Comparison of Balance, Coordination and Aerobic

fitness between Male and Female Basketball players

SYNOPSIS PRESENTED BY
Name: KETAN SHUKLA
System Id: 2018004038
Branch: MPT (Neurology)

Guide Co-Guide
Dr. Archana Khanna Dr. Aafreen

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

SAHS, Department of Physiotherapy SAHS, Department of Physiotherapy

SCHOOL OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOTHERAPY

SHARDA UNIVERSITY

GREATER NOIDA
INTRODUCTION

The word equilibrium (or balance) is defined, as in mechanics, as the position of an entity
when the loading motion (forces or moments) acting on it is zero (Newton's First Law). The
tendency of an entity to align the location of the mass core (also known as the centre of
gravity, or CoG) and the base region of the object (BoS). When an object's gravity line slides
through the BoS of that object, the object is balanced. The entity becomes imbalanced and
sinks as its gravitational line is separated from its base. (1) Cardiopulmonary health is a good
indicator of all the causes of cardiovascular disease and mortality that occurs. The
internationally agreed criterion for measuring cardiorespiratory fitness is maximal oxygen
intake.

Coordination

Balance is the capacity to hold a controlled posture when doing a work, whether it is at the
bar, walking the balance beam or standing on a bowl. We need to be able to retain controlled
roles in both static (still) and active (moving) behaviours to work efficiently in all
environments and tasks.

Static equilibrium is the capacity to sustain a stationary state (e.g. "Freeze" or "statue"
games). Dynamic equilibrium is the capacity to stay balance when going (e.g. running or
cycling).

Age sufficient posture and agility encourage the infant to compete in sports with a acceptable
standard of achievement, as it leads to fluid athletic activity body function ( e.g. walking a
balance beam or playing football). Participation in sport is beneficial to retain self-regulation
for everyday activities as well as to build a social network and to achieve a sense of
belonging or social membership. It also helps children learn and sustain sufficient
coordinated body motion during task execution, which limits the energy needed, reducing
exhaustion when successful.

There is less risk of injuries for proper posture and agility since the infant is likely to provide
adequate reactions as necessary (e.g., handouts to defend himself as he or she slips on their
motorcycles). The physical characteristics of balance and coordination make a proper posture
for table top tasks and subsequent performance for fine engine tasks.

Aerobic fitness

Cardiopulmonary health is a strong indicator of both triggers and death of coronary disorders.
The internationally agreed criterion for measuring cardiorespiratory fitness is maximal
oxygen intake.

Aerobic health is a calculation of the capacity of the body to consume oxygen from the
environment, and use it to generate muscle cell energy. Aerobic disease affects several
variables, including lung efficiency, heart function, ethnicity, age and genetic make-up..

NEED OF THIS STUDY

Athletes from multiple sports need balance, coordination and cardiovascular conditioning to
enhance their success based on the type of game they play. When athletes in various sports
are prescribed training workouts, it may be necessary to consider differences in results. This
makes it necessary to research these factors.

AIMS

The Aim is to investigate and compare Balance, Coordination and Aerobic fitness between
Male and Female basketball players.

OBJECTIVES

 To estimate balance and coordination between male and female basketball players.

 To compare various variables like balance, Coordination and Aerobic fitness of Male
and Female basketball players

 To estimate Coordination using Plate tapping test.

 To study static and dynamic balance of the players using SEBT and Single stance test.
  To estimate the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) by Queen’s College Step Test in
Male and female basketball players.

HYPOTHESIS

1- Null Hypothesis

 There will be no significant relation between Balance and coordination between Male
and female basketball players.

 There will be no significant relation between Balance and Aerobic fitness between
Male and female basketball players.

 There will be no significant relation between Coordination and Aerobic fitness

between Male and female basketball players.

2- Alternate Hypothesis

 There will be significant relation between Balance and coordination between Male
and female basketball players.

 There will be significant relation between Balance and Aerobic fitness between Male
and female basketball players.

 There will be significant relation between Coordination and Aerobic fitness between
Male and female basketball players
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

(1)- Defining Balance. Alexandra S Pollock, Brian R Durward, Philip J {Clinical

Rehabilitation 2000}.

Lee et al. '[3] examined the association between cardiorespiratory health, body and all-cause
death, men mortality from cardiovascular disease, and noticed that unhealthy men had a
greater risk of all-cause mortality than men healthy for cardiovascular disease, and unfit men
with low waist girths of less than 87 cm had a higher risk of all-cause mortality than those
with a high waiver.

In (Stepinski, 2003) details about the motor skills of teen soccer players was recorded and
contrasted with a control group of the same age boys doing no sports activities. Although
soccer has positive effects on tempo, anaerobic strength and pace of activity, smaller co-
ordinating effects have been observed. This indicates that teamwork preparation of youth
soccer players is sometimes underestimated, a detrimental aspect that could affect their
potential success. Balance is important not only for the success of complicated technological
movements, but also for the overall strength of the athlete.

Dubey and Mishra (2009) examined the relationship between selected volleyball players'
coordinative and motor skills selected from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. The
subjects' age varied from 18 to 25 years. The variables selected in this study include
reactivity, orientation capacity, separation skill, pacing, explosive power, speed,
cardiovascular resistance and endurance in case of coordinating skill and motor ability
variable. The data required to define the relationships among these variables were collected
via various coordinative capacity tests, as suggested by Peter Hurtz (1985). Insignificant
interrelationships with coordinative and motor skills at 0.05 were identified. However, the
connection between the orientation potential and the differential capacity and agility were
found to be important only at the stage of 0.05.
The findings of a factor review study [5] have shown that participant output in the 8
directions has been strongly redundant. There was a tremendous mutual difference around the
8 reach directions. In other terms, the distance reached by a person in a certain direction was
strongly associated with its distance in the other seven directions. This contributed to the
suggestion that only 3 paths (anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral) be taken.

Gribble et al, 2012[6] SEBT may be used to classify changes in dynamic stability following
exercise activity between stable and CAI persons. For physicians and academics needing a
cost-effective and easy-to-use method to assess success in preventive and recovery programs.
This is significant. Most impact sizes between pretesting and post-testing sessions were
moderate to high, with most CIs not crossing zero. This shows a high degree of progress in
the complex stability as measured by the SEBT and encourages the application of SEBT in
these steps and their efficacy.

Berisha et al. 2017. [7] Anthropometric characteristics such as height , weight and body mass
(BMI) and motorized characteristics like test values such as flamingo balance, flat tapping,
seat and aim, standing wide leap, handgrip power, sit-ups (30 sec), slow arm hang, 10x5 m
shuttle course and 20 m agility have been contrasted. As a result, the anthropometrical
features of males and females in puberty were statistically significant; it was found, however,
that with the age changes, males were lighter and larger than females (p<0.05). Although the
flamingo equilibrium, plate tapping and seating and reach testing (p > 0,05) were typically
not statistically substantially differentiated from men and women, males were found to be
more competitive than women in standing wide jump testing, handgrip power tests, sit-up
tests (30 seconds) and 20 m (p<0,05).

Students in Kosovo are more competitive than other countries in motor testing, including
anthropometric attributes, which are considered to be tied more closely to biology and speed /
agility of arms and legs.

S. Mazic, and N. Ostojic, S.M. Dikic (2006)[8] carried out a report on basketball profiling;
the physical and physiological aspects of top athletes. The goal of this studied is to identify
the structural and functional characteristics of Serbian elite basketball players and to
determine the different physical and physiological profiles of players in different positions.
Five masculine basketball clubs took part in the analysis and played in the First National
League professional. The final week of their preparatory preparation for action was
accompanied by physiological assessments of 60 players. Players were classified as guards {n
= 2 0), forward (n = 20) and centres (n = 20), according to positional positions. Guards were
older (p<0.01) and more seasoned (p<0.01) than all forward and middle guards. The centres
were bigger and stronger than the guards and front guards (p < 0 .0 1), while front heights
and weights were slightly lower than guards (p < 0.01). Centers had more body fat than
forwards and guards (p<0.01). Centre’s approximate VO gmax values (p < 0.01) were
therefore slightly smaller relative to forward and guards. In comparison, the highest cardiac
rates were lower in guards (p < 0.01) during the last minute of the shuttle run test relative to
front and centres. The vertical jump strength in centres (p < 0.01) was considerably higher
than that of guards. The findings of this research indicate that there is a clear association
between body build-up, aerobic activity, anaerobic strength and elite basketball.

Muraki S, Minowa K, Yukawa K, Tsunawake Tahara Y, Moji K. (2003)[9] assessed the

structure and cardio-respiratory activity of the body (under-water weighing) (VOamax and
02debt limit calculated by treadmill testing) of 12 female volleyball team members (medium
age 17.4 years) and 11 female basketball teams (mean age 17.6 years), winner of the Japan
Inter-Higher school Meeting Championships. They often discuss the physical distinctions
between the participants of the top teams of numerous events. There was no noticeable
variation between the volleyball players and the basketball players in any assessed object of
physique, skin fold thickness or body structure. The VO2 peak and the O2 4 debt max in
basketball players were 22 and 28 percent higher than in volleyball players. From the
findings, the research assessed the female volleyball and basketball teams, i.e. a broad FFM
and excellent aerobic and anaerobic work skills, had the physical abillance needed for
winning the championship. Basketball frequently tends to be more aerobic and anaerobic than
soccer.

Wen et al, 2020[10] The aim of this analysis was to examine the relationships between FMS,
SEBT, agility training, vertical jump test scores and risk of sports injury among junior
athletes. Fair to moderate to strong associations for agility testing and maximal anterior reach
in SEBT,) (and push-up trunk stability in FMS (and) were found. There were no variations in
FMS, SEBT, and physical health measures for junior competitors with a significant
probability of sportive injury. Deep squat, hurdle, inline lung and spinning FMS stabilisation
scores were compared with the SEBT object scores, which could be induced by the usage of
similar motion patterns. Score for the previous SEBT reach and trunk stability push-up of the
FMS is consistent with the agility test performance, indicating common trunk stability and
complex weight-changing capacity criteria. 

MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE (VO2max)

Maximum oxygen absorption is characterized as the highest volume of oxygen that can be
achieved through physical exercise, breathing air at sea level. Maximum uptake of oxygen,
also known as VO2max, is one of the oldest health indices for any person for a duration of
work longer than one minute.

The higher the value, the higher the future pace of employment. The need for oxygen in the
different body tissues is fulfilled by the integrated cardiovascular and lung systems, which act
as a unit called the body's oxygen transport system. When a human is exposed to an elevated
workload, there is a linear relation between workload and the intake of oxygen before the
optimum uptake of oxygen is attained.

To evaluate the relation of the VO2 Max from various games, informative statistics were
used in one direction ANNOVA and PostHoc Test (Scheffe 's Test), data evaluated with the
aid of software SPSS (16.0 version) and their value level was set at 0.05 trust level.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

“STUDY DESIGN

Male and Female basketball players of 18-25 yrs of age.

STUDY SETTINGS

Neuro-physiotherapy Department OPD/IPD of Sharda Hospital, recovery unit of Sharda

Hospital

STUDY DURATION

The study will be done for a period of 1 year

INCLUSION CRITERIA

a) 60 young healthy male and female basketball players in the age group of 18-25yrs.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA
 a) Male and female subjects below 18yrs and above 25yrs

b) History of cardiac disease.

c) History of lung disease.

d) History of Smoking.

e) Subjects on regular medications affecting cardiovascular and respiratory system.

f) History of Diabetes Mellitus.

g) Obese individuals.

h) Unfit to play sports due to physical injury

SAMPLE SIZE

60 Subjects divided in two groups

MATERIAL USED

SCALES USED

 Star excursion balance test and One leg balance test

 Plate tapping test ( PLT)
 Queen’s College test for VO2 Max test

METHODS OF SELECTION
PROCEDURE

Procedure for Dynamic balance and Static balance

The “procedure included assessment of dynamic balance. Dynamic balance was assessed by
sing star excursion balance test. The testing grid consists of 8 lines each 120 cm in length
extending from a common point at 45º increments and was formed usin a protractor and a 3-
inch wide adhesive tape or adhesive placed on firm floor. The 8 lines positioned on grid are
labeled according to the direction of excursion relative to the stance leg: Anterolateral (AL),
anterior (A), anteromedial (AM), medial (M) posteromedial (PM), posterior (P),
posterolateral (PL) and Lateral.”

The “Static Balance Test is used to assess balance control. “The Static Balance Test, consists
of five posture-holding tasks (sitting, stride standing, close standing, one-foot standing on the
unparalyzed leg, and one-foot standing on the paralyzed leg). Four grades, 1-4, are used to
judge the ability of patients to hold these postures. The grade at which a subject is rated on a
task is taken as the score for that task. Hence, the minimum Static Balance Test score is 5,
and the maximum is 20. A higher score indicates better balance.”

The clinical test of One-leg Stance Test assesses postural steadiness in a static position by a
quantitative measurement i.e. the number of seconds a person can maintain the One-leg
Stance Test position, thus implying that better postural steadiness would allow for longer
standing on one leg.
The protocol described by Gribble and Hertel [1] was followed to measure dynamic balance
using star excursion balance test.”

Stance for Dynamic balance test.

Procedure for Co-ordination test

“Plate Tapping (PLT): It is used to calculate the movement speed of an individual. The
subject tries to touch 2 disks with the preferred hand in defined order in a fast way. Two 20-
cm plastic disks are placed on a table. The distance between the two disks to each other is
80cm (the edges are 60- cm to each other). 10 x 20cm rectangular plate is placed to an
equally far area to both disks. The best score is considered as the final point. The point is the
time used to touch each disk for 25 times, and is recorded as a tenth part of a second.”

Eurofit test
Procedure for Aerobic fitness using VO2 Max test

MEASUREMENT OF VO2max

In “order to determine maximal aerobic capacity exercise conditions must be created that
maximally stresses the blood delivery of the heart.

A physical test that meets this requirement must;

1. Employ at least 50% of the total muscle mass.

 2. Be independent of strength, speed, body size, and skill.

3. Be of sufficient duration for cardiovascular responses to be maximized. Generally,

maximal tests using continuous exercise protocols are completed in 6 to 12 minutes.

4. Be performed by someone who is highly motivated.

Queen’s college step test

The Queen's College step test was designed for group testing that could be done using
gymnasium bleachers as benches: the bench height, 16.25 inches, is the height of most
bleachers.”

Queen's College Test

Time Bench Height Cadence
3 min 16.25 inches 22 step/min for women
24 step/min for men

The “subjects' heart rates were taken for a fifteen-second period starting at five seconds post-
exercise and for group testing the pulse can be counted by the subject or someone assisting.
The concept of this post-test measurement is that a person recovering faster (lower heart rate)
from exercising should have a higher maximum oxygen consumption. The predicted
maximum oxygen consumption is based on the recovery heart rate.
Men: V02 max (ml/kg) = 111.33 - (0.42 x pulse rate, bpm)

Women: V02 max (ml/kg) = 65.81- (0.1847 x pulse rate, bpm)”

OUTCOME MEASURES

In “order to create good adult athletes, it is of primary importance the attention that is paid to
a complete and harmonic development of motor abilities at early ages, above all concerning
the specific age- related ones in each phase of the athlete’s body development. Presently,
there is poor attention on such aspects, not only in practical training sessions, but also
concerning the existing literature.”

REFERENCES
1. Gribble PA, Hertel J. Consideration for normalizing measures of the star excursion
balance test. Measure Phys Educ Exerc Sci 2003; 7:89-100.
2. STEPINSKI M, ZWIERKO T, FLORKIEWICZ B, DEBICKA J. The level of the
chosen motor abilities of 13 years old soccer players. Journal of Human Kinetics.
2003; 9:1-8.
3. Lee CD, Blair SN, Jackson AS. Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and all
cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69(3):373-
380.
4. Dubey, P. K. and Mishra D. (2009). "Relationship of selected coordinative abilities
and motor abilities". AMASS Multilateral Research Journal, Vol.1 (2) Nov-Dec:
pp.48-5 1.
5. Hertel J, Braham RA, Hale SA, Olmsted-Kramer LC. Simplifying the star excursion
balance test: analyses of subjects with and without chronic ankle instability. J Orthop
Sports Phys Ther. 2006;36(3):131–137.
6. Gribble, P. A., Hertel, J., & Plisky, P. (2012). Using the Star Excursion Balance Test to assess
dynamic postural-control deficits and outcomes in lower extremity injury: a literature and
systematic review. Journal of athletic training, 47(3), 339–357. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-
6050-47.3.08
7. Berisha, Milaim & çilli, Murat. (2017). Comparison of Eurofit Test Results of 11-17-
Year- Old Male and Female Students in Kosovo. European Scientific Journal. 13.
10.19044/esj.2017.v13n31p138.
8. Sergej M. Ostojic, Sanja Mazic, Nenad Dikic. (2006). Profiling in Basketball:
Physical and Physiological Characteristics of Elite Players. The Journal of Strength
and Conditioning Research, 20.4, pp.740-744
9. Tsunawake N, Tahara Y, Moji K, Muraki S, Minowa K, Yukawa K. (2003). Body
composition and physical fitness of female volleyball and basketball players of the
Japan inter-high school championship teams. Journal o f Physiology Anthropology &
Applied Human Science. July 22(4): 195-201.
10. Wen-Dien Chang, Li-Wei Chou, Nai-Jen Chang, Shuya Chen, "Comparison of
Functional Movement Screen, Star Excursion Balance Test, and Physical Fitness in
Junior Athletes with Different Sports Injury Risk", BioMed Research
International, vol. 2020, Article
ID 8690540, 8 pages, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8690540