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09 - Lateral Earth Pressure - at Rest PDF
09 - Lateral Earth Pressure - at Rest PDF
Dr. Qaiser Iqbal (UET Peshawar)
Lateral Earth Pressures
One of the first steps in the design of earth‐retaining structures is to determine the magnitude
and direction of the forces and pressures acting between the structure and the adjacent
ground, as shown in Figure 1. The most important of these is the pressure between the
retained earth and the back of the earth‐retaining structure. We call this a lateral earth
pressure because its primary component is horizontal. Another lateral earth pressure acts
between the front of the foundation and the adjacent ground. These pressures are the subject
of this chapter.
The terms pressure and stress are nearly synonymous. In the context of this discussion, let us
define pressure as the contact force per unit area between a structure and the adjacent ground.
And stress as the force per unit area within the soil or the structure. However, because these
two terms are so closely related, and the pressure at a point on the structure is equal to the
stress in soil immediately adjacent to the structure, we will use the same symbols to
represent both stress and pressure. The symbol σ represents normal stresses and pressures,
while τ represents shear stresses and pressures.
1. HORIZONTAL STRESSES IN SOIL
Lateral earth pressures are the direct result of horizontal stresses in the soil. In geotechnical
engineering we define the ratio of the horizontal effective stress to the vertical effective stress
at any point in a soil as the coefficient of lateral earth pressure K.
2 Dr. Qaiser Iqbal (UET Peshawar)
In the context of this chapter, K is important because it influences the lateral earth pressures
acting on an earth retaining structure. .
For purposes of describing lateral earth pressures, engineers have defined three important soil
conditions: the at‐rest condition, the active condition, and the passive condition.
Figure 1: Forces and pressures acting between an earth retaining structure and the adjacent ground
3 Dr. Qaiser Iqbal (UET Peshawar)
2. The At‐Rest Condition
Let us assume a certain retaining wall is both rigid and unyielding. In this context, a rigid wall is
one that does not experience any significant flexural movements. The opposite would be a
flexible wall‐one that has no resistance to flexure. The term unyielding means the wall does not
translate or rotate, as compared to a yielding wall that can do either or both. Let us also assume
this wall is built so that no lateral strains occur in the ground. Therefore, the lateral stresses in
the ground are the same as they were in its natural undisturbed state.
The most accurate way to evaluate Ko would be to measure σ̕x in‐situ using a dilatometer,
pressuremeter, or some other test. compute σ̕z using the techniques described
in previous modules, then compute Ko using Equation 1. However, these in‐situ tests are not
often used in engineering practice, so we usually must rely on empirical correlations with other
soil properties. Several such correlations have been developed, including the following by
Mayne and Kulhawy (1982), which is based on laboratory tests on 170 soils that ranged from
clay to gravel. This formula is applicable only when the ground surface is level:
Equation 1
For gravity walls that are backfilled with sandy soil and have footings founded on bedrock,
Duncan et al, (1990) recommend using Ko = 0.45 if the backfill is compacted, or Ko = 0.55 if the
backfill is not compacted.
4 Dr. Qaiser Iqbal (UET Peshawar)
If no groundwater table is present, the lateral earth pressure, σ̕x acting on a rigid and unyielding
wall is, in theory, is equal to the horizontal stress in the soil:
As long as no settlement is occurring, there are no shear forces acting on the back of the wall in
the at‐rest condition. Lateral earth pressures with shallow groundwater are discussed later in
this chapter. In a homogeneous soil, Ko is a constant and σ̕z varies linearly with depth.
Therefore, in theory, σ̕x also varies linearly with depth, forming a triangular pressure
distribution, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: At‐rest pressure acting on a retaining wall
5 Dr. Qaiser Iqbal (UET Peshawar)
Thus, if at‐rest conditions are present, the horizontal force acting on a unit length of a vertical
wall is the area of this triangle: