Introduction

• Textbook
• Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Cambridge
University Press, 2011.
• Project based course
• 6 tutorials, 2 are available at www.cambridge.org\9781107018952
• Objectives
• Understand the physics and significance of flow and
models used in CFD
• Hands on experience in CFD
• Critical attitude

Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Chalmers University

Cambridge University Press, 2011

ME7310 Course Learning Objectives

• understand physics of flow and transport processes of mass,
momentum, and energy; [LO1-MS/PhD; HW, QE]
• understand the of pressure-based Navier-Strokes solvers and
the numeric & modeling aspects of turbulence, heat and
mass transfer, mixing, fast-chemical reactions, and multi-
phase processes; [LO2-MS/PhD; QE]
• use engineering software to practice meshing, simulation,
post-processing, and presentation to solve engineering
problems. [LO3-MS/PhD; PR, RP]
• understand the importance of CFD encountered in real-life
engineering applications. [LO4-MS/PhD; PC]
 Physics & Models, Hands-on, Project-based, Critical
attitude 2

1
 References
Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers,
Bengt Andersson et al., Cambridge, 2011.
• An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: The
Finite Volume Method, Versteeg, H.K. & Malalasekera,
W., Prentice Hall, 2007 (2nd ed).
• Mixture Formation in Internal Combustion Engines,
Baumgarten, C., Springer, 2006.
• Turbulent Flows, Pope, S.B., Cambridge, 2000.
• A First Course in Turbulence, by Tennekes H.& Lumley
J.L., The MIT Press, 1972.
• Engines: An Introduction, Lumley J.L., Cambridge, 1999
• A First Course in Computational Fluid Dynamics, by H.
Aref and S. Blachandar, Cambridge, 2018.
3

Tutorials and Projects

– Pipe Flow and Mixing Introduction to CFD: Convection,
Diffusion, and Mixing
• HW2: 2-D developing laminar pipe flow (due 1/13)
• Tutorial/Project 1: curve pipe with jet mixing(1/22)
– Scheme/Meshing/IC/BC/Model
– Aerodynamics: SIMSCALE
– Automotive Catalytic Converter
• Pressure Drop in Porous Medium (or Monolithic Brick)
• Catalytic reactions inside porous medium
– Non-premixed Turbulent Flame
• Turbulence & Mixing, Combustion
• Swirl-stabilized spray combustor
– IC Engines: CONVERGE
• Premixed (SI) and Non-Premixed engine combustion
• Transient and moving Grid/BC,Multiphase flow with
evaporationDirect Injection (CI) engine 4

2
What can be simulated with CFD?
• Flow, laminar and turbulent
• Single phase and multiphase
• Flow in porous materials
• Mass and heat transfer
• Convection, diffusion and reaction
• Phenomena on the boundaries
• Reaction
• Melting
• Dissolution
• Radiation
• Free surfaces (waves)

Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Chalmers University

Cambridge University Press, 2011

Advantages of CFD

• Insight
• CFD analysis shows you parts of the system or
phenomena happening within the system that would not
otherwise be visible through any other means.
• Foresight
• Possible to test many variations,
• Answer many ‘what if?’
• Efficiency
• Better and faster design or analysis leads to shorter
design cycles.

Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Chalmers University

Cambridge University Press, 2011

3
 Course Content
• [Single-phase] Flow and Transport Phenomena
– Conservation of
– Mass
– Momentum
– Energy
– Species
• Numerical aspects of CFD (ME5995)
• Turbulence models
• Mixing and Chemical Reactions
• Multiphase flows (ME7995)
• ICE Engine (Uns. Turb. Spray Combustion Flow)
• Best practice guidelines

Gasoline Direct Injection ICE Simulation

– The test result is the cylinder pressure averaged by 50 cycles.

BEV-Heft 13.1
pp: 383~392

4
What is difficult in CFD?
• Meshing (Grid, Cell)
• Too fine mesh is slow and too coarse is less accurate
• Low quality mesh cause convergence problems
• Numerical methods (Schemes)
• Balance between stability and accuracy
• Reaching convergence
• Physical Models
• Turbulence simulations
• Multiple Time- an Length- scales
• Balance between Accuracy, Stability and Simulation storage/time
• Chemical Reaction simulations
• Stiff Source Terms
• Multiple Species and Time- scales
• Multiphase simulations
• Simple models have severe limitations
• Advanced models are less accurate and unstable

Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Chalmers University

Cambridge University Press, 2011

General balance formulation

   2
 Uj   + S ( )
t x j x j x j
 rate of   transport by   transport by  source 
       
accumulation  convection  diffusion  terms 
 is momentum, heat, species etc.  is viscosity, conductivity, diffusivity etc.
• In Einstein summation convention is any repeated index in
the same term summed over

   2
 U j    S ( )
t j x j j x j x j
j=1 and 2 for 2D and j=1,2, and 3 for 3D

      2  2  2 
 U1 +U 2 +U 3 =     + S ( )
t x1 x2 x3  x1x1 x2x2 x3x3 
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5
 Tensor notation   [U1,U2 ,U3 ]
For a vector is the equation written as
U i U i  2U i
U j =  + S (U i )
t x j x j x j
the summation reads (NOTE there is no summation over the vector elements,
only the repeated indices in the same term)
U i U i  2U i
 U j =   x x + S (U i )
t j x j j j j

that in expanded form reads

U1 U U1 U1   2U1  2U1  2U1 
 U1 1 +U 2 +U 3 =     + S (U1 )
t x1 x2 x3  x
 1 1 x  x2 x2 x3x3 
U 2 U 2 U 2 U 2   2U 2  2U 2  2U 2 
 U1 +U 2 +U 3 =     + S (U 2 )
t x1 x2 x3  x1x1 x2 x2 x3x3 
U 3 U 3 U 3 U 3   2U 3  2U 3  2U 3 
 U1 +U 2 +U 3 =     + S (U 2 )
t x1 x2 x3  x1x1 x2 x2 x3x3 

NOTE There is one equation for each element in the vector

Q: What is the Vector notation of the above equation using and V ?

Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Chalmers University
Cambridge University Press, 2011

Mathematical Classification of PDE & Flows

The second order partial differential equations in two independent
variables can be divided into three types: Hyperbolic, Parabolic, and
Elliptic. The distinction is based on the nature of the characteristics,
curves along which information about the solution is carried. Consider
the following equation
 2  2  2  
A  B  C  D  E  F   G  0
x 2
xy y 2 x y

The Second order PDE can be classified according to the sign of the
Determinant: D = B2 - 4AC
(a) elliptic if D < 0
(b) parabolic if D = 0
(c) hyperbolic if D > 0

* Note that the classification depends only on the coefficient of the

highest order derivatives.

6
 Mathematical Classification of PDE & Flows
Hyperbolic Parabolic Elliptic
1.Two real distinctive 1.A single real set of 1.Imaginary or complex.
characteristics. characteristics.

2. The information
2. The information 2. There are no special
propagates in a
travels to downstream directions of the
particular direction sowithin the domain from information propagation.
that one datum needs initial plane of data
to be given at an initial
satisfying the specified
point on each
boundary conditions.
characteristic 3. Laplace’s or
Poisson’s equation
3. Unsteady heat
3.The first order wave conduction in 1-D  2  2
equation:  
u u T 2
 u 2
x 2
y
  a  
t x 2 0, or f (x, y)
t x
a  0

Elliptic problems
• Elliptic equations are characteristic of diffusion problems, this includes many
(but not all) steady state flows.
• Examples are potential flow, the steady state temperature distribution in a rod of
solid material, and equilibrium stress distributions in solid objects under applied
loads.
• For potential flows the velocity is expressed in terms of a velocity potential:
u=. Because the flow is incompressible, .u=0, which results in 2=0. This is
also known as Laplace’s equation:
 2  2
 0
x 2 y 2
• The solution depends solely on the boundary conditions. This is also known as a
boundary value problem.
• A disturbance in the interior of the solution affects the solution everywhere else.
The disturbance signals travel in all directions.
• As a result, solutions are always smooth, even when boundary conditions are
discontinuous. This makes numerical solution easier!

14

7
Parabolic problems
• Parabolic equations describe marching problems. This includes time
dependent problems which involve significant amounts of dissipation.
Examples are unsteady viscous flows and unsteady heat conduction. Steady
viscous boundary layer flow is also parabolic (march along streamline, not in
time).
• An example is the transient temperature distribution in a cooling down rod:
t=0
  2
 2
t x

T=T0 t T=T0

x=0 x=L
• The temperature depends on both the initial and boundary conditions. This is
also called an initial-boundary-value problem.
• Disturbances can only affect solutions at a later time.
• Dissipation ensures that the solution is always smooth.
15

Hyperbolic problems
• Hyperbolic equations are typical of marching problems with negligible
dissipation.
 2  2
• An example is the wave equation:  c2 2
t
2
x
• This describes the transverse displacement of a string during small amplitude
vibrations. If y is the displacement, x the coordinate along the string, and a the
initial amplitude, the solution is:

 ct   x 
y ( x, t )  a cos  sin  
 L  L
• Note that the amplitude is independent of time, i.e. there is no dissipation.
• Hyperbolic problems can have discontinuous solutions.
• Disturbances may affect only a limited region in space. This is called the zone of
influence. Disturbances propagate at the wave speed c.
• Local solutions may only depend on initial conditions in the domain of
dependence.
• Examples of flows governed by hyperbolic equations are shockwaves in
16
transonic and supersonic flows.

8
 Classification of Fluid Flow Equations
Steady Flow Unsteady Flow
Viscous flow Elliptic Parabolic
Inviscid flow M < 1 (subsonic) Hyperbolic
Elliptic
M> 1 (supersonic) Hyperbolic
Hyperbolic
Thin shear layers Parabolic Parabolic

• For inviscid flows at M<1, pressure disturbances travel faster than the
flow speed. If M>1, pressure disturbances can not travel upstream.
Limited zone of influence is a characteristic of hyperbolic problems.
• In thin shear layer flows, velocity derivatives in flow direction are much
smaller than those in the cross flow direction. Equations then
effectively contain only one (second order) term and become
parabolic. Also the case for other strongly directional flows such as
fully developed duct flow and jets.
17

Example: the blunt-nosed body

• Blunt-nosed body designs are used
for supersonic and hypersonic
speeds (e.g. Apollo capsules and
(a)Subsonic (b)Sonic (c)Supersonic
spaceshuttle) because they are less Bow Shock M>1
susceptible to aerodynamic heating Hyperbolic region
than sharp nosed bodies.
• There is a strong, curved bow shock M<1
wave, detached from the nose by M > 1 δ Blunt-nosed
the shock detachment distance δ. body
• Calculating this flow field was a
major challenge during the 1950s Elliptic
and 1960s because of the difficulties region
involved in solving for a flow field Sonic
that is elliptic in one region and Line
hyperbolic in others.
• Today’s CFD solvers can routinely
handle such problems, provided that
the flow is calculated as being
transient. 18

9
 The continuity balance
x1+ x1, x2+ x2, x3+ x3
x3
 U1 U 2 U 3
   0
( U1) x1 ( U1) x 1+ x 1
t x1 x2 x3
 x3
 U j
 0
x2  x2 t x j
 x1

x1

Pressure is transported with the speed of sound and at subsonic velocity U<0.1-0.3 c
the fluid can be assumed incompressible ( = constant)
U j U1 U 2 U 3
0 (the index j is repeated) i.e.   0
x j x1 x2 x3
The CFD program solves for velocity and pressure and the continuity balance
is solved by introducing pressure by the pressure velocity coupling
e.g. Poisson equation
  P      U iU j  
   
xi x
 i xi  x j 

Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Chalmers University

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Viscous transport

Viscous transport by random Newtonian fluid

movement of molecules (linear dependence between stress and strain)

dU1
Gas  21   
dx2
The second index denote momentum direction
The first index the direction of the transport
Liquid

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10
 Viscous stresses
• Shear stress • Total stress
 U1 U 2   U i U j  2  U k 
 12   21        ij   ji              ij  
 x j xi  3  xk 
 x2 x1 
• Normal stress • Incompressible flow  U k 
  0
 xk 
 U i U j 
U1 2  U U 2 U 3   ij   ji     
 11  2   3    1     x j xi

x1  
 x1 x2 x3 

=dilatational or volume viscosity

Q: What about (Thermodynamic) pressure?

Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Chalmers University
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Momentum balance

U1 momentum

Navier-Stokes equations
U1 U U1 U1 1 P 1  11 1  21 1  31
 U1 1  U 2  U3      g1
t x1 x2 x3  x1  x1  x2  x3
U 2 U 2 U 2 U 2 1 P 1  12 1  22 1  32
 U1 U2  U3      g2
t x1 x2 x3  x2  x1  x2  x3
U 3 U 3 U 3 U 3 1 P 1  13 1  23 1  33
 U1  U2  U3      g3
t x1 x2 x3  x3  x1  x2  x3

U i U i 1 P 1  ji For incomp. Flow:

U j    gi
t x j  xi  x j 4 Unknown U1, U2, U3 and P, and 3 equations
=>Use the continuity equation for P
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11
The Fundamental Laws Governing Transport Processes
Coordinate Systems

Eulerian
1. Fixed control volume in
space.
2. Independent variables:
spatial coordinate, i.e., x, y, z,
and t.
3. Most problems can be
solved in the framework.
Lagrangian
1. Attention is fixed on a particular mass
of fluid as it flows.
2. Independent variables: coordinates
which a specified fluid element passed
through at time to, i.e., xo, yo, zo, and to.
In other word, if it is known that our
particular portion of fluid passed
through the coordinates xo, yo, and zo at
some time to, then its position at some
later time may be calculated if the
velocity components u, v, and w are
known.

The Fundamental Laws Governing Transport Processes

Material Derivative
Let  be any field variables, i.e., density, temperature, and etc.
Total change in  as observed in the Lagrangian framework during the time t can be
expressed as,
D      (2.1)
  u  v  w
Dt t x y z
or in vector form
D   (2.2)
  u  
Dt t
D   
Alternatively, by tensor form,   u (2.3)
t xk
k
Dt

1. The term D/Dt is the so-called “material derivative. ”It represents the total change in
the quantity  as seen by an observer who is following the fluid and is watching a
particular mass of the fluid.
2. The right-hand side represents the total change in  expressed in eulerian coordinates.
3. The equation expresses the Lagrangian rate of change of  for a given fluid element in
terms of the Eulerian derivatives

12
Energy balance

• h  hm  hT  hC   Total energy
• hm  12 U iU i Kinetic energy
T

• hT   mn
n
c p ,n dT Thermal energy (Ideal gas)
Tref

• hC   mn hn Chemical energy
•   gi xi
n
Potential energy

hn  heat of formation for species n Note: hf,n or hfo,n

Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Chalmers University

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Balance for kinetic energy e

• Multiplying the momentum equation by Ui

• Using

• we obtain the scalar equation

• And using hm   e [J/m3 fluid] with

hm  12 U iU i
PU i P U  ijU i  U i
 Ui  P i and  U i ij   ij
xi xi xi xi xi xi

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13
 hm  12 U iU i
Balance for mechanical energy ρe

  hm    hm  U i   PU i 
 Ui + P 
t xi xi xi
Accumu- Convection Reversible Rate of work
lation conversion done by pressure
to heat of surroundings

 U

xi
 ijU i    ij i
x j
  g iU i

Rate of work Irreversible Work done

done by viscous conversion by gravity
forces to heat force

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Balance for mechanical energy hm 

ρe 1
2 U iU i

  hm    hm  U i   PU i 
t
 Ui
xi
 P
xi

xi


xi
 ijU i    ij Ux i   g iU i
j

hm  12 U iU i

28

14
 Dissipation of mechanical energy
All energy lost in the flow is dissipated to heat in the flow
or at the walls; for Newtonian fluid:
2
U i 1  U i U j  2 U i 
   ij        W/kg
x j 2  x j xi  3 xi 
or
2
 U i 1  U i U j  2 U i 
  ij       W/m 3
 x j 2  x j xi  3 xi 

Note that the terms are squared and  > 0 always

Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Chalmers University

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Heat balance
Energy Equation becomes Temperature-Transport
Equation for ideal gas & Incompressible Flow

 (  c pT )    c pT   2T U j U k
 U j  keff P   kj   Rm (C , T )(H )  ST
t x j x j x j x j x j m

Accumulation Convection Conduction Expansion Dissipation Reaction Source

The source term may e.g. be electrical heating or radiation

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15
Species balance

Cn Cn   Cn 

 Uj   Dn   R (C , T )  S n
t x j x j  x j 
Accumulation Convection Diffusion Reaction Source

Mass fraction is often used in CFD programs

Ck M k
mk 

Where Mk is the molecule weight of compound k.

Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Chalmers University

Cambridge University Press, 2011

Geometry modeling
Define geometry and boundaries

Defining models
Add models for turbulence, Grid generation
chemical reactions etc Divide the geometry into
small computational cells
Set properties
Density, viscosity etc

Set boundary and

initial conditions

Solve
Choose solver, iteration methods, convergence requirement

Post-processing
Analyze the results

16
 Boundary conditions
In Out
L
U  U in (0, x)
U  U in U  U out ( L, x )
L   L 
P  Pout
mk  mk ,in
T  Tin

Wall
Velocity Heat transport
No slip condition U i  U wall ,i •Fixed heat flux
•Fixed temperature
Species •Convective heat transfer
•No penetration •External radiation heat transfer
•Reaction •Combined external radiation and
convection heat transfer
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Symmetry boundary conditions

Rotational symmetry

Periodic boundary condition

Tangential inflow=tangential outflow
or axial inflow=axial outflow

Inflow=outflow Outflow

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17
Fluid properties
• The equation of state e.g.
• The ideal gas law P

yn
RT 
• Cubic equations n M w, n
RT a
P 
V  b V 2  ubV  wb 2
• Viscosity e.g.
• Chapman-Enskog
5  mk BT
• Sutherland’s law
 gas 
16  2

• Polynomial (e.g. liquids) C1T 3/ 2


T  C2

  a1  a2T  a3T 2  ....

Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Chalmers University
Cambridge University Press, 2011

Pre-processor
• CAD program
• Most commercial CFD programs contains a CAD program
• Most CFD programs can import standard CAD files
• Mesh program
• Divide fluid volume into small computational cells (1000
to 100 millions)
• More accurate meshing in critical areas
• Structured/unstructured mesh
• Problem definition (part of the CFD program)
• Flow properties
• Boundary conditions
• Source terms e.g. reactions

Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Chalmers University

Cambridge University Press, 2011

18
Meshing
Bulk Wall

The computational volume is separated into many cells, and

momentum, mass, and heat balances are solved for all cells

Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Chalmers University

Cambridge University Press, 2011

Structured grids
• Structured or unstructured grids depend on how the grid index is
organized

Structured grid

y i

x j

Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Chalmers University

Cambridge University Press, 2011

19
 ME7310 Mesh/Grid/Cell

(a) Structured grid (d) Unstructured grid

(b)Block structured grid with matched interface

(c)Block structured grid with not matched interface

5.

Design and create the grid

• Should you use a quad/hex grid, a tri/tet grid, a hybrid grid, or a
non-conformal grid?
• What degree of grid resolution is required in each region of the
domain?
• How many cells are required for the problem?
• Will you use adaption to add resolution?
• Do you have sufficient computer memory?

tetrahedron pyramid
triangle

arbitrary polyhedron
hexahedron prism or wedge
quadrilateral

40

20
Tri/tet vs. quad/hex meshes
• For simple geometries, quad/hex
meshes can provide high-quality
solutions with fewer cells than a
comparable tri/tet mesh.

• For complex geometries,

quad/hex meshes show no
numerical advantage, and you
can save meshing effort by using
a tri/tet mesh.

41

Velocity vectors around a dinosaur

42

21
Velocity magnitude (0-6 m/s) on a dinosaur

43

Pressure field on a dinosaur

44

22
 Hybrid mesh example
• Valve port grid.
• Specific regions can be meshed
with different cell types.
tet mesh
• Both efficiency and accuracy are
enhanced relative to a
hex mesh
hexahedral or tetrahedral mesh
alone.

wedge mesh

Hybrid mesh for an

IC engine valve port
45

MESH GENERATION
• Traditional Approach
• Long meshing times
• Meshing by guessing
• Skewed cells
• Grid convergence?
▪ Current State of the Art
• Automated meshing
• Adaptive Mesh
Refinement (AMR)
• Orthogonal cells
• Easy to perform grid
convergence studies

46

23
 ME7310 Finite Approximations

• Finite Difference method: approximations for the

derivatives at the grid points have to be selected.
• Finite Volume method: the methods of
approximating surface and volume integrals.
• Finite Element method/analysis: Approximate
solutions to boundary value problems for PDEs,
using variational methods to minimize an
associated error function.
Spectral (Element) method
Boundary Element method
Lattice Boltzmann method

Solvers

• Finite volume/Finite difference/ Finite element / Lattice Boltzmann

etc.
• Steady vs. Unsteady
• Segregated vs. Coupled
• Pressure-based (traditional for low velocity) vs. Density-based

Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Chalmers University

Cambridge University Press, 2011

24
 Density-Based Solver Formulation
for Compressible Flow

49

ME7310 The Fundamental Laws Governing Transport Processes

Vector Forms of Equations in Compressible Flow:

It is often convenient to combine the equations into a compact vector form. For example,
the compressible Naiver-Stokes equations in Cartesian coordinates without body force,
mass diffusion, finite-rate chemical reactions, or external heat addition can be written as,
U E F G
    0
t x y z
     u 
where,     u 2  p   xx 
  u   
U    v , E    uv   xy 
   
  w    uw   xz 
 E   E  p u  u  xx  v  xy  w   q 
t  t xz x 
 v   w 
  uv   xy    uw   xz 
   
F    v 2  p   yy ,G    vw   yz 
   
  vw   yz    w 2  p   zz 
 E t  p v  u  xy  v  yy  w 
 E t  p w  u  xz  v  yz  w 

 qy   q z 
 yz zz

* The first row of the above equation corresponds to the continuity equation. The second,
third, and fourth rows are the momentum equations. The fifth row is the energy equations.
Sometimes, this form of equations is more convenient to the desired numerical algorithm,
i.e., density based algorithm, pressure based, etc.

25
 ME7310 The Fundamental Laws Governing Transport Processes

Nondimensional Form of Equations:

The governing fluid dynamics equations are often put into non-dimensional form.
The reasons: (i) the dimensionless parameters can be changed independently: Mach
number, Reynolds number, and Prandtl number.
(ii) The values of flow variables fall between certain prescribed limits such as 0 and 1 by
non-dimensional variables.

x y z t
For example,
x *
 y *
 z *
 t *

L L L L /V 

u v w 
u *
 v *
 w *
  *

V  V  V   
 p T e
 *
 p *
 T *
 e *

   V 
2
T V 
2

If we apply the non-dimensionalization procedure to the previous compressible equations,

the following are obtained:

ME7310 The Fundamental Laws Governing Transport Processes

Non-dimensional Form of Eq: U * E *

F *
G *

    0
and the vectors are, t *
x *
y *
z *

  *    *
u *

   
  u
* *
   *
u * 2
 p *
  *
xx 
U    *v *
 , E    * u * v *   xy* 
   
  *
w *
   * u * w *   xz* 
 E t*   E *
 p *
u *
 u *  xx*  v *  xy*  w *  *
 q * 
   t xz x 
  v * *
   w  * *

   
  u
* * *
v   *
xy    u
* *
w *
  *
xz 
F  
*
 v  p   yy
* *2 * *
, G  
*
 v w   yz
* * * *

   
  * v * w *   *yz    * w * 2  p *   zz* 
 E *  p * v *  u * *  v * *  w * *  q *   E *  p * w *  u * *  v * *  w * *  q * 
 t xy yy yz y   t xz yz zz z 

2 *  u * v * w*  * 2 *  v * u * w*  * 2  *  w* u * v * 

 xx*   2 *  *  * , yy   2 *  *  * , zz  2   ,
3 Re L  x y z  3 Re L  y x z  3 Re L  z * x * y * 
 *  u * v *  *  *  w *  u *  *  *  v *  w * 
 xy*   *yx     ,  xz   zx*     ,  yz   zy*    
Re L   y *  x *  Re L   x *
z 
*
Re L   z *  y * 
* T *  T * T *   V  L V
q x* ( q *y , q *z )    ,  Re  ,M 
Pr  x *   y *  z *  

(   1) M  RT 
2 L

Re L

26
 ME7310 The Fundamental Laws Governing Transport Processes

Example of Model Equations in Chemically Reacting Flows.

We consider the unsteady, inviscid, and chemically reacting flow equations in two-
dimension with Ns species. The equations of the mass, momentum, energy, and species
concentrations can be written in a vector form:  U E F
   S
t x y
 u    v   0 
        
  u 2  p   uv  0
 u     
    v 2  p   
 v   uv   
0

   
 (  E  p )u   ( E  p )v   0 
 E  F    S   
U  
t
 E     1u  1
   1u     
 1      2 
     2u   2u  

2
     
    
       
    
     u    1u 
Ns 1
 Ns 1   Ns  1  Ns

N
 n k  j
N s r

E   y k e k  k  W k
j 1
N K N k 1
s fj s

  '
jk n k 
K
  "
jk n k , j  1 ,2 ,  , N r
k  1 bj k  1

 
 
N ' N "
s
 s

( n k ) j  "
jk   '
jk  K f  n l
jl
 K b  n l
jl

 
j j
l 1 l 1

K f  A f T
B f j
exp  E f R u T 
 
j j j
B

b j
K b j
A b j
T exp E b j
R u T

Post Processing

• Analyze the quality of the simulation

• Visualization
• Velocity Vector plots
• Scalar (concentration, temperature, etc.) Contours
• Streamlines, Streak lines, Pathlines etc.
• Turbulent properties k,,T,L
• X-Y profile plots
• Animations
• Quantification and Integral Analysis
• e.g. calculation of fluxes, forces, moments, averages,
coefficients, etc.

Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Chalmers University

Cambridge University Press, 2011

27
 Post Processing
• Analyze the quality of the simulation
• Visualization
– Velocity vectors Avoid auto-scaling!
– Pressure contours
– Concentrations and temperatures
– Flux
– Flow lines, streamlines, streaklines
– Turbulent properties k,,T,L
• Animations
• Quantification
– e.g. calculation of fluxes, integral quantities, averages
Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Chalmers University
Cambridge University Press, 2011

28