IEEE PES Zagreb 2014 Zhong PDF

Next-Generation Smart Grids:
Completely Autonomous Power Systems

(CAPS)
Qing-Chang Zhong
Dept. of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering
The University of Sheffield
United Kingdom
Dept. of Distribution Networks

China Electric Power Research Institute
China
zhongqc@ieee.org
Q.-C. Zhong (zhongqc@ieee.org, Univ. of Sheffield/CEPRI) IEEE PELS DL on Next-Generation Smart Grids (CAPS)
The University of Sheffield
Sheffield Medical School (1828),
University Charter granted (1905)
5 Nobel Prize winners
QS World University Rankings: 71st
One of the Red Brick universities
25,000 students from 117 countries,
over 6,000 staff
ACSE: The only department in
control in the UK, the largest in EU
and one of the best in the world.
to
engineering,
Power systems
“. . . the greatest engineering achievement of

the 20th century.” (National Academy of Engineering ’2000)
“. . . the largest and most complex machine

engineered by humankind.” (P. Kundur ’94)
Power systems
“. . . the greatest engineering achievement of

the 20th century.” (National Academy of Engineering ’2000)
“. . . the largest and most complex machine

engineered by humankind.” (P. Kundur ’94)
Evolution of power systems
Centralised Generation
Distributed
Generation Smart Grid
Generation
Power Plant
500 kV Transmission Extra-High-Voltage Substation
(500/230 kV)
Commercial/ 230 kV
Industrial Transmission Transmission
Customer System
Distribution Substation
Urban (69/12 kV) 69 kV Sub-transmission
Customers Distribution
System
(12kV)
High-Voltage Substation
Distribution Line (230/69 kV)
Overhead
Distribution
Underground Cable Transformer
To Other
High-Voltage
Residential Residential
Underground Substations
Customer Customer
Distribution Transfomer
DOE: Smart Grid System Report
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid.
Karady G and Holbert K 2004
Distributed
Generation
Power Plant
(500/230 kV)
Commercial/ 230 kV
Customer System
System
(12kV)
Overhead
Distribution
To Other
High-Voltage
Customer Customer
Distributed
Generation
Power Plant
(500/230 kV)
Commercial/ 230 kV
Customer System
System
(12kV)
Overhead
Distribution
To Other
High-Voltage
Customer Customer
What’s next?
Completely Autonomous Power Systems (CAPS).
What’s next?
Completely Autonomous Power Systems (CAPS).
Outline of the talk
Why? — Challenges faced by power systems

What is the root cause? — Fundamentals
How? — Technical route
What is the solution? — Architecture
Summary
Challenges being faced by power systems
Ageing infrastructure (mostly over 100 years old)

Faults
Blackouts
Largest blackouts in the history
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Generated from the data at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_outages

Faults
Blackouts
Fast growth of electricity consumption
Civilisation: > 30 cities with 10+ million people by
2020 (Wiki)
Digital economy: Data centres to consume 20%
electricity in the USA by 2030 (EPRI)
86 Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, 1949-2010
Residential, By Major Source Commercial, By Major Source

12 12
10 10
Electrical
Electrical
Losses¹
Losses¹
8 8
Quadrillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
Renewable Energy Natural
Gas
6 6
Natural Gas
Electricity²
Renewable
4 4 Energy
Electricity²
2 Petroleum 2
Petroleum
Coal Coal
0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Industrial, By Major Source Transportation, By Major Source

12 30
Natural Gas
Petroleum
10 25
Petroleum
8 20
Quadrillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
Electrical
6 Losses¹ 15
4 Electricity² 10
Coal Renewable
2 5 Energy
Renewable Energy
Natural Gas
0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/archive/038410.pdf.

Faults
Blackouts
2020 (Wiki)
Demand of high energy efficiency
Large-scale utilisation of renewable energy, EVs
and energy storage systems etc.

Faults
Blackouts
2020 (Wiki)

Faults
Blackouts
2020 (Wiki)
How to address the challenges?
Upgrading the system, e.g. by introducing

Phase Measurement Units (PMU)
Wide-Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS)
PMUs and WAMS in China
Northeast
Shenyang
North
Xinjiang
Beijing
Northwest Zhengehou
Jiangsu
Tibet
Henan
Nanjing Shanghai
Chuan–Yu
Three Gorge
Power Plant East
Guizhou Central
PMU at Substation Yunnan
PMU at Power Plant
Kunming South Guangzhou
WAMS Central Station Guangdong
X.R. Xie, Y.Z. Xin, J.Y. Xiao, J.T. Wu, and Y.D. Han. WAMS applications in Chinese power systems. IEEE Power & Energy Magazine. Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 54-63, Jan.-Feb. 2006.

Strengthening the system, e.g. by introducing

HVDC and HVAC links

Strengthening the system, e.g. by introducing

HVDC and HVAC links
The mainland Chinese power system
800kV 6400 MW, 2015 800kV 6400 MW, 2018
800kV 6400 MW, 2018 3000 MW, 2009
Heilongjiang
800kV 6400 MW, 2011 800kV 6400

3000 MW, MW, 2016
2011 NEPG
800kV 6400 MW, Jilin
2015 NCPG
Xinjiang
Liaoning
3000 MW, 2010
Janjin
800kV 6400
Inner Mongolia
MW, 2014 Gansu
Beijing
1500 MW, 2008
Hebel
Shanxi
NWPG Ningula Shandong 800kV 6400 MW, 2015

Qinghai
Henan
Shianxi
ECPG
3000 MW, 2011
Jiangsu
800kV 6400 Shanghai
Sichuan & Hubei
MW, 2016 Xizang Anhui
Chongqing
CCPG 1200 MW, 2011
Zheijang
Jiangxi
800kV 6400 MW, 2012 1000 MW, 2012
Guizhou Hunan
800kV 6400 MW, 2019 Fujian
3000 MW, 2016
SCPG
800kV 6400 MW, 2018 Guangdong
Yunnan
Guanqxi Taiwan
800kV 5000-6000 MW, 2015 800kV 5000 MW, 2009

Bangkok 3000 MW, 2013 Hainan
X-P. Zhang, C. Rehtanz and Y. Song., ‘‘A grid for tomorrow,’’ Power Engineer , vol.20, no.5, pp.22-27, Oct.-Nov. 2006.
The US power system
Source: http://views.cira.colostate.edu/fed/Egrid/.
These actions are all important and effective.
But are we doing enough?
Let’s go one step back and recall the challenges:
Ageing infrastructure
and ESS etc.
What do these challenges really mean/what is
fundamental behind these challenges?/What will
these make future power systems look like?
⇓
Power electronics-based.
and ESS etc.
⇓
and ESS etc.
⇓
and ESS etc.
⇓
and ESS etc.
⇓
Fundamental challenge
Future power systems will be
power electronics-based,
with a huge number of heterogeneous players.
Less of a power problem but more of a systems problem
How to guarantee system stability?
How to organically expand power systems without
jeopardising stability?
No longer able to heavily rely on communication networks
It is fine for monitoring, information systems and high-level
functions.
But for low-level control, this will cause a great concern of
reliability.
No longer manageable with human interaction
functions.
reliability.
functions.
reliability.
functions.
reliability.

!

"

#$%&'()$% *(+$%, -./01

Is there ONE simple mechanism to enable organic growth and

autonomous operation of power systems?
Is it possible for new add-ons to play an equal role as conventional
generators in regulating the system stability?
Is it possible for the majority of loads to play the same role too?
If yes, can these happen regardless of size and capacity?
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Conventional electricity generation
(θ = 0 )
Rotor field axis
Rs , L
Rotation
M M
N
Field voltage
Rs , L Rs , L
Conventionally, the generation of electricity is dominated by synchronous

generators.
Why synchronous generators (SG)?
The real power P flowing out of an SG is
VE
P= sin (θ − θg )
Xs
where E and V are the RMS values of the generated voltage and the
terminal voltage. Moreover, an SG obeys the swing equation
J θ̈ = Tm − Te − Dp θ̇
and a power system can be regarded as a system of coupled oscillators.

Because of the sin term, an SG can synchronise with the grid or an SG.
The underlying principle that holds a power system is

the synchronisation mechanism of SG
This will be adopted to construct the next-generation smart grids, CAPS.
VE
Xs


VE
Xs


New add-ons of generation
Renewable energy
Wind
Solar
Tide
Wave etc
Electric vehicles
Energy storage systems
It is a real mess.
Is there anything in common?
Renewable energy
Wind
Solar
Tide
Wave etc
Electric vehicles
It is a real mess.
Renewable energy
Wind
Solar
Tide
Wave etc
Electric vehicles
It is a real mess.
Inverters: —
Common devices for smart grid integration
Rs, Ls
ia va
ea
VDC ib vb
eb
ic vc
ec
C
-
Are we able to make inverters have the vital synchronisation mechanism?
Inverters: —
Common devices for smart grid integration
Rs, Ls
ia va
ea
VDC ib vb
eb
ic vc
ec
C
-
Are we able to make inverters have the vital synchronisation mechanism?
Our solution: Synchronverters
Synchronverters are inverters

that mimic synchronous
generators (SG).
Dynamically behave like SG and
hence possess the inherent
synchronisation mechanism.
Can operate autonomously
without communication.
The basic idea
Taking the mathematical model of a synchronous generator as the
core of the controller for an inverter.
Converting the generated voltage e to PWM signals to drive the
switches so that the average values of ea , eb and ec over a
switching period is equal to e.
Feeding back the phase current i to the mathematical model as
the stator current.
+
Dp
Circuit
Ls , R s va Lg , R g Breaker
ia vga
- ea
Tm 1 θ& 1 θ vb
VDC ib vgb
Js s eb
- vc
ec ic vgc
Te
Formulas
Q of Te, Q, e C
e
-
Mf if i
The basic idea
the stator current.
+
Dp
Circuit
ia vga
- ea
Tm 1 θ& 1 θ vb
VDC ib vgb
Js s eb
- vc
ec ic vgc
Te
Formulas
Q of Te, Q, e C
e
-
Mf if i
The basic idea
the stator current.
+
Dp
Circuit
ia vga
- ea
Tm 1 θ& 1 θ vb
VDC ib vgb
Js s eb
- vc
ec ic vgc
Te
Formulas
Q of Te, Q, e C
e
-
Mf if i
The complete controller
Dp θ&r
- PLL
Reset θg
Pset p Tm 1 θ& 1 θ
θ&n Js s
-
θc
From\to the power part

Te
Formulas
Q of Te, Q, e PWM
e generation
- Mf if
Qset 1 i
Ks
Dq
- Amplitude v fb
vm detection
vr
Four parameters Frequency regulation via frequency droop control
No conventional PI control Voltage regulation via voltage droop control

No dq transformation etc Real power and reactive power control
Experimental results
Frequency regulation
1060.0 50.15
1040.0 50.10
Grid frequency [Hz]

1020.0 50.05
P [W]
1000.0 50.00
980.0 49.95
960.0 49.90
940.0 49.85
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time [sec]
So, all the generators can have the vital
synchronisation mechanism and take part in the grid
regulation.
How about the loads?
So, all the generators can have the vital
synchronisation mechanism and take part in the grid
regulation.
How about the loads?
Load types
Many different types of loads exist in a power system:
Home appliances
Lighting devices
Elevators
Computers/servers
Air-conditioners
Machines
...
Load types
Many different types of loads exist in a power system:
Home appliances
Lighting devices
Elevators
Computers/servers
Air-conditioners
Machines
...
Internet
>10%
Motor
50% Lighting
20%
Other
20%
(EPRI)
The majority of loads (will) have a front-end rectifier because

Motors are often equipped with AC drives to improve efficiency
and performance
Light bulbs are being replaced with energy-efficient devices, e.g.
LED
Internet devices consume DC electricity
If these loads (rectifiers) are made to behave like synchronous motors

then the majority of loads in a power system will have the
synchronisation mechanism we are looking for.
Internet
>10%
Motor
50% Lighting
20%
Other
20%
(EPRI)

and performance
LED

Internet
>10%
Motor
50% Lighting
20%
Other
20%
(EPRI)

and performance
LED

Internet
>10%
Motor
50% Lighting
20%
Other
20%
(EPRI)

and performance
LED

Internet
>10%
Motor
50% Lighting
20%
Other
20%
(EPRI)

and performance
LED

Running rectifiers as synchronous motors
Angular frequency
Dp v
Reset STA
Vo
Vref Ki Tm 1
θ& 1 ș
Kp +
s Js s
șc
Te
Formulas
To/from the power part

of Te, Q
Q and e e PWM
generation
v
Qref 1 Mfif i
Ks
320 150
318 θ˙g θ̇
Speed [rad/s]
100
P [W]
316
50
314
312 0
310 −50
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time [s] Time [s]
60 50
0
40
Vdc [V]
Q [Var]
−50
20
−100
0 −150
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time [s] Time [s]
Voltage/Current[V/A]
30 va ia
20 1) Circuit breaker turned on at t=2s;
2) Load R=50Ω connected at t=4s;
10 3) PWM signals enabled at t=10s with
0 Vref =40 V and the Q-loop disabled;
4) The Q-loop enabled at t=20s;
−10 5) Vref changed to 50 V at t=30s;
−20 6) The load changed to R=30Ω at t=41s.
38.9 38.92 38.94 38.96 38.98 39
Time [s]
So, we have made
inverters to have the synchronisation mechanism
of synchronous generators
the majority of loads to have the same
synchronisation mechanism
Is there any problem left?
— There is a dedicated synchronisation unit.
So, we have made
So, we have made
Inverters Problems with
Dp
-
θ&r
θg
PLL
dedicated
Reset
Pset p Tm 1 θ& 1 θ synchronisation

θ&n Js s
-
θc units (PLL etc)

Te
Formulas
Q of Te, Q, e PWM Fight with each
e generation
Qset
-
1 Mf if i other
Ks
Dq
-
vm
Amplitude
detection
v fb Cause instability
vr
Reduce
performance
Rectifiers
Angular frequency
Vo
Dp
Reset STA
v
?
Vref
Kp +
Ki Tm 1
θ& 1 ș Is it possible to get rid of
s Js s
șc the dedicated
Te
Formulas synchronisation unit,
of Te, Q
Q and e e PWM
generation
although it is believed to
Qref Mfif i
v be a must-have
1
Ks component?
Dp
-
θ&r
θg
PLL
dedicated
Reset

θ&n Js s
-
θc units (PLL etc)

Te
Formulas
e generation
Qset
-
1 Mf if i other
Ks
Dq
-
vm
Amplitude
detection
vr
Reduce
performance
Rectifiers
Angular frequency
Vo
Dp
Reset STA
v
?
Vref
Kp +
Ki Tm 1
s Js s
șc the dedicated
Te
of Te, Q
Q and e e PWM
generation
Qref Mfif i
v be a must-have
1
Ks component?
Dp
-
θ&r
θg
PLL
dedicated
Reset

θ&n Js s
-
θc units (PLL etc)

Te
Formulas
e generation
Qset
-
1 Mf if i other
Ks
Dq
-
vm
Amplitude
detection
vr
Reduce
performance
Rectifiers
Angular frequency
Vo
Dp
Reset STA
v
?
Vref
Kp +
Ki Tm 1
s Js s
șc the dedicated
Te
of Te, Q
Q and e e PWM
generation
Qref Mfif i
v be a must-have
1
Ks component?
Dp
-
θ&r
θg
PLL
dedicated
Reset

θ&n Js s
-
θc units (PLL etc)

Te
Formulas
e generation
Qset
-
1 Mf if i other
Ks
Dq
-
vm
Amplitude
detection
vr
Reduce
performance
Rectifiers
Angular frequency
Vo
Dp
Reset STA
v
?
Vref
Kp +
Ki Tm 1
s Js s
șc the dedicated
Te
of Te, Q
Q and e e PWM
generation
Qref Mfif i
v be a must-have
1
Ks component?
Self-synchronised synchronverters
SP
.
PI θn
.
θr
∆T −
Dp
Pset 1 Tm − 1 θ
.
1 θ
θ&n
− Js s
Te
Formulas
Q of e, Q, Te e
Qset − i is 1 vg
1 Mfif SC
1 Ls+R
Ks
2 ig
SQ
Dq Vn
−
Vg
A mechanism is introduced to generate the reference frequency
A mechanism is introduced to synchronise with the grid before connection
50.2 100
Synchronverter frequency
80
Frequency [Hz]
50.1 60
P [W]
40
50 20
0 Real power
49.9 −20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time [s] Time [s]
50.2 80
Grid frequency measured by a PLL
60
Frequency [Hz]
50.1 40
Q [Var]
20
50 0
−20 Reactive power
49.9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time [s] Time [s]
Self-synchronised PWM rectifiers
Kif ∆θûg θún
K pf +
s
∆θý θúr
Vo
Vref K iv Tm 1 θü 1 ș
K pv +
s Js s
șc
Te Formulas
of Te, Q
Q and e e
is 1 v
S
Qref 1 Mfif Ls + Rs
− v 1
Ks 2
i
A mechanism is introduced to generate the reference frequency
A mechanism is introduced to synchronise with the grid before connection
316 100
θ̇g
Frequency [rad/s]
315.5 θ̇ 75
315 50
P [W]
314.5 25
314 0
313.5 −25
313 −50
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
60 Time [s] 50 Time [s]
50 25
40 0
Q [Var]
Vo [V]
30 −25
20 −50
10 −75
0 −100
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time [s] Time [s]
30
Voltage/Current[V/A]
va ia
20 1) Circuit breaker turned on at t=3s;
2) Load R=50Ω connected at t=5s;
10
3) PWM signals enabled at t=10s with
0 Vref =40 V and the Q-loop disabled;
4) The Q-loop enabled at t=20s;
−10 5) Vref changed to 50 V at t=31s;
6) The load changed to R=30Ω at t=42s.
−20
29.8 29.85 29.9 29.95 30
Time [s]
So, we have indeed made it.
All new add-ons of generation can behave like

synchronous generators.
The majority of loads can behave like
synchronous motors.
They all possess the inherent synchronisation
mechanism, without a dedicated synchronisation
unit, so they are naturally held together.

synchronous motors.

synchronous motors.

synchronous motors.
Architecture for next-generation smart grid
Hydro-Electric
Plants
Coal Plants Nuclear Plants
SG
SG SG
SG Medium Sized
SG
Transmission Power Plants
Industrial Power Plants
and SV
SV Distribution
Motors SV Electric Vehicles

SV
SV
SV
SV
Energy Storage Systems
Lighting
SV SV
HVDC
@Qing-Chang Zhong, 2013.
Solar Farms
Electronic Apparatus Wind Farms
Summary
Due to the integration of a huge number of renewable
energy etc into the smart grid, it is no longer possible to
coordinate its operation by human interaction.
An architecture (CAPS) for the next-generation smart
grids has been established
to standardise the interface of integration,
to achieve completely autonomous operation, with
minimum demand on communication for control.
A technical route based on the synchronisation
mechanism of SG has been demonstrated, through
operating inverters as synchronous generators,
operating rectifiers as synchronous motors.
The dedicated synchronisation units that were believed
to be a must-have for converters have been removed.
Further reading
Completely Autonomous
Power Systems (CAPS)
Next Generation Smart Grids
Qing-Chang Zhong
Nuclear Plants
Hydro Plants
Coal Plants SG
SG SG
SV SV
Transmission
Motors and Electric Vehicles
Distribution
SV
SV
SV SV
Lightings
Lighting
SV SV Solar Farms
HVDC
(to appear in 2015)
Something more mathematical?
Advances in Industrial Control
Antonio Visioli
Qing-Chang Zhong
1 Control of
Integral Processes
with Dead Time
Acknowledgements:
Collaborators and funding bodies
Fred C. Lee, Virginia Tech, USA, Member of National Academy of Eng. and
Past President of IEEE PELS, for the challenging questions and fruitful
discussions that have helped finish the last mile of this 10-year journey.
George Weiss, Tel Aviv University, Israel, for the collaborative work on
synchronverters.
Dushan Boroyevich, Virginia Tech, USA, Immediate Past President of IEEE
PELS, for the collaborative work on the equivalence of PLL and droop control.
Research Assistants and Associates
Tomas Hornik, Turbo Power Systems, UK, for the help with the exp.
about synchronverters
Long Nguyen, add2 Ltd, UK, for implementing the idea of
self-synchronised synchronverters
Zhenyu Ma, China, for implementing the idea of applying
synchronverters to rectifiers
Wen-Long Ming, Zhaohui Cen and Yu Zeng, Univ. of Sheffield, for
getting the real-time simulation and the video done
Funding agencies
EPSRC
Royal Academy of Engineering
Technology Strategy Board
Acknowledgements: Industrial partners
References
[1] Q.-C. Zhong and T. Hornik, Control of Power Inverters in Renewable Energy and
Smart Grid Integration. Wiley-IEEE Press, 2013.
[2] Q.-C. Zhong, Completely Autonomous Power Systems (CAPS): Next Generation
Smart Grids, Wiley-IEEE Press, to appear in 2015.
[3] Q.-C. Zhong and G. Weiss, “Synchronverters: Inverters that mimic synchronous
generators,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1259–1267, Apr. 2011.
[4] Q.-C. Zhong, P.-L. Nguyen, Z. Ma, and W. Sheng, “Self-synchronised
synchronverters: Inverters without a dedicated synchronisation unit,” IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 617–630, Feb., 2014.
[5] Q.-C. Zhong, “Robust droop controller for accurate proportional load sharing
among inverters operated in parallel,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 4, pp.
1281–1290, Apr. 2013.
[6] Q.-C. Zhong, “Harmonic droop controller to reduce the voltage harmonics of
inverters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 936–945, Mar. 2013.
[7] Q.-C. Zhong and T. Hornik, “Cascaded current-voltage control to improve the
power quality for a grid-connected inverter with a local load,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1344–1355, Apr. 2013.
[8] Q.-C. Zhong and Y. Zeng, Control of Inverters via a Virtual Capacitor to Achieve
Capacitive Output Impedance, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. x, pp. x–x,
2014, to appear.
[9] T. Hornik and Q.-C. Zhong, “A current control strategy for voltage source inverters
in microgrids based on H ∞ and repetitive control,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.
26, no. 3, pp. 943–952, Mar. 2011.
IEEE PELS IFEC’2015
International Future Energy Challenge
Well-established international colleague students competition since 2001
Four prizes: $10,000, $5000, $3000 and $1000
IFEC’2015 General Chair: Dehong Xu, China
Two topics:
Topic A: High-efficiency Wireless Charging System for Electric
Vehicles and Other Applications, Univ of Michigan, Dearborn, USA
(Topic Chair: Kevin Bai & Wencong Su, USA)
Topic B: Battery Energy Storage with an Inverter that Mimics
Synchronous Generators, Univ of Sheffield, UK (Topic Chair:
Qing-Chang Zhong)
Key dates:
Proposals due: Sept. 15, 2014
Notification of acceptance: Nov. 1, 2014
Final on-site competition: July 2015
Financial support for travel, and also for components (Topic B)
One team per university of undergraduates with maximum two advisory
postgraduates
http://www.energychallenge.org/
Thank you.
zhongqc@ieee.org
Architecture for next-generation smart grid
Hydro-Electric
Plants
Coal Plants Nuclear Plants
SG
SG SG
SG Medium Sized
SG
Transmission Power Plants
Industrial Power Plants
and SV
SV Distribution
Motors SV Electric Vehicles

SV
SV
SV
SV
Energy Storage Systems
Lighting
SV SV
HVDC
@Qing-Chang Zhong, 2013.
Solar Farms

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Next-Generation Smart Grids:

Completely Autonomous Power Systems

Dept. of Distribution Networks

“. . . the greatest engineering achievement of

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“. . . the greatest engineering achievement of

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DOE: Smart Grid System Report

Karady G and Holbert K 2004

DOE: Smart Grid System Report

Karady G and Holbert K 2004

DOE: Smart Grid System Report

Karady G and Holbert K 2004

Next-Generation Smart Grids:

Completely Autonomous Power Systems (CAPS).

Next-Generation Smart Grids:

Completely Autonomous Power Systems (CAPS).

Why? — Challenges faced by power systems

Ageing infrastructure (mostly over 100 years old)

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Ageing infrastructure (mostly over 100 years old)

Ageing infrastructure (mostly over 100 years old)

Ageing infrastructure (mostly over 100 years old)

Upgrading the system, e.g. by introducing

Upgrading the system, e.g. by introducing

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Upgrading the system, e.g. by introducing

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NWPG Ningula Shandong 800kV 6400 MW, 2015

800kV 5000-6000 MW, 2015 800kV 5000 MW, 2009

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