC NETWORI{ 195

motive oI a marriage, between the Sapaean. and the II: [500] corys ex Thracia .dederat
ad, eund,em nunTeTu?n
Astaean-odrysia, and his son Sadalas
Iamiliesof Thrace can.beprovided by an in"cription {". ri;;;;;"fn cc erant, quibws Rltctscypolis prae'
vlr and by a remark in prutarch regarding his son at ao,r. J-irahr* fil,ium miserat; ex Maced.onia Rhescuporis
the time of lctium irit",' ai.rtutes:. D"tpit" this service on the wrong side'
,rrrttriti
(sect. IV, p.l9T, with noteB9). Thuls rrr,Irr.t. took no vengeance on loyal partisans of Pompey3z'
intheSapaeanlineforthe survived, since caesar
children of Cotys V.
ii" .fr"t. the losing side again in 42, providing notable service to Brutus
This must be Rhoemetalce-s I (R b0), son of cotys
vIL It rvould be his ura-iurrlo. in finling thiir way through the rugged mountains under
sister who had married cotysyoi.the'odrysian
u"1. a*""i rrJJiilar"" we discover that Rhescuporis
by cotys v was Rhescuporii rI (R 41), u. *i r"urn in 6rp"*"-.""tro133. Duiing these stirmisnes forces: 'Pcroxo'irrotrls
an account bv Dio of had a brother, Rhascus, i'ho supported the Antonian
some further difficurties in 11 B. c. with the Bessi:-Eu;*;';;i &6etr9ci:'Opqxio pcxo-rtriorco' prld5 &plovte 1cbpa5'
-rori-ror5 atroi5 6i xcxi 'P&oxog flo-rr1v piv roi5 dpqi
1p6uor5 O'iol,oyaior15 Opfrf Bnoo-6g, iepeUg _oi ,rof, Arov0_ yucbpn'trpi ,q5 ovggcxlicx5 Dreqipovro' xcxi 'Pcxo-ros
'iPoo*o0"o1ts 6t tois dprqi rdu Kooo-tol' rproXrtri-
oov, trpoorrorrio.cx-r6 rruo5 rrol,trd "rfr"ii T6u T€
xai psr, qrirdu'd*;;J;
0ercxoo5, "i "Ot,'rfl
rdu 'Avrcovrov ouvep&1er,
'Paoxrlrropru rou rofr K6ruo5 viou urxrio-o5 approach of the forces
drrirrerue, *oi Jr-eriou o,iroi
rou 'Pupqrol,xrlv percx rcxOra &pu1ei yu1rucio.o5. -r6u .vvcxpeco, ori irr'rreos fur,:v Exorepos3a' Rhascus reported thebrother won praise from
'cx,rou .f-rropo .oO of Brutus and Cassius g.t,'ia"a by his broiher; each
06ft1 gvyeiu inoiqo.e, xcxi Enr'rcbxcou E5 re rqu Xrffirrloo, frir t*p..ti"e army tJt .""'ittt rendered'3s' And all ended happily a{ter
'eo, roi 6eru65
iuEpatre arjr{u E},ugrivcrrsze.
Rhascy'
31 Caes. Be1l. Civ. 3.4 See above, sect II, p' 190' and Lucan 5' 65: gelidae dominumas distant
poie* oror. Fo, * "rrioo" "og'o*t', b&poalo5'-tottiving in the dynasty
op' cit' (note 9)^44-45' no'
III. The Sapaeans: Cotys commemoratlon ot trris, see iLi t"*t publisired by Mrnalr-ov,
VI, Rhescuporis I 12 (of Rhoemetalces I, grandso' of ih"stopo'is I)
See belorv' sect' V' p' 198'
s2 Above, sect. II, p. 191 with note 16'
pet& 6x'rd:
33 App. 8.c.4.11.8?: Ar-t;;;;^;ts-;"i Noppcru65' o05 6 Kcxioop xql'Avr6vros
The first member of the Sapaean fam,y known to Elcbpovu Erri Opgxls.rfrs 6peiou
- us in the first 'retr5u Es Maxebovicv .p".*..iuq'""u,'dr Moxesovia5
rcx orevc Koprrilcou
century bears.no royar titre2z. An inscription from Athens honors xcl.rr-o*ooiotlJ-"i,o"il ucip' rrolrv Onepp&vr'5-oitritttto'5 -rilu
rtriou5
'Pcoxo0rropru 0cxorl,6cx
rol lanoiou, ris'Paoxovrr6fu8os 6vto dp1fl5' xcrretropou' fl u6vr1 6retr0eiv Eorrv Es
_K6ry,os I ei c*0, -.-. .;F;;;#;bt, Ir" ru"r.
dprrfr5tuexeu rqs
(;'i[eaowhile Decidius and Norbanus' u'hom
of.To.vlt titte for cotvs.vl refrects a perila of ecripse
f;; th#;;'"ean tine, ildil; tsx ris'iAolcs ,+,, yrapiu", 666u
which had-apparently been rong doriant2s. In fact, OctavianandAntonyfr.a*"t'i"advanceu'itheightlegionstoMacedonia'proceeded
nn.r.oporililimsetf mountainous part of Thrace
{rom that country a distance of 1500 stades toward the
seernsto have been a^t. first a dynast, not. a king: until they had passed U"Vo"a tr'" city o{ Philip?i' and seizerl the passes oI theCorpilans
6renpdfar3, 'Puoxurr6pr665 oi .uuoorov rru69 ,s ,a tB.";;;j- iugOrrpo and the Sapaeans, tri#s under thl rule of Rhascupolis' whe19 lies the only knou'n
u&^,o_o p;;'0ri;,rr.rrr. C{' App' B'C' 413 103-104' an account of
But Rhescuporis I can be detected i, uctio, .i" y."* route of travel frorn A.iu to E"op"")'
Pompey in 48, as too did the Odrysian_Astaean
n[i"i.,'"i.i.,rrs the passage of Brutus's forces, guidld by Rhescu-poris' to Philippi aJter 6'Pqoxotrrotrts
ti"" ..p."r*iJ ni iriy. fV Eqq nepiobov rtro,.op'oti-rJ'"i Z<xnaicou 8po5 fpepdSv rpr65v ("Rhascupolis
said
a circuitous "a'falong the very side of the Sapaean mountainl of
route
Younouxove (note 1), pp. 46ff., to see a commernorative that there u.as
coinage arising from this liuk three daYs'march").
is unsatisfactory for a number of reasous. See notes Thrace'
^_ Dio
26 42 and 64. 3' App. B. C. 4. E?: "Rhascupolis and Rhascus were brothers o{ the royal family of
54 34' 5: "At this same period vorogaesus, a Bcssian from in opinion at that time in rcgard to the proper alliance'
Thrace and a priest of the ruling one country. frtey'f,ifterea
Dionys,s worshipped by that people, gaincd a- foliou.ing {or Cassius; each having 3000
and with these adherents rmlted. FIe ionquered and
by practising many c1i'inations, Rhascus had tahen up arms for Antony and.Rhascupolis
kiied Rias"ypor"i., tr.J"or'oi coay., horse. "
and a{teru'ards' thanks to his^rep,tation for supernatural *App.e.c.4.13.104:Bpoilto56ixaiKcrooro5...ievrocririxcx6p6ptp,6rdtflsrerunuEv4s
power, rr" .tripp"Jnr.""-*"r-
ces, the victim's uncre, of his forces without is rEtros nepr6lopou
pursuit of him he invaded the chersoncse, where
a b-attte and compenea r.i", iJi"r."'iiignt r, rov dtrtroy orparov dy;;;. "J urp el"o6r-ye-ro,)5 rroLepiovs ix ris -oi-6i rj,rovoriocxs
ris fI, see KeHnsreor, R-E- 1 A, 1(1914) 2b6f., s. r,.
he xrought grcat havoc.,, on Rhesculo-
-- -- oriroris' 6 ydp ror 'P;;";5, 6 d6etrgd5 roi-'Pqoroun6trr5os' Pofls
RhaskJupo.i" rrr. Z. Eoxdryoro xcxi td yryvoli-r.r'istl" eg"iu"oe ulv
66dv
27 For earlier
Sapaeans, see voN BanronlyrN, op. cit. (note 1).
:'yuo:Y.:ni:.']::.:Jf:t^Y,'"""0ut'
xcl &urlyyertre rois du*i rdv Ncoppou6u'
28 Dessru, op. -W.-D. f1v oi6A g1piov a1r-o Oirrorrr-St& rordo6e 'itrqs'
cit. (note 1) ?0O _ T. C_ III SSZ _ ltfiiiZl42: ,,[Honors] Ki,g oi 6t wxrd5 dqevyov e- tL:' i"t"ftu En' 'Apqrn'6treo5 xoi
oi OpSx4 dugco 6rs ot6ucrros
Rhcscuporis,
son of Cotys, on account o{ his goodness torvarcl
iiself.,, Discussion on its *-""
date Uv Olu_., Eu rois o-rPqrois,'i ui, Jy'o"",lEvqv &ycxyov' 6 6' o'lx dyvo{oo5 ("Bmtus and
and by Keunsrror in RE 1A, 1 (1914) 2b6, s. v. ", " floov ol their army through the
2e rts latest representative Rhr.k;;;;;-;r.-fl" Cassius hurried forward at once, leading on the remainder
may have been at t-he end of,re thiid ccrtury: Nevertheless' they did not conceal their.doings from
voN Blnroeu.Bx, pathrvay that had been ciearecl'
op. cit. (note 1). The interval had been so extendecl
that so-c ..;;l;i; ,*.riii" them' {or Rhascus' the brothcr of Rhascupolis'
o_r, the enemy altogether, nor surround
of Cotys as a new royal line: e.g-.,. Kerrnsrcnr, op. cit. (note reconnaissance; and when he
pp. 32ff., discusses the obscure kings of the seccirrl century. 2g).
youRouKovA (note 1), having tris suspicions aroused by the shouting' made a
saw rvhat u.as being donc he was astonished at so
large an army traversing-a patht'ay
3o Dio 47' 25.2:."He
accomprished botir objects.rri.'y;; the aid. of
a certain prince named where no s'atcr could be obtained, ancl u'here he thought
not even a wiid beast could
Rhasclporis." See note 16. forthwith communicated the net's to the
penetrate bY reason oI th" c1"nse Ioilagc' an<I hc
196 RICHARD D. SULLIVAN
the defeat of Brutus and Cassius, for Rhascus gained the pardon of his
*- provoking from Appian the comment that they had been play-
brother
ing the percentages all along, each an adherent of one of the invading forces
to insure that one brother would be among the victorss6.
Eventually Rhescuporis I achieved kingship, as the inscription from
Athens quoted above demonstrates. A second inscription and a coinage
show this also, revealing that his son succeeded him as king and remained
in favor among the Athenians: 6 6fruog I paor),€c Ko0rvu pcxorl6co5
'Pato"xour6pr6o5 06u, dpe'rfr5 | Euexeu xoi eOuoica rfr5 ei5 cx0r6u3?.
IV. Cotys VII (C 1552)
Another inscription, this one from Bizye, appears to honor the same
King Cotys VII, son of King Rhescuporis: [p]<xo'r],6c K6[rv]u pao-rl6r,:5
'Prloxovrr6peo5 vifou] 'Pcopaior oi rrpcbro:g xa"rax],r106u-re5 ei5
[&p]y)u rou
Eqr6u 0e6u38.
The text is significant both in location and message. To find a Sapaean
honored thus at Bizye, the old capitat of the Astae and later termed arx
regum Thraciae (p. 190, note 9), and further to learn that Romans have
dedicated to him such an inscription, suggest unusual circumstances
indeed. A passage from Plutarch may provide the clue to this, since it
army oI Norbanus. The latter retreated by night {rom the gorge of the Sapaeans toward
Amphipolis. Each of the Thracian brothers received high commendation in his own
army, the one because he had led an army by a secret path, the other because he had
discovered the secret").
36 App. B.C. 4.17.136:'Pooxo5 6t 6 Opfll Enovr'lycyev Ex r6v 6p6u
rrotrtro05, xai yipo5
ijrloE re xcl Elope o<{:(eo'0ar rdu dbeTrg6v €quroi 'Pqoxovno},rv. cir xol 6re6eiX01, 6rr
o06'drr' dpxis dlltilors oi6e ol OpQre5 DregEporro, dl),d 8vo orpccrorE6ou geyol<,:u re
xcl dggqpiorcov nepl rriv Erceiucov yfrv ovggepopivou rd d61lou ri5 TVXqS Egepiocwo,
ivq 6 utx6u reprocf(or rdv loocbgeuou ("Rhascus, the Thracian, brought many troops
from the mountains. lle asked and received as his rervard the pardon of his brother,
Rhascupolis, Irom which it was made plain that from the beginning these Thracians
had not been at variance with each other, but that seeing two great and evenly matched
armies coming into conflict near their territory, they divided the chances of fortune in
such a way that the victor might save the vanquished").
37 Drssau, op. cit. (note 1) 700 : I. G. III 553 : II/III, 3443: "The populace honors King
Cotys, son o{ King Rhescuporis, for his goodness and benevolence toward itse1f.,, Both
inscriptions were dedicated by the same man, Antignotos. On the coinage, see belorv
with note 42.
38 W. F. Ifesrucx, Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 12 (1905/00) 1?8 : Drssru,
op. cit. (note 1) ?00,
: I. G. Bulg. Is, p. 98, t'ith the reading xfluoov at the beginning of the last line aarended
as here by E. Kurxxa, Jahresh. 23 (1926), Beibl. 119f.: [dp]1r1v rov. No satisfactory
interpretation o{ the final phrase occurs, unless Romans have fallen too enthusiastically into
the Eastern idiom. Dr. JonN Rra suggests possibly ei5 [e0]y1v r6u 6or6y 0edlu, perhaps
commemorating the foundation of a neu. Roman temple.
TI-IRACE IN THE EASTERN DYNASTIC NETWORK t97
shorvs Rhoemetalces I, son of Cotys VII, making a timely transfer of
allegiance from Antony to octavian in 31 B. C.: ',Enei 6i 'Porpq-rclxr15
O r"av Opgx6u pcxollev5 drr' 'Avrcoviou uETdpql6ueuos rrPos <xrlrdu oox
Egerpicx(ev rqP& Tor)s r6rous, dll' flu irraX0r\5 6ver6i(cov rilu oupgaXiau'
fipolrrcj;u Trvl T6y &11r,:u pcxor),6cov 6 Kaiocxp eirrev, "Eycb Tpo6ooicxv 911d5,
6' o'ix irrcxru6"3s.
Tpo66TCxS
' To this can be added the facts that the Astaean-odrysian King cotys v
| (c 1553) apparently received his throne about the time of Actium (p. 193,
note 21), tnut-a mardage joined his line to the Sapaean line of this
Cotys ViI""a saw, these conjunctions probably
(sect. II, p. 193). As-DBssau
expiain the location, tone, an4 dedicators of the inscription: "Noa ruiruln
igitur, eum Bizye, in aetare sede regwn Threciae, statua honovatum, esse a
Roman is ibi d,egentibws" ao.
Although Lotys vII occurs in no literary texts, his position is also
attested blitu,o other, highly informative, inscriptions. The inscriptions
both speai< of the Thracian dynast/king, Rhoemetalces II (sect. VII,
p. 204), as
poorl€co5 K6ruo5 uicovoi fxai poo'rtr6co5]
Por prlratrxov 0uycrrpr6o0, [' Plloxovrr6pe] -
I
o5 6i OPgx6u 6uv&o'ro[u uio0]aI'
That is, Rhoemetalces II is grandson of cotys vII, son of a daughter of
Rhoemetirlces and son of Rhescuporis III. From this a second marriage
I,
to relnforce the"dynasty from within can be deduced. The first had been
that of the namlless claughter of Cotys VII to the Astaean-Odrysian
Cotys V.
The orrly other trace of Cotys VII might be a coinage giving his
"
parentage: AA:tnEy: KOTY: (head of lllkingr wealing a diadem)' and on
ilr" ."rirr", BA:lnECI: PAI:KOYiIOPEOI ("King Cotys; lsonl]. of King
Rhescuporis")n'. But better is Cotys VIII (sect' VI, below p' 201)'
3e Plut. Mor. (Apophthegm. caes. Aug. 2) 20?A: "Rhoemctalces, king of the Thracians,
moderation
rvho hacl changed his alliance fronArtony to Augustus, could not practise
remarhs
s,hen there ,,ri roy drinking going on, and gave much offence by his disparaging
abouthisnewalliance,wfrscatAugustus,ashedranktooneoltheotherkings'said'
'I like treachery, but I cannot say anything good of traitors'"' CI Plut Vita Romul'
1? (28 A): Koiocp, eirrcov Errl ro0 Opgxog 'Porgrlratrxov' grtrsiu pEv npoSooiou' rrpo66rqv
loved trcachery but
6A lloeiu ("Caesar, saying of the Tiracian Rhoemetalces' that he
hated a traitor...").
40 Desseu, op. cit. (note 1) 700-?02.
a1 The first, found at Bizye, was published by I{esr-ucx, Ann. Brit. sch. Ath. 12 (1905/06)
in AE 195?'
1?5 : Dnsseu, op. .it. irot" 11 ooo. rnis one, {rom Hisirlah, can be Iound
p. 3L, no. 98 : Uru,trrtv, op. cit- (note 9), Vol II, 15rt-155' no' ?43' Belorv notes 85
and 89.
a? Discussed by Dnsseu, op. cit. (notc 1) ?01, who rightly dismisscs inferences which would
reverse the pareotage h.ie, or would have two kings reigning
jointly For a better attribu-
tion suggested for this coin, see belorv, section VI, v'ith note 64' Y' Younour<ove (note 1)
"""=Rh"=".po,isIandCotysIV}rere.Forreasonsadvancedelse{,here,Idisagree.
 198 RICHARD D. SULLIVAN THRACE IN THE EASTERN DYNASTIC NETWORK 199

_ From the reign of Cotys VII onward, a unified Thracian dynasty pro_ 'year 32' (probably of the era of Actium, and thus A. D. U2)4s. In the
vided stability to the country and soon aiso joi,ed itserf to ti"
ai"*ty Pannonian revolt by first the Daesitiates and then the Breuci, in A. D. 6,
of Pontus. the governor of Moesia, caecina Severus, successfully employed the forces
of Rhoemetalces: x&urcxO0<x rrpd5 ptv roi 'Puprpcxtrxov roi Opgx65, rrpo-
rrepg06r.,ro5 irr' cxOro')5 rirr6 roi Isouripov, ppaXeig rrui gcryq f1trf10r1oou50.
V. Rhoemetalces I (R S0) The check proved temporary, and during the ensuing winter Dalmatians
again invaded Macedonia, stopped by Rhoemetalces and his brother,
Rhescuporis III: . . . xcxi -ro'jrov5 priu 6 re "Pup4rcxtrx15 xai 6 d6etr9o5 aoroir
This is the man described as^ 0eiog ("uncle") and Errirpono5 (.,guarc1ian,,) .puoxurropr5 p&x1 xcrr6trupou51. In the account of velleius, the forces supplied
of the children of Cotys V by 16 B. C.4s. Thisguardianri.ippiiJUty by Rhoemetalces were considerable, but not in themselves sufficient to
t
earlier, the subjugation.of the Bessi by M. Lor"lius, assisting Rhoenietarces,
"gu, pievent a near-clisaster tvhen surrounded by a portion of the enemy army'
.about 19/18 B. c. and the guardianship is .pvprpdl,xq
dates to meitioned in that At ea pars, qwae obuiam se effwderat exercitui, qwem A. Caecin'a et S'iluanus
context: dv rs rfr Opgxl rrporepov prtu M&pxo5 A6l,iros plautius coiswlares ex transmarinis addwcebant prou,inc.iis, circwm,fusa qwin-
Oeiq -re
r6u roi K6ruos rrcxi8cou xoi Er.rp6rrrp 6urr por106v Bqooou5 xccreorpE,y"cro*. qwe l,egionibws nostris auxil,iaribusque et eqwitatwi regio (qwi!!e lnagnam
unfort,nately, the irrepressibre Beisi had id.eas of their own about both Tkracutn ?nanuln iunctus praedictis ducibus Rhoeruetalces, Thraciae rex,
the subjugation and o_ne of- the prot6g6s of Rhoemetaf."r, OJoioyoioqg in ad.iwtorium eiws belli secwnr, trakebat) paene exitiabilem, om,nibus cl,adevc
op{[ Bqoo65, iepev5 ro0 rrcp' cxwoi,s arouuo-ou, rrpoosrrorrjo.ar6 rruo5
rro],r,cx intulit: fusa regiorwm equestris acies, lwgatae alae, conaersae coloortes sunt,
0er&oa5, xai per'cx0-r6u drroor&5 r6u re 'pcxor<0rropru -rdu ro0 K6rvo5 uiou signa quoque l,egionwrn trepid.atumsz.
-
apwd,
vrrrjo'o5 drrEx'reruea'. This was Rhescuporis Ii (R 4i). The
Bessian also had After his unfortunate experience with the Bessi in 11 B.C., Rhoe-
thought for Rhoemetaices I, driving Li- irto'th. ih..rorr"r., xqi metalces enjoyed a reign of over twenty years, apparently as king of all
rdu Oeiov
cxOro0 rov 'Pvgqr&l,rqu uerd rc0Tcx ducryei yutlu6oa5
r6u .vudprecou rfr Thrace for some part of the period. In his account of the difficulties of his
trcxp& roi 0eo0 66fr1 gvyeiu Brroiqo-e, *oi o,lro, irrrDrci:xcou
E5 re rilu brother, Rhescuporis III (sect. VI, p. 201), with Tiberius in A.D. 18,
Xepp6u4oou Eu6pal,e xci Dstud65 a'jriu Etrvgriuars+o. Tacitus notes thal olnneln eatn nationern Rhoemetalces tenweratss. This period
I.orrr these experiences, Rhoemetalces probably relied. even more
.heavily of unity under a single king did not surviv-e Rhoemetalces himself, for we
on Roman assistance. on one coin iype, hL adds the head of find thl kin$dom divided between his brother and his son, by Augustussa.
lyg::!ry to his own, with the tegend BA:IAEQ: POIMHTAAKOi and The known children of Rhoemetalces I both made marriages designed
KAI:APO: :EBA:TOY. to strengthen the dynasty. From a consideration of the ages of the offspring
.On othe-r types, the head of his unknown queen
jugate with his, in
lPPears good d)rnaitic fashion; joint coinages appear at of both marriages by A.D. 19, when one partner in each marriage died
least as far east as Commagenea?. (below), it can be inferred that the matches occurred while Rhoemetalces
challenges to locar stability conti,ued, as did service to Rome was still alive, doubtless with the encouragement of Augustus55. The
- and
to_ his neighbors in the East. He is mentioned in
an inscriptio., fro^ nameless daughter of Rhoemetalces married her uncle, Rhescuporis III;
.porp4rdtr-"J6ap""
91"s1^ by a strategus oJ his:_[.y]nip pao.rtrdco5 ,*
Bi0uo5+s. Another text, from Byzintium, refe.s to AE 1912. 213 : L. Drusurn, MDAI (A) 3? (1912) 180 : Ts
iri, f.i"grfrip'o.d., 4e Wrec"q.Np, MDAI (A) 36
(1911) 287.
as Dio 54. 20. 3; above sect. so Dio 55. 29.3-b5.30. 3.: "Here they were defeated in a rather briel battle by Rhoeme-
II, p. 193.
ll Ibid.: "rn Thrace somewhat earlier Marcus Lollius,
while aiding Rhoemetalces, the uncre talces, the Thracian, u,ho had been sent ahead against them by Severus."
and guardian of the sons Cotys, had subjugated the Bessi--,, On sr Dio 55. 30. 4-6: "As Jor these forces, now, Rhoemetalces and his brother Rhascyporis
o_f
date, ."" pfn,
L 311' Reiations of these oclrysians with Rorie haa rvorsened somethe four years before checked them by a battle."
when a governor of Macedoria.attacked them, but Augustus
later d.enied thai this repre- 52 vell. pat. 2. ll2. 4-5:.'But the division of thcir forces which had swarmed out to meet
sented Roman pollcy: Dio 54. B. 2.
a5 Dio 54. 34. 5,
the army which the consulars Aulus Caecina and Silvanus Plautius lvere bringing up from
11 B. c': "vorogaesus, a Bessian {rom Thrace and. a priest of the provinces across the sea, surrounded five of our legions, together with the troops of
the Dioriysus
worshipped by that people, gained. a following by practising
many-divinations, and w,ith our allies and the cavalry of the king (for Rhoemetalces, king of Thrace, in conjunction
these adherents revolted. He conquered. and trilledhhascy?oris, with the aloresaid generals was bringing with him a large body of Thracians as reinforce-
a6 Ibid': "... and afterwards, the son of cotvs ...,,
flranlis to his rcputation r"...p".""trli
**".,'n""ri.rpr"u ments for the rvar), and inllicted a disaster that came near being fatal to all. The horsemen
Rhoemetalces' the victin's unc1e, of his forcei without a batfle
and conipelred him to take of the hing rvere routed, the cavalry of the allies put to flight, the cohorts turned their
flight. In pursuit o{ him he inyadcd the Chersonese, I,here he wrought grcat backs to the enemy, and. the panic extended even to the standards of the legion'"
havoc.,,
47 Hoeo HNr 286. On
the Commag,cnian coins, see my.The Dynasty-of "Co_rrog"o",,,"p. s3 Tac. Ann. 2. 64.
sections YI, IX, X, in ANRW II B, pp. ?gb._79b. sa Below, sect. VI, p. 200; Tac. Ann. 2. 64-67.
a8 I. G. Bulg. 12; Mrrerrov,
op. cit. (note g) 44-.4b. 55 On the consistent support Augustus gave to such marriages, see Sucton. Aug 48'
 2OO RICHARD D. SULLIYAN THRACE IN THE EASTERN DYNASTIC NETWORK 201

his son, Cotys VIII, wed Antonia Tryphaena oI the dynasty of pontus
in . . . sd.cra. regni, e'iwsd.em lamitiae deos . . . obtestantetnJ then becoming
what proved a most useful union of tlie tivo royal familis5sl. Throrioqu, o"*ni politrtul. In due course Rhescuporis caused the death of
Cotys anrl for this action lost his hingdom, accusatus in senatw ab wxore
cotyis d.a*nntur, ut procul regno teneretttr. This place of exile turned.out to
"Alexandria, where he perished62. Once again Thrace was divided:
be
VI. Rhescwporis III (R 42) and. Cotys VIII (C 15d4) Thraec,ia in Rkoemetalcen filium, quetn paternis consiliis adaersatwnt ccttr''
stabat, inqwe liberos Cotyis d,iaiditur63.
The sharing of Thiace by Rhescuporis III and his nephew Cotys VIII
Rhoemetalces I died during the reign of Augustus: qwo defuncto A,gwstus may have rno.k""d *o.. rlnoothly than the later deveiopments recorded by
parteno Thraecwm Rhescuporidi
fratri eius, pirtem coty; pe*nisit'.. Ta.lto, suggest. The similar clivision lvhich followed their deaths attests
By the time Ovid addresses.him a.s regia progenies . .\it,i.o
. Crty fio-'.;r."rby,, to the protible motive: to consolidate Thrace behind as wide a range of
Pontus me tibi finilimi parte iacei toh, "* cotys is uipur..,try-.oting: dynastic loyalties as possible. A joint coinage issued by Cotys and Rhes-
-
mefortwnatibi...trad,idit...regia,cred,emihi,nrirrtrrir*rr*,, llpsir... *oold nogg.it his prior .t1ti9l blr bearing his image. or"r the
nec regu.nx qwisquam ntagis est instrwctws. And,at least to the hopeful exi1e, "rporis
ob'rr.rr. and the lelg;nd BA:thEY: KOTYI; the reverse shows no image of
comparison of him witrr his father, probably onry recentry a."a, io,.ltitot., Rhescuporis, but'does carry the words BA:ln ECI: PAI:KOYIIOPE0:.
a compliment: o Coty, progenies tligna parinte twose. In another issue, cotys puts the head of Augustus on the reverse64.
The division of the kingdom at his death involved, in the account
of whether or not a fair picture of Rhescuporis III appears in the
sources remains difficult to determine. Strabo concurs with Tacitus
in his
T3:it"r, a similar appreciation of cotys, at the expense of his uncre. In ea
d'iaisione arua et urbes et aicina Graecii cotyi, qwod. incurtwnt,
7*i*,-oanr*r* assessment of the kiliing of cotys, 6olo9ovr106uro565. Velleius praises
hostibus, Rltescwporidi cessit: ipsorumqie iegwru, ingenia, itt,i
mite et Tiberius for his handling of the incident, which he plainly regards as a
arnoenunil,, hwic atrox, aaidum et societatis impatiens era\s. ,interemptorem_fratris swi
criminal matter. Qua i,lti prwd.entia Rltascupolino,
The true reason for tiri: apportioning of the parts of rhrace hardty
lay Cotyis ,onroitirqw eiusdem imperii, Romam' euoca'vit66' The charge
fili,i
in the-respective personalities of the_ two-dynasts-. The connection of cotys against frhescuporis, at least in the account of Tacitus, was more serious
with thedynasty of Pontus through his wife, Antonia Tryphaena, doubtl"s, st"ill, in Roman eyes: cotye interfecto bel,lwn adaersws nos aolueratE1.
furnished the basic rationale of the division, with coty. irr.i"f Rhescu'poiis did indeed overstep the bounds of family affection and
il. altr"* If
lea:e.r Pontus (which included the cities and mosi of thJ ug.icoltrrul political duty, perhaps it was from discontentment at the apportionment
lands), and his uncle the inland area, ad.nexwm hostiborc*o.
soon after the lf Thrr.. *t i.n i"t niro tt less desirable portion, and even after his death,
death of Augustus
- awd,ita. tnu.tatio.ne principis _ tho ,rr""g._"rt Th.raecia ... "
d.iscors agebat68. His position remains difiicult to assess.
collapsed, with Rhescuporis imprisoning iis piotesting ,repire* 'lcotyn There is inconsistenc5i among inscribed mentions of him - first as
.pr1o.xoun6pel.s . . . oiqx6v 6vuoo-rov6e. To find Rhescuporis III termed
|
king is more difficuli,'except for Tacitus (note 59) and the po-ssible joint
56 Several inscriptions set forth the pedigree of this royal couple and consequently
mention
Rhoemetalces I:
1. I. G.8u1g.399 : IGRR I 1b0B : Drssau, op. cit. (note 1) 69b;
coi,ig" rvith Cotys VIII (noie 64). But an inscription dedicated t-o-his son
2. L G. Butg. ?49 : Af.19b7, no.9g : T. IveNov, BIAB 1g'(19bb) 16?_1?5; at phlhppi reads c. IVLIO ROEMEtatci REGI REGIS .RAESCVpoRIS
3. Desseu, op. cit. (note 1) 696 : W. F. Hasr.ucr<, An,. Brit. S.ir. atir.
57 Tac.
f Z llOOffOy fff. 61 Tac. Ann. 2.64-$5.
Ann. 2. 64. The anangement occurred some time before the death of 62 Tac. Ann.2. 66-6?. Cf. Sueton. Tib. 3?; Strabo 12 3 29' 556'
Augustus, appar-
ently a matter of years (Tac. Ann. 2.61): Sed primo subd,ola concord,ia ,g"r"", 63 Tac. Ann. 2.6't. On these dynasts, see sections VII-IX, p' 204-211'
,or.o*'Rhrrrr-
poris egredi linis, uertere in se coty'i d,ara et res.istinti, uint
lacere, cunrlanteyiub Argrrio, rtu"* 6a Fleeo I-INz 286. The legend for Rhescuporis, in the genitive case, does not indicate
cuctorevl utriusgue regni, si' spevneretur, uind,icem metwebat. .,At
the first, trouicver, tney paternity since the fathci o{ cotys u.as Rhoemetalces r. The coinage has been attributed
acted with a deceptive shorv of concud: then Rrrescuporis began
to orerst"p tris io Cotyi YII (above, sect. IV with trote 42), and others (note 25)'
to appropriate districts a-llotted to cotys, and to meet opposition rvith foice: trcntiers, 65 Strabo 12. 3. 29. 556.
hesitangy
during the lifetime of Augustus, whom he feared as the creator of 66 Veli. Pat. 2. 129.1.
both rriugdoms and, if
slighted, their avenger.,, 67 Tac. Ann.3. 38.
58 Ovid, Ep. Ex Ponto 2.
9, lines 1-2, b-6, 11, Bg, 49. Ca. A. D. 12. 63 Tac. Ann.3. 38.
5e Tac. Ann. 2.64: "By
this partition the agricultural rantis, the torvns, and ilie districts * i. C. sotg. 74e: Aft 19b? no.98 (Hisarlik) ; Iusr.ucr<, Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 12 (1905/06)
1?5 : D:rsslu, op' cit. (note 1) 6.96' Further bibliography: MIHAILoV, op. cit.
adjoining the Greeh cities fell to Cotys; the remaindcr a sterilc soil, a wild (note 9),
with enemies at thc ve* door to Rhescuporis. So, too, - wittr the character population, Vo1. I, pp.366-34? (I. G. 8u1g.399). Discussed by T lvrxov, Die thrakisch-rijmischeD
- oi the t ings:
one rvas gentle and genial; the o,rer, sullen, grasping, and intolerant
60 On the divisious of Thrace, of partnership",, politischen Beziehungen am vorabenrl der romischen ljerrschaft in Thrahien, Studii
JoNES, op. cit. (note t1 l_Zl. Clasice 3 (1961) 93-98.
 ,n2 R]CHARD D. SULLIVAN NETWORK 203
THRACE IN THE EASTERN DYNASTIC

F . M . ACCVLEIVS . M, F, VOL AMICO BENEMERITO F . C?0. ship with Athens enjoyed' !y.itlt.grand{ather, Cotys
VII' and his-great-
Another inscription
though it - if to him - appears to accord him no title at all;
reads as if the editors comment ,,Tituluuc initio
j.r'"a-irttt"r, RhescrpJris f, by b"ecoming an (honorary) archon thereT6'
of the
ruutilwm
acephalous, But of even greater impo'iance lor the dynastic -development, of the
non trad,itwr":'Peorourr6peors [sic] uiou [6] 6ipo5 xai oi o-0vel6por
esse Antonia Tryphaena.(A 900)
Greek East u,as the marriage'of Cotys to
roval {amilv in Pontus. [s duoght"t of Polemo I and sistera ol
rou Equrd)u ocorfrpcx xai e,iepy6rrlu?1. Dissatisfiction with his title as mere Zeto-
dynast, and with the share gi'en him in the apportioning of rhrace, prob- right figure of
ably led to the action of Rhescuporis againsi tris nephJw, Cotys. elr."f"r,'i'ti" i;i; ki"t of Armen]a, she r,r'as in her marriage shorv her a
own
."*" ""t"; inscriptions mentioning her aJter the
ominously, the first of the inscriptions dedicated^to his ro.r, Rho.*u-
_ respected qo..n, and a priesiess at Cyzicus of both
Livia and later
frigflfy
talces.Il, ignores Rhesc_uporis entirely. It refers to Rhoemetalces as grand- -CaIigula's
sister DrusiilaT?'
of
1on-of -Klng__Cotys
(VII) and of King Rhoemetalces (I), and to his- wife, Our knowledg" of th" marriage rests on two literary
passages combined
Pythodoris II of Pontus, as granddaughter of Rhoemetalces (I) and of I
Polemo (I). This formula passes over the father of each
with inscriptions'and toi,t. Stt'Uo notes that Polemo and Pythodoris
that is,'Rhescu-
poris III and cotys \rIII. The first had murdered the- second and then ofPontushad.threechildren:6ueiu6,Exro0flotrEuo:vos6urcovvidSuxcri
6i Eflpeuo'e'
e"y".pai, fl piv is6oq K6rui rQ. :11ajro, 6otroqovr10Euro5- <x0-rd:u78' That is'
been killed himself as an exile in Alexandria and the memory must have
;*a;; ,x"r"o i[ onroi'' 6vuoo-rir]er 6'6 rrpeopu-rcrro5
yet been too painful when this inscription was commissionedz2. Eventually, o{ whom the
tfr"ir a-iglrt", -u.ri"J Cotys VIII and had chiidren by him Rho-emetalces
Rhescuporis achieves posthumous mention on his son's inscriptions, though
(in'Ihrace?) wiren Strabo wrote' this wouldbe
eld.est rulecl
only as dynast?3. divided again,
lIL But from Tacitus-*'. t"^rr' thal- in fact Thrace had been VII'
A final word about cotys vIII, whose treatment during and after his
r,vith a portion 1pr".o*^Uty his father's) going to Rhoemetalces
II (sect'
life was extraordinarily favorable in the sources. Besides ihe praises of
o. 204) and another portion going to the children of Cotys VIII' who were
Tacitus and ovid quoied above, cotys even gains some appreciation for itoritotrrn qwem, consiliis ad-
work in the arts. ovid respects his poetic skilli; Antipater of Thessalonica
5iiri""1i".rr,"-liriri, t*- fitiuru, .paternis
adt,ltis
aersatutn constabat, inlue- liberos Cotyis diaidiiur; iisque no.ndwn
waxes euphoric: zqvl xcxi 'Arr6ltrrour xcxi "Apei -r6xuou ducxxrcou eixetrouza.
Trebellew,ts Rr1w, pr:aitia functus iatwr qwi regnx4,ln iyt:"! tractaret1s'

itrabo is thereiore'"lit.i .orrtoring Rhoemetalces III with Rhoemetalces

A porti-cg at the,temple of Asclepius in Epidaurus may have been con-
structed.by this cotys; its restoration in the second" c"r.io.y by a Roman the eldest son of cotys vIII
ii ", a." is putting forward the leg"al claim ofunless
senator identified with Sex. Julius Major Antoninus pythldoius (J 392) in dyzicus he had been taken into
could be an act of ancestral piety, given the cognomen of the se"nator:
while the son himself remained -
his kingdom for a time before Strabo wrote'
6n6o'c 5t Autcouiuo5 du4p rflg o'uy<},{rov pourfr5 ig'-f1p6u inoi4oeu, Eo-rr giu
Thl widow of Cotys accused Rhescuporis III in theCotyis
Roman senate'
'Aoxl,rFno0 l,ovrp6u, 6o.-11 6i iepdv 0e6u o09 ,Erir6co-ro5 6uogcx(ouoru: Erroi4oe in-senatw ab uxore datnnatur,
6i.xoi 'Yyeig vcou xcxi 'Ao'xtrqr.e xci but we do not learn herlam e: accwsatws
'Arr6tr),<our Errix),1Jru Aiyurr-riorg.
xci flu y&p oro& xalovgEurl K9ryos, xcxrappv€u.ro5 66 oi ro,J 6p6gov 6r6g0ap-ro
wtprocwlrrgnotrnrrrtrr*.Sottheinscriptionsenthusiasticallyremedythe
fibn rrcxocr cire ci:trfrg rfr5 rrl,iu0ou norq0eioo. &ucpxo66gr1oe xai -rcx0rr1u?s. Trajan
?6 Above, sect. 28 and 3?' P. GRAINDoR, Ath6nes de Tibdre ir
III, p. 194 with notes
There is even a possibility that cotys improved upon the special relation- Bec ri1 de travaux publidspar iaFacrltd desLettres
(cairo 1g31; UniversitJEgypticnne,
m AE 1933 no.84 : BCH 56 (1932) 203. g) 154_-155, .o**..tirf3iricri, iozo cr. note 115. An inscription mentioning the office
suggest Cotys v (IGRR I
;;; ;;t refer to this Cotys; the editorsgpaxcpXov
?1 IGRR I 793, Heraclea-Perinthus: "The popurace and the councillors o{ Thracarch -.y . . . c{. c. JuI.
fhonor] the son or "t
1451, cI. ?0? and zzdjl'. .. p"",rttdosl K6ruos .. . l ..Jv
Rhescuporis, their savior and benefactor.,,
Teres, thracarches: PIR2 J 59?' C 1557'
i+r' zgg : 146; rGRR IV L4? \fecunDY', op' cit (noteher
?2 I. G' Bulg. 399. on the inscription 1)
and the marriage, see below, sect. vrl, p.20b rvith notes ?? Sy11ogc3 ZgS : rCOOii
84 and 93. Since thc couple honored bear no titles, the inscription and of
Iiare been carved thelosition of this lvoman in the dynastic {ami1y of Po-ntus
during their minority but after their marriage or betrothal, when-ust 43-48. For study of .Dynasts in pontus" sect. rv, ANRW Ir 7,2'
the memory of their descent from Ma.crs enionius, see my
respective fathcrs' deaths l.as Iresh.
?8 Strabo 12.3.29.556:'iste had trvo sons and a daughter by Polemm'-Hu daughter w'as
?3 Above, note 69.
and she.lived in widow-
7{ Ovid, op.cit. (note 58), esp.11.51{f.;Anth.pal.4(16)?b. married to Cotys tn" i"pt"'", but he was treachci'usIy slain'
is norv in power'"
This need not, oI course, be
Cotys VIII, though he remains a good candidate for such appreciation. hood, having chilclren l,y ttl-; and the eld'est of these was known to
75 Pausanias 2.27.6: 7s Tac. Ann. 2. 6?: "rrrrace was dividecl between his son Rhoemctalces' who
"L Roman senator, Antoninus, ma<1e in * o*. day a bath of Ascre- tri" tatt'cris designs, antL the children of Cotys As these were not of mature
have opposed to
pius and a sanctuary of the gods flrey call Bountiful. Hc made arso a iemple to Health,
agc, thel' were put,ta* tn"""tt"ge o{ Trebellenus Rufus' an ex-praetor' rvho was
Asclepius, and Apollo, the last tlvo surnamcd Eglptian. Fre moreover restor-cd the portico " For another rearling of Strabo 12' 3' 29 5i6'
that was named the Portico of cotys, which, as the bricrr of'.hich it was made hacl been managc the hingdom in the interre"gnum
see my 'Dynasts in Pontud, sect' fI, in ANRW
II ?'2' rvith my 'King Marcus Antonius
unburnt, had fa11en into utter ruin after it had iost its roof.', comments on the passage
in PtR2 C ljjJ and J 3C7. Polemo', forthcoming in thc 'Numismatic Chronicle' (1979)'
so Tac. Ann.2. 6?
 204 RICHARD D. SULLIVAN TI{RACE IN THE EASTERN DYNASTIC NETWORK 205

deficiency, supplying her name and those of her children, honored and During these initial years Rhoemetalces II and his queen, Pytirodoris
perhaps once domiciled in cyzicus, where their great-uncle, cotys v, had II, daughtir of his uncle Cotys VIII and oJ Antonia Tryphaena, did not
spent_part of his youth (sect. II, p 192): 6sD6X0ar 161 6t'1gol €nr1uqo.0cr oppu..ritly enjoy royal station. In fact, the first known inscription for them
-K6rr* utu
roUg pcxor),ei5 'PorgrFcx).x4u xai floll,Epcouq *oi xci tilu lrqrepo cx0r6y ,.i"ords them no tities at all and omits in its genealogy the Jathers of each,
Tpuqcxrvausl. since both had died. violently, ingloriously, and perhaps recently:
The three sons bear dynastic names, Rhoemetalces III that of their
paternal grandfather, Rhoemetalces I; polemo II that of their maternal 'Arr6trtrlcour 'hrp[61] [pi6og, p]<xor]'6co [s]
grandfather, Polemo l.of Pontus; and cotys IX that of their father, 0n-Ep rfll5 'PorP[q]- ['Porprl'r]&trxou lxoil
cotys vIII. Tryphaena's orvn distinguislied position is mentioned else- ratrxov,l Poo-r []'61- I pcxortrE]co5 TIoIlEl-
where in the same inscription as f1 poo'rtrEcou uiu 0irycxrnp pao-r)do:u 6t ors Kotluo5 xo[i] fpovos 6]i 0uycrr[pt]-
uiltp,i urirrtp lg0rau Tprigcxruc ("... the ciaughter of kings'and mother paortrlEcos'Po[r]- [6fl5, iry]ia5 xcxi olcol-
of kings, their mother, Tryphaena"). Her three sons all ruled a"nd their
sister
pq-rcx]trxov ui[o:]- I rnpicr]5 e0i&u[e]-
married well, to their first cousin, Rhoemetalces II, alreaciy ruling part of uo0, xlci llu0o[6co]- [uos A]otircro5
Thrace during their minority. 1.... Zfrlvavsa.

VII. Rhoeynetalces II (l 51f )
At the time of his father's death in A. D. 1g or 1g, Rhoemetalces was
oid enough to have opposed his father's policies: Thraecia in Rhoemetalcen
t!!i?y, queuo-paternis consil,iis adaersatwm constabat, inque riberos cotyis
diaiditursz. The_ arrangement did not work well and within t*o yea.s the
combination of a divided rhrace and an unfamiliar Roman adminis-
tratio:r brought discord upon the country, leading to a conflict which
would have been serious but for the internar divisilons among the tribes,
which were capabie of no concerted action against Roman "forces. Ir{am
Tloraecia cliaiso irnperio in Rhoemetarcen et tiberos cotyis, quis ob inlantiatn
tottor erat rrebellenus Rwfws, insolentia nostri discois agibat neqwe m.inws
Rkoentetalcen quatn Trebellenurn incwsans popwlariwn iniirias inwhas sinere.
coelale.t_ae odrusaeqwe et Dii, ualidae nationis, arnta cepere, tlotcibws d.iaersis
et p-aribws inter se per ignobilitatenr.: qwae causa lwii ne in bellum atrox
coalescerent. Pars twrbant praesentia, alii montetn jror*r*transgrecliuntur
wt.r.etnotos popwlos co*cirent; plurim,i ac maxirne com,positi regeniurbemque
P hilippopolirn, a M acedon e P hilipp o sitant,, cir cctm si d,utttlt.
81 sylloge3 798 : rGRR IV 145, A.D. B7: "... the populace resolved to commend Kings
Rhoemetalces and Polemo ancl Cotys and their mother, Tryphaena.,,
82 Tac. Ann. 2. 6?.
83 Tac. Ann. 3. 38: "For since
the partition oI the monarchy between Rhoemeta-1ces and the
children of cotys, who during their minority were undcr the tutelage oI Trebenenus
Ru{us,
Thrace unaccustomed to Roman meflrods was divided againit herself; and the accu-
- -
sations against rrebelrenus were no more viorent than those against Rhoemetalces
for
lcaving the injuries of his countrymen unavengerl. Three powcr{ul tribes, the coeraretae,
Odrysae, and Dii, took up arms, but und.er separate leadere o{ precisely eq,al
obscurity:
a fact N'hich saved us from a coalition involving a serious *ui. o." j:iriiio. ernbroiled
the districts at hand; anothcr crossed the Haemus range to bring out the remote crans;
The zeno who cleclicated this inscription (if the restoration is correct;
DBSsau prints an unbracketed, undotted vho where this postulated zeta
stands) has been thought possibly to be the uncle of Pythodoris II and
brother of Antonia Tryphaena, zeno-Lrtaxias (A 1163), who became hing
of Armenia; on the othli ha'd, Mrua*ov (ad. loc.) regards him as a member
of the {ami1y sent into Thrace to arrange the marriage. No certainty on
the question is Possible.
bthe. ir,rcriptions do accord Rhoemetalces a title, though only that
of dynast. For exampie: ['An6].Ilrour TTa[xru]quQ &u6l0r1xev_'Anoltrcoul[o5
'ElnlarxEu0ov'[Br(uq]uo5 o-rpcrrrllfyos r]6v nepi lfvXl[icldv.'r6ncou Brr3
'Porlsrlrclxou Opqlx-61v 6u;dor;; l] tpolorl6co5 K6r[vlo5] uicovo; xa[i I
p]<r"ili.g'Porprlrokov I guycrrpt6o0 ll 'Prloxoun6pero5 6t Opgx6u 6vv&orou
fion*. sy this time Rhoemetalces, or at least those in association with him,
had begun to feel secure enough to add his father's name to his genealogy.
The n&t stages in his development would see him gaining significant
title
military
"*p"r]"rr""
and
- p"rhapr as a consequence
- claiming the
of king.
Rioemetalces had from early in his reign proved himself capable of
spirited action, at least in belated self-defense. In A. D. 21 he successfully
bioke through a besieging force of his own countrymen (regem urbernque
Philippopolin . . . circirnsid'unt): Sinnwlque cwncta prospere acta, caesis
.popuiitoi;Uws et dissensione orta apwd, obsident'is regisqwe opportuna eruptione
the most numerous, anrl least disorderly, besieged the king in Philippopolis' a city
{ounded
by PhiliP of I\{acedon."
,n f. C. erig. 3gg : Dnssru, op. cit. (note 1) 695. Cf. OGIS 3?8, cluoted below, rvith note
92. On ttre reading usecl here, see note 93: ". . . for the health and sa{ety of Rhoemetalces,
grandsonofKingCotys[\rII]andofKingRlroemetalces[I],andthatofPythodoris,
lranddaughter oi t<irg Rhoemetalces [I] and oI King
Polemo [I] ' ' '"
Br iiesrucr, ,\nn. Brit. Sctr. Ath. 12 (1905/06) 1?5 : Drsseu, op. cit. (note 1) 696: ". . ' for
Rhoemctalccs,dyflastoftheThracians,grantlsononhisfather,ssideo{KingCotysand
on his ilothel,S of I{ing Rhoemetalces, and son of Rhescuporis, dynast ol the Thracians.,,
206 RICHARD D. SULLIVAN
et adaentu legionisg$. In A. D. 23, the arrangement placing him and the
children of Cotys in control of Thrace was stili holding: Et Tltraeciant
Rlr,oem.etalces ac liberi Coty,is, ripamqwe Danwuii legionum dwae in Pannonia,
d.uaein Moesia attinebant. . .87 In A. D. 26, he assisted alegate from Moesia
in quelling another disturbance among the Thracians, Plstquanx Pomponiws
Labeo e Moesia cwm legione, rex Rhoemetalces cum au,xiliis popwlariuru,
qwi fid.ern non mwtaaerant, uenere, ad.d.ita praesenti copia ad. kostem, pergit,l.
Perhaps as a consequence of these exploits, Rhoemetalces assumed or
r,vas accorded the royai title. On an inscription from HisartS.k dedicated
by the same strategus who had set up the inscription from Bizye last
quoted above, the initial word naming Rhoemetalces king has been carved
over an apparent i1! [ro]n 6u'ycorov, "d.iligenter eraswm".
Bcxo-rtre0ourog Opgx6[v' Porpqra],xov]
pcxortrEco5 K6rvo5 vicouoi [xcxi pcxor],6co5]
' Porprrp&trxov 0vycx-rp16oi,
[' P{oxowr6pe-]
co5 6t Opgxdbu Duucxo"rofu vio0]
'Arrotrtrcouros' Errrcxrx€u0ofv yeu6 geuo5]
o-rparqyd5'AuXiotrov xcxli - - - - - ]
rfr5 xoi 'Puo-rxflg rdu pcolgdu &u60qxevl8e.
In due course, he added Roman nomenclature to his royal
indicated again by inscriptions, at least one of them in Latin:
C . IVLrc ROEMEtalci REGI REGIS . RAESCV|oRIS . F
He may also be the king mentioned in an inscription of a liberta, apparently
erected in Rome:
IuliaTyndaris, C.Iwli, regis Rhoemetalcaes 1., lecit sibi et suis et libertis
libertabws posterisqwe eor lns7.
This might, however, equally well refer to his cousin, Rhoemetalces III,
for whom Roman nomenclature is probable though unattested. On grounds
of date, an inscription from Chios probably refers to Rhoemetalces III
(sect. IX, p. 210).
By A. D. 21, when he came under attack from three Thracian tribes,
one of them the Coelaletae (Coelaletae Odrwsaeqwe et, Dii, aalidae nationcs,
arma cepere . . . plotrimi ac tnaxitme compositi regetn urbemqwe Plti.lippopolim,
a lll[acedone Philippo sitam, circums'idwnt), Rhoemetalces had apparently
86 Tac. Ann. 3. 38-39.
87 Tac. Ann. 4.5.
88 Tac. Ann. 4. 47. 1.
8e I. G. Bulg. ?43 : AE 1957, no. 98 : SEG 16, no. 426 : T. IvANov, BIAB 19 (1955)
767-t1b: "Under the King of the 'Ihracians, Rhoemetalces, grandson on his father's side
of Kirg Cotys and on his mother's of King Rhoemetalces, and son of Rhescuporis, dynast
of the l'hracians. . ." Cf. IGRR I\r 147, be1ow, note 98.
eo AE 1933, lo" 84. Above, note 70.
e1 rLS 849.
THRACE IN THE EASTERN DYNASTIC NET\,A/ORI( 207
alread5z married. Both he and his wife are mentioned in an inscription
cornected with this war: OEQ dyiq: 0yiorrp | 0n-tp 'rfr5'Porprliro)'xou xui
Ilu0ol6copi6o5 Ex ro0 xcl]rd rov Kortra(tr)nrrKdu I n6trepou Kru60vou I oc,:rr1-
picxg eri[cxpeuos I xoi Ern-ruXov l-&io5 | 'lo0trros IIp6x(I)o5 Xaprllot({pi)ovs'?.
Another inscription mentions her descent.
.. . Ilv0o[6o]-
p]<x o' r ],
Ipi6o5, 6 co [5]
['Poruqr]qtrxou [xcxi]
I Poorl€]<,;e flo],161-
[ucovos 6]i Ovyor[pr]-
[6fls ' ' 'e3
Her brothers, therefore, the sons of Antonia Tryphaena and of Cotys VIII,
were a notabie group: Rhoemetalces III of Thrace, Polemo II of Pontus,
and Cotys IX of the Thracian dynasty, assiSned to rule Armenia Minor.
In addition, her sister, Gepaepyris, apparently married King Aspurgus of
the Bosporus and became by him the ancestress of a long line of monarchsea.
How long Rhoemetalces II ruled cannot be determined. His coinage
refers to Tiberius and not to Caligu1a, and whether he survived to the
iast years of Tiberius is uncertain. One unreliable clue to this possibiiity
title as is the term v(ecb)r(epog) used for Rhoemetalces III in an inscription of
37/38 A.D.e5
.s0
VIII. Cotys IX (C 1555)
One of the children of Tryphaena bore the name of her husband,
Cotys. Two of the inscriptions from Cyzicus refer to him. One of these,
from A.D. 3?, names him among the sons of Cotys VIII who had probably
e2 OGIS 3?B : IGRR 1 777 : Drsseu, op. cit. (notc 1) 694.
03 I. G. Bulg. 399 : Dpsseu, op. cit. (note 1) 695; IGRR I 1503 changes the reading to
ITugo[6olpi5o5 p]cor[]io[5 | 'Porulrd]lxov ll tyuvorxdls llo]'[dlucovos si] 0uyor]tpos,
but this wrongly alters the meaning and destroys thc balance o{ thc inscription, which
is quoted in {uil above, sect. VII, p. 205 u'ith note 84. The reading given here and above
with note 84 is basically that ol DESSAU rvith slight improvement by Mlxrtr-ov, but remov-
ing tbe latter's comma aftcr the last mention o{ Rhoemetalces, u'ith restoration o{ the
[xql] postulated by Desslu. This reading supports the vicrv that for cach onc ol the
royal pair, both grandfathers are named but the fathers are not, {or the rcasons givcn
above, sect. YI, p. 202 s,ith note 72.
ea On the marriage of Gepaepyris and Aspurgus, see the arguments of Rosrovrzlnr, Queen
Dynamis of Bosporus, JHS 39 (1919) 88-109, esp. 107-108. For a stemma of these la.ter
hings, sce my 'Dynasts in Pontus', ANRW II ?,2. Cf. G.lrouxnvrd, op. cit (beIou',
note 121), 338ff.
05 IIBro HN2 286. I. G. lII 1284, rvith ure rcstoration given in PIR'! J 517' See below with
note 115. See also L. RosBpr, Un dpisode nunismaticlue apocryphe de l'histoire des rois
tilraces, Studii Clasice g (1967) 116-119.
208 RICHARD D. SULLIVAN
been taken to Rome by their mother rvhen she went there to accuse Rhescu-
poris III of murdering her husbandeB. Hence their special relationship with
Caligula, also referred to here: ro'i5 K6rvo5 6t rrcxi6a5'Porgqro),xqu xai
flol,Eg<oua xcxi K6rvy ovvrp6gov5 xcxi Eraipov5 Eaur6r yeyol v6rcxg eis rds Ex
rrcxf-r€p]ou xci rrpoy6ucou aOroi5 6ger],opducr5 d-nor<q0dorcrxeu pcxo.rheio5sz.
In another text from there of his mother's, his brothers receive titles but
as yet he does not: . . . xcxi ro rrepr6Xovru ductrcbufqrr I r]6r rle Ecx]urfr[s]
xcxi 16r ro0 v[oO pcxo-rtrdorfsJ OpSlqs | 'P]orprqrdtrxo(r) ro'J K6rvo5 xcxi -r6u
d6etr96u arirfoU I p]aorl6co5 fi6vro[u] no[],l6uouo5 xcri Korvo5 6[v]6luarr
'Arrrcouicx Tp0gcrvc K6ruos poorl[d]o:u [xoi] 0vycxrqp xoi uirq[p cxnq ?]
| Rhoemetalces III may also have died but his brother Polemo II was still
pco'Ii]],Ir]oooe8.
This Cotys is presumably the king known to be ruling Armenia Minor
in A. D. 47. Nec enim rest,itere Armettii, fwso qui proelium ausots erat De-
monacte praefecto. Paululwnc cwnctationis altulit rex minoris Armeniae Cotys,
aersis il,lwc quibu,sdarn procerwrn; d,ein litteris Caesaris coeycitusss. Perhaps
this assignment descended to him from his grandfather, Polemo I, who
had also held the region1oo. Cotys had ruled there since at least A.D. 44,
when we find him as king of Armenia Minor, joining his brother and a
group of dynasts meeting Agrippa I of Judaea at Tiberias; fixe yoiu rrup'
cxi'rdu Kopgccyrlufr5 ptu prxoil,evg 'AvrioXog, 'Egeo-6u Dt Icpryry6pcxpog xai
K6ru5, rfr5 prxp&g 'Apprevia5 o0ro5 Epao'il,evoeu, xcxi flolEprcov rilu [6u-rou
xexrrlpdvog 6vucxoreicxu101. I{e had probably held Armenia i\{inor since the
accession of Caligula, when Rhoemetalces received the former kingdom of
Cotys VIII, Poiemo II (here mistakenly called the son and not the
grandson of Polemo I) received Pontus, and Cotys received first Armenia
Minor and later "some part of Arabia". 'Eu 6i rovrq Io<xipg piu r{u -rd:u
'ltvpaic^ru r6u 'Apdpo:v, K6rui 6t r{u re 'Appevicxu rilu o-prxpor€pcxv xci
percx ro0ro xcxi rfr5'Apcxpicxg rtuc, -rQ re'Pvg4rdtrxr1 r& ro0 K6ruo5 rcxi
ilol,Egcour rQ ro0 ilo),Egcouog viei rilu no-rpc{:au dpxriuror. This puzzling
assignment in 'Arabia' might have involved the region of Sophene in
s6 Above, sect. YI, p. 203.
s? Svlloge3 ?98 : IGRR IY 145, Cyzicus: "To the children of Cotys, Rhoemetalces and
Polemo and Cotys, who were raised with him and are his companions, he restored the
kingdoms belonging by right of descent from their {athers and ancestors."
e8 IGRR IV 14?: "Antonia Trphaena, wife of Cotys,
fmakes this dedication] at her own
expense and that of her son, Rhoemetalces, King of Thrace, the son of Cotys, and in the
name of his brothers, Polemo King oI Pontus and Cotys. . ."
ee Tac. Ann. 11. 9.
100 Dio 49.33.2: Antony
6Jave rQ flotrdpour ... rlu puxpordpcu'Apuevicru. Cl. Dio 4g.44.3.
Pythodoris I, widow of Polemo, had married another king of Armenia tr{inor, Archelaus I
oI Cappadocia; Dio 54.9.2. In 20 B.C., Augustus Ereivc [parts of Cilicia] -.. re
'ApXeIcq uerq rflg ogrxporEpag 'Apuevios EXcxpioaro.
ror Jos. AJ 19. 338: "He was r.isited by Antiochus king of Cornmagcne, Sampsigeramus
king of Emesa, and Cotys hing of Armenia Minor, as well as by Polemo, rrho held swery
ovcr Pontus."
102 Dio 59. 12. 2. "Meanwhile hc granted to Sohaemus the land
of the Ituraean Arabians,
to Cotys Lesser Armcnia and later parts of Arabia, to Rhoemctalces the possessions of
Cotys, ancl to Polemon, the sor [sc. graldsol] o{ Polemon, his ancestral dornain."
THRACE IN THE EASTERN DYNASI'IC NETW.ORK 209
upper Mesopotamia, for inA.D.54 during the mobilisationof Nero against
Aimenia, *" firrd a succession occurring in both kingdoms simultaneously:
et minorern Armeniam Aristobul,o fof Judaea; A 1052], reg'ionem Sophenen
Sokaemo fof Emesa; J 582] cu?ru insignibws regiis mandatLos. Romans
had for some time been experiencing difficulty in the region south of here
where the Arabian Scenitae met both Parthians and Armenians; since the
days of Tigranes the Great, the control of Sophene was a. prelirninary
neiessity foi those who would. control Armenialoa. Presumably, therefore,
Cotys died between A.D.47 and A.D. 54. By that tjme his brother
ruling in Pontuslos.
IX. Rhoentetalces III
When Strabo wrote his twelfth book, of the three children o{ Cotys
and Antonia Tryphaena, the eldest was regarded as ruling: Duvcxorerier . . .
6 rpeo'pri-rcrros c0tdrvroo. According to Tacitus, Rhoemetalces II (J 517)
was of age to rule his part of Thrace in A. D. 19 after the murder of
Rhescuporis III, but these children of cotys were not: Thraecia in Rhoerne-
tatcen filium, queln paternis consil,iis edaersatum, consta.bat, 'inque liberos
Cotyis d.iuid.itui, iisque nond,wm ad'ultis Trebellenus Rttfus praetuve lunctus
d,atwr qwi regnum intirim tractaretTol . Another passage from Tacitus (quoted
abovel sect. VII, p. 204) shows that Rhoemetalces II was ruling in his own
right by A. D. 21, but that the children of Cotys wele probably still minors.
Rloemetalces III is still not distinguished from his two brothers in A. D. 23:
Et Thraeciam Rhoemetalces ac liberi Cotyis, ripamque Danuaii legionum
d,uae in Pannonia, d,uae in Moesia attinebantLos. He may not have begun
to rule in his own right until A. D. 38, when Rhoemetalces II may or may
not have stil1 been living (sect. VII, p. 20?). But in any case, Caligula in that
year confirmed Armenia Minor for cotys IX, brother of Rhoemetalces III,
ind for Rhoemetalces himself the holdings o{ their father, Cotys VIII:
K6rui 6i 'rr1u te 'Appeuiau tr\v o';nxpot6Pcxu Kcxi prer& roiro xai rfr5 'Apapicxg
103 Tac. Ann.13. ?.1.
10a See my 'The Dynasty of Emesa', sect. II-III and VII, ANRW II 8, p' 199If atd 215;
also 'The Dynasty oI Cappadocia', note 20, in ANRW II 7,2.
105 Tac. Flist. 3. 4?. 1; Suet. Nero 18. SurrrveN, op. cit. (note 7?).
106 Strabo t2. ts. 29. 556. On the circumstances, see above sect. YI, p. 203 with note ?8'
aol Tac. Ann. 2.6?: "Thrace was divided bett'een his son Rhoemetalces, who was knorvn
to have opposecl his lather's dcsigns, and the children of Cotys. As these were not of mature
age, they were put unclcr the charge of Trebcllenus Rufus, an ex-praetor, who was to man-
age the kingdom in the interregnum."
108 Tac. Ann. 4. was held by Rhoemctalces and the sons o{ Cotys; the Danube
5: "Thrace
bank by two legions in Pannonia and two in Moesia."
 Y
2r0 RICHARD D. SULLIVAN
THRACE IN THE EASTERN DYNASTIC NETWORI( ZLI
Tlu(x, T6 te 'Pu;rr1.rcl,<1 ra ro0
K6ruo5ros. Appropriately, the
Rhoemetalces honors caligula, .vhose heai-.upp.".,'oo--inl"'our.r.. coinage of Arr YYro--rcor evXcxPro[r1]-
(legend: l-Alcd KAI:A'J..:EF4:T0) with that Plov urrtP KUPlou
reverse (legend: BA:IAEy: pOIMHfAAKA:;rro.
;i in""_.t"i."s on the Poortreog OPcxxcou (sic)
The residence in cyzicus oI the three ch*dren PorPrlrotrxu Koruo5
of cotys anti. their
mother ended with good feeiing on both.ia.s uui-ffi.",ripJ*.i'iir.o,rg], KCI1 TA)' TIKUOV CXUTOU

at least one difficult period: cyzicenis in ciues a.'iauiuir'qil)ir'* Eutvlo5 o €Tr1 TG)u

pwblice libertatem ademit, qro* Mithrid.atico orri, tra-ropcov xcxt ot

10r this very reason, good ielations rvith kings
beilo n rrrrro;;;;;:""r,"rhup. vr' qurov rrcxut€5117.
one text terms o.vu-rp6gov5
xai Etcripov5 with caligula_seemed of paramount Iuli regis Rhoernetalcaes 1., may have been
cenes in the year of caligula's accession.
importance-to tne cyri Finaily, Iutia Tyndaris, C.
Thus r,ye {ina the tnr.. i.ir.g. a libeita of his, though the nomenclature accords better with Rhoemetalces
their mother, urro
gr),oo-Elpoo-ro5
.,Aurcouic Tp,jgcxrucx,_honored by the city in II (sect. VII, P. 206).
'
enthusiastic inscriptions,occasionarlysinglingou_t
Rho.*"turc"J, who".",pt Unfortunately, the life of Rhoemetalces III apparently ended in his
of dominion in Thrace lay nearesi Cyicui:..eoru1rolxg ".. Thrace became a province, but not without some fightinglle'
ui61r2. The two order sons were not siow I paorlei K6ruos murder118.
duties regarding the new curt of Drus,ra, sister
to join tn.r mftr,i. in'r,". piou, In A. D. 53, the Byzantines, magnitwdine oneru']n wrgente linem aut modctm
of curigura: .porrrrrrakns orabant, ad,nitente frincipe, qwi Thraecio Bosporanoque bell,o recens lessos
xcxi flotr€gcou o..uurepoupyrlooufre5 xci rrrrop.ooorre5.
'rov5'rfrs 0e&5 u6u5'Aqpo6eirrls Apov^o.il,tr15
rflr"ulrpi Enr-relo,or1 iwu an d, o s qtt e r ettwlit.
dy6uo5, .tX ir'l ,ilqilnr'uOror, Thus ended. the dynastic history of Thrace after some five centuriesl2o'
d),},d xci '-
rb5 ei5 yurloiau rrorpi6qrrs.
Stili alive and ruling were his brothers cotys IX of Armenia Minor and
In.ruli,gnis ki,r,rgdom, Rhoemetalces took care to extend polemo II of Pontus; his sister Gepaepyris had become the mother of another
courtesies to his ferow Greeks. we find among the ritre
the eponymi ot-.nro, Cotys (C 1556), one of a long line of kings of Bosporus descended from her121'
[paortreU5 'Po]rsqrcx],xcxs,l [9r16]xuroaplra. Like h"is a,rc.itoi " But all that is another storY.
became C-"tV. iU, fr"
an archon in Athens,,appar.nity i, tl," year
of Catigula s,accession:
Erri 'Poruqrcxl,xfcxl ue(co-r6pou) 'i[cxro5] 'f"i"op AE 193?, no.168 : Thracia 6 (1935),
a0roxpcrop due6eiX04rrs. 11? 305.
Similarly, at Maroneia in Thiace we ii"a
honored as a benefacior: .o 118 Syncellus, !. 631, ed. Bonn
biiuos I paorll6o opo[x]6u.'porun[rotxny 'mrlarros 118 Tac. Ann. 12.63.3.
etepy.rrlurr6. From an inscriprion'iound' 1 I rs--_10r.,
ui6u, rou 120 For a list of the earlier dynasts see voN BaRLoEwEN, op. cit. (note 1). For a discussion
N"uioii, t; il;:;';e may of the post-royal aristocracy see B. Genov, Rdmische Biirgerrechtsverleihung und Kolo-
".".' their names and
learn that Rhoemetarces had childre", tho;Jh
nisation in Thrakien vor Trajan, Studii clasice 3 (1961) 107-116. It is of interest to find
queen are lost: that of his
mention of a pcxortrEcoS opfgx6v...] in the days o{ Septimius Severus: I. G. Bulg. III,
no.1588.
121 RosrovrzErr, op. cit. (note 94); SuLLrvAN, op. cit. (note ?7). For a suggestion that Ge-
roe Dio 59. paepyris might have actually rulecl in Bosporus, 3?/38-38/39, see V. F. GrJnurrvrd,
12.2 (ct. note 102). bas Bosporanische Reich (Berlin/Amsterdam 19?1) 340 note 16, and p. 573'
110
j]IXC lhrace 2t0 ,o. b; HB.co HNz 2g6: ..For Gaius Caesar
"t"., Augustus; King I.roemet_
111 Suet' Tiberius 3?.3: "Because ,re peopre of cyzicus ventured to commit
acts of speciar
larvlessness against Roman citizens, ire ttot trom trr"- arr" frcedom which they had earned
in the war with Mithridates.,,
112 Syllogst ?98-?g9: ..To KingRhoemetalces,
son of Cotys.,,Cf. IGRR IV 14? : above,
sect. VIII, p. 208, with note gg.
x13 Ibid.
1? (1960) no. 381: ,.King Rhoemetalces, phitocaesar.,,
l]:
115 lEG
J' G IrI 12g4: "In the archonship of Rhoemetalces the younger, Gaius caesar rvas
proclaimed Emperrr"; cf. 10?? Forflre-date
(A.D 36/3?), sce p. Gnerxoon, Chronologie
des archontes ath6niens sous ..Empire, Mdm.
de t,ecaa. ae Belgique Ser. 2, B (1924) 6gf.
no' 39' cf above, note gb; arso notes 2g, az, ,"i
f'hracc to Atirenians, see the remanks of
io. l'or thJreratior. or irr'" tirg. or
J. Cnownoor,-A Th.n"iu, portrait, JHS 1? (1Bg?)
321-326 and plate XI, esp. p. 324. Also: p. Cr.er"ro*,
op. cit. (note 76) 7_B:48_49;
82, note 5; l1l;772, note 1;1g5.
116 IGRR I 82g: ..The populace honors Rhoemetalces,
King of Thrace, the son of Cotys . . _,,