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M. A. Nepali Syllabus Revised 2017 PDF
M. A. Nepali Syllabus Revised 2017 PDF
M. A. Nepali Syllabus Revised 2017 PDF
;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
Pd=P=g]kfnLsf] kf7\oqmd
@)&)
kl/dflh{t
@)&#
1
;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
Pd=P=g]kfnLsf] kf7\oqmd
!= kf7\oqmdsf] p2]Zo
-s_ kf7\oqmdsf] txut p2]Zo
g]kfnL ljifodf Pd=P= txsf] kf7\oqmdsf] txut p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/sf] pRr :t/Lo hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg ug{'
x'g]5 M
pRr lzIff;Fu ;Da4 ljleGg z}lIfs ;+:yfdf g]kfnL ljifosf lzIfssf ¿kdf k|fWofkg ug{ ;Sg],
g]kfnL ;flxTosf ;fy} g]kfnL efiff / nf]s;flxTosf ljleGg kIfsf] ljj]rgf, ;dLIff / zf]wsfo{
ug{ ;Sg],
g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / jfª\do;Fu ;Da4 ljleGg ;+:yfdf g]kfnL ljz]if1sf ¿kdf sfd ug{ ;Sg],
g]kfnL efiffsf ;flxlTos kqklqsf / k':tssf] ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sg],
g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfdf :t/Lo ;[hgf ug{ ;Sg],
g]kfnL ljifodf bz{gfrfo{ tyf ljBfjfl/lWfpkflwsf lgldQ cfwf/e"t z}lIfs k"j{of]Uotf k|fKt ug{
;Sg] .
-v_ kf7\oqmdsf] ljifout p2]Zo
pko{'Qm txut p2]Zo k|fKt ug{] ;Gbe{df o; kf7\oqmddf lgwf{l/t ljleGg kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6
ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt 1fg / Ifdtf k|fKt ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M
g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / nf]s;flxTosf ljleGg kIf jf ljwfsf ;DaGwdf pRr:t/Lo 1fg k|fKt ug{
/ To;sf] k|of]u ug{,
g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / nf]s;flxTosf ;}4flGts tyf P]ltxfl;s kIfsf] lj:t[t 1fg k|fKt u/L
To;sf cfwf/df g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / nf]s;flxTosf] JofVof, ljZn]if0f Pjd\ d"Nofª\sg ug{,
zf]wljlwsf] 1fgsf ;fy} g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / nf]s;flxTo;DaGwL zf]wsfo{ ug{,
g]kfnL ;flxTodf k|ltljlDat /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;fdflhs hLjgsf ax'd'vL 5lj / dfgj
cGt:s/0fsf ;"Idtd efjsf] cf:jfbgåf/f :j:y, ;Gt'lnt / pRrtd hLjg ;+:sf/tkm{ cled'v
x'g,
g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / nf]s;flxTosf ljz]if1sf ¿kdf ;dfhdf pQ/bfloTj jxg ug{ / g]kfnL
efiff, ;flxTodf ;[hgfTds, ;dfnf]rgfTds tyf cg';GwfgfTds sfo{ ug{,
g]kfnL efiffdf k|sflzt x'g] kqklqsf / k':ts tyf cGo ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;Dkfbg ug{,
gf6s, /ª\ud~r / /ª\usd{af/] cfwf/e"t 1fg / l;k k|fKt ug{ .
@= g]kfnL Pd=P= txsf lglDt k|j]z of]Uotf tyf egf{
-s_ lq=lj= jf dfGotfk|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 sDtLdf #)) k"0ff{ª\ssf] d"n g]kfnL ljifo lnO{ :gfts tx
pQL0f{ u/]sf JolQm tf]lsPsf] cfwf/ / k|j]z;DaGwL k|lqmof k"/f u/L Pd=P= txdf egf{ x'g ;Sg]5g\ .
-v_ :gfts tx pQL0f{ u/L lq=lj= åf/f ljb]zLx¿sf nflu lgwf{l/t g]kfnL ljifosf] tLg jif{]:gfts pQL0f{
u/]sf ljb]zL 5fq÷5fqfx¿ klg k|j]z ;DaGwL k|lqmof k"/f u/L o; txdf egf{ x'g ;Sg]5g\ .
2
#= Pd=P= txsf] g]kfnL ljifosf] kf7\oqmdsf] ¿k/]vf
klxnf] ;q
%%! P]ltxfl;s tyf ;dfh efifflj1fg -qm]=cf= #_
%%@ ;+:s[t sfJozf:q -qm]=cf= #_
%%# kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgf l;4fGt / g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf -qm]=cf= #_
%%$ cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGw / nf]s;flxTo -qm]=cf= $_
%%% cfw'lgs g]kfnL km'6s/ sljtf -qm]=cf= #_
hDdf -qm]=cf= !^_
bf];|f] ;q
%%^ ;fdfGo efifflj1fg -qm]=cf= #_
%%& kfZrfTo ;flxTosf jfb / ;dfnf]rgf k4lt -qm]=cf= #_
%%* k"j{cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;flxTo -qm]=cf= #_
%%( cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6s / rnlrq l;4fGt -qm]=cf= $_
%^) cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJo -qm]=cf= #_
hDdf -qm]=cf= !^_
t];|f] ;q
%^! cfw'lgs g]kfnL syf -qm]=cf= #_
%^@ cfw'lgs g]kfnL dxfsfJo -qm]=cf= #_
%^# ;flxTo]ltxf; l;4fGt / g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;n]vg -qm]=cf= #_
%^$ eflifs cWoog k/Dk/f -qm]=cf=–#_!
jf
%^% gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;d / pgsf gf6\os[lt -qm]=cf=–#_
jf
%^^ dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f / pgsf sljtfs[lt -qm]=cf=–#_
jf
%^& gf6ssf/ ljho dNn / pgsf gf6\os[lt -qm]=cf=–#_
jf
%^* slj df]xg sf]O/fnf / pgsf sljtfs[lt -qm]=cf=–#_
%^( zf]w tyf ;[hgljlw -qm]=cf=$_
hDdf -qm]=cf= !^_
1= kf7\of+z %^$ lng] ljBfyL{x¿n] kf7\of+z %&@ dfq lng kfpg]5g\ . kf7\of+z %^%, %^^, %^&, / %^* lng] ljBfyL{x¿n]
kf7\of+z %&#, %&$, %&% / %&^ dWo] s'g} Ps kf7\of+z lng ;Sg]5g\ .
3
rf}yf] ;q
%&) cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof; -qm]=cf= #_
%&! k"jL{o bz{g / kf7;Dkfbg -qm]=cf= $_
%&@ eflifs cWoogsf k|d'v k4lt -qm]=cf= #_
jf
%&# cfVofgsf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf / pgsf cfVofg s[lt -qm]=cf= #_
jf
%&$ cfVofgsf/ ejfgL leIf' / pgsf cfVofg s[lt -qm]=cf= #_
jf
%&% cfVofgsf/ kfl/hft / pgsf cfVofg s[lt -qm]=cf= #_
jf
%&^pkGof;sf/ w|'jrGb| uf}td / pgsf pkGof; s[lt -qm]=cf= #_
%&& zf]wkq n]vg -qm]=cf= @±$Ö^_
jf
%&* ;[hgkq n]vg -qm]=cf= @±$Ö^_
hDdf qm]=cf= !^
hDdf qm]=cf= Ö !^ ±!^±!^±!^Ö^$
$=lzIf0fljlw
o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoog cWofkgsf qmddf k|of]u x'g] lzIf0fljlwnfO{ b'O{ efudf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
clwsf+z kf7\oj:t'x¿ cWofkg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] lzIf0fljlwnfO{ ;fwf/0f lzIf0fljlwdf /flvPsf] 5 eg]
s'g} lglZrt PsfOcGtu{tsf kf7\oj:t' cWofkg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] lzIf0fljlwnfO{ ljlzi6
lzIf0fljlwcGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 .
$=! ;fwf/0f lzIf0fljlw
k|To]s PsfOdf cfjZostfg';f/ JofVofg, k|Zgf]Q/, 5nkmn tyf u[xsfo{, sIffsfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{ Pjd\
k|:t'tLs/0fljlwsf] pkof]u ul/g]5 . PsfOsf] k|s[ltcg'¿k kf7\ok':ts, ;xfos k':ts, ;Gbe{ k':ts,
tflnsf / cf/]vx¿sf] klg pkof]u ul/g]5 .
$=@ k|fof]lus sfo{sf nflu lzIf0f lqmofsnfk÷ljlw
sIff lqmofsnfk lgb{]zg, ;+of]hg, cEof; sIff, ;Dks{ sIff, ;'wf/fTds sIff ;~rfngdf lzIfssf]
e"ldsf /xg]5 . tf/fª\lst -*_ kf7\oj:t' ljifo lzIfssf] sIffut JofVofgaf6 geO{ ljifo lzIfsn]
lgb]{zg u/]cg';f/ ljBfyL{x¿af6 ul/g] ;d"xsfo{ / sIffk|:t'lt, kl/of]hgf sfo{ / uf]i7Lkq, cWoogkq
n]vg -JolQmut / ;d"xut_, 5nkmn / k|:t'lt, låtLo ;|f]t ;fdu|Ldf cfwfl/t cWoogkq n]vg cflb
k|fof]lus sfo{af6 k"/f ul/g]5 . o;sf lglDt cGo pkof]uL lzIf0fljlw ljifo lzIfsn] klg lgwf{/0f ug{
4
;Sg]5g\ . PsfOut kf7\oj:t'sf]k|fof]lus cEof;sf nflu lgwf{l/t ljlzi6 lzIf0fljlwdf cfjZostfg';f/
ljifo lzIfsn] kl/dfh{g u/L k|fof]lus sfo{ u/fpg ;Sg]5g\ .
yk lzIf0fljlw ljifo lzIfsn] lgwf{/0f u/]cg';f/ x'g]5 . PsfOut kf7\oj:t'sf nflu lbOPsf] ljlzi6 lzIf0f
ljlwdf cfjZostfg';f/ ljifo lzIfsn] kl/dfh{g u/L k|fof]lus sfo{ u/fpg ;Sg]5g\ .
%= d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof
pko{'Qm kf7\of+zsf] d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof b'O{ k|s[ltsf] x'g]5 M
-!_ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg
-@_ ;qfGt k/LIfff
%=! cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu $)Ü cª\sef/ 5'6\6\ofOPsf] 5 . pQm d"Nofª\sg sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ lglb{i6
kf7\oj:t'cGtu{t /xL ljifo lzIfsn] lgDg cfwf/x¿ cjnDag ug{'kg{]5 M
-s_ pkl:ylt – % cª\s
-v_ lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;xeflutf – % cª\s
-u_ *klxnf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg – !) cª\s
-3_ *bf];|f] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg – @) cª\s
klxnf] / bf];|f] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgdf lgDg lsl;dsf sfo{x¿ ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg]5 M
-s_ klxnf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu u[xsfo{÷k':tsfno sfo{÷k':ts jf n]v k'g/jnf]sg, sIffut
;'wf/ k/LIff .
-v_ bf];|f] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu kl/of]hgf sfo{, cj:yf÷36gfsf] cWoog, uf]i7L, If]qsfo{,
JolQmut jf ;d"xut k|ltj]bg n]vg, låtLo ;|f]t ;fdu|Ldf cfwfl/t cWoogkq n]vg,
k"jf{Woog, k'g/jnf]sg / clen]vLs/0f tyf cfGtl/s k/LIff cflb .
pko{'Qm klxnf] tyf bf];|f] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf lglDt ljifosf] k|s[lt x]/L ;Da4 lzIfsn] s'g} Ps jf
PseGbf a9L k4ltsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
l6Kk0fL M cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf] k|fKtfª\s ;qfGt k/LIffdf k|fKt cª\ssf] @) k|ltzteGbf a9L ePdf @)
k|ltztsf] cGt/leq} ;dfof]hg ul/g]5 .
5
%=@ ;qfGt k/LIff
-s_ ;qfGt k/LIff lq=lj= dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfoaf6 lnOg]5 .
-v_ ;qfGt k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu ;a} cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg k/LIff pQL0f{ ePsf] x'g'kg{]5 .
-u_ ;qfGt k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu *)Ü pkl:ylt clgjfo{ x'g]5 .
-3_ # qm]=cf= / ;f] eGbf dflysf kf7\of+zsf] ;qfGt k/LIffsf] ;do ltg 306fsf] x'g]5 .
-ª_ ;qfGt k/LIffsf nflu lj:t[t pQ/fTds, ;+lIfKt pQ/fTds, k|fof]lus÷af]wfTds÷ ;k|;ª\u
JofVofTds tyf j:t'ut k|s[ltsf k|Zgx¿ ;f]lwg]5g\ .
-r_ lj:t[t pQ/fTds tyf ;+lIfKt pQ/fTds k|Zgx¿df j}slNks k|Zgx¿ /xg]5g\ eg]
k|fof]lus÷af]wfTds÷;k|;ª\u JofVofTds k|Zgdf j}slNks k|Zgx¿ /xg]5}gg\ . Pp6f k|Zgsf] pQ/sf
nflu b'O{j6f, b'O{j6f k|Zgsf nflu ltgj6f / ltgj6f k|Zgsf nflu kfFrj6fsf] cg'kftdf j}slNks
k|Zgx¿sf] Joj:yf x'g]5 .
-5_ ;k|;ª\u JofVofsf nflu lbOg] k|Zgx¿df ;|f]t;Gbe{ v'nfOg]5 .
-h_ tf/fª\lst kf7\oj:t'af6 lgaGwfTds k|Zg ;f]lwg]5}g .
^= >]0fL lgwf{/0f
k|To]s ;qsf] cGTodf ;qfGt k/LIff k|0ffnLcg';f/ k/LIff lnOg]5 . k|To]s ;qsf lglDt lgwf{l/t k|To]s
kf7\of+zdf Go"gtd %)Ü cª\s k|fKt u/L pQL0f{ x'g'kg{] 5 / %)Ü / ;f] eGbf dfly cÍ k|fKt ug{]
k/LIffyL{sf]>]0fL lgwf{/0f cIf/ k|0ffnLcg';f/ x'g]5 . >]0fL lgwf{/0f ljBfkl/ifb\n] dfgljsL ;ª\sfosf nflu
lgwf{/0f u/]cg';f/ x'g]5 .
&= ljljw
-s_ of] kf7\oqmd z}lIfs ;q lj=;+= @)&)÷)&! -;g\ @)!$_ b]lv nfu" x'g]5 .
-v_ o; kf7\oqmdsf] k9fO ;q k|0ffnLcg';f/ rf/ ;qdf k"/f x'g]5 .
-u_ o; kf7\oqmdcGtu{tsf rf/ ;qdf qmdzM klxnf] ;qdf !^ qm]=cf=, bf];|f] ;qdf !^ qm]=cf=, t];|f]
;qdf !^ qm]=cf=/ rf}yf] ;qdf !^qm]=cf= u/L hDdf ^$ qm]=cf= sf kf7\of+zx¿ /xg]5g\ .
-3_ o; kf7\oqmdcGtu{tsf klxnf] tyf bf];|f] ;qsf ;a} kf7\of+zx¿ clgjfo{ x'g]5g\ . t];|f] / rf}yf]
;qdf clgjfo{ / P]lR5s u/L b'j} k|s[ltsf kf7\of+z /xg]5g\ . P]lR5s kf7\of+zx¿sf] k9fO ljefun]
lgwf{/0f u/]cg';f/ x'g]5 . o:tf P]lR5s kf7\of+zx¿ ljefuåf/f cfˆgf] ;fwg ;|f]tcg';f/ lgwf{/0f
ul/g]5g\ .
-ª_ rf}yf] ;qdf zf]wkq jf ;[hgkqdWo] s'g} Ps kq lng' clgjfo{ x'g]5 .
6
kf7\of+z zLif{s M P]ltxfl;s tyf ;fdfh efifflj1fg
kf7\of+z sf]8 M %%!kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P=qm]=cf M #
;q M klxnf] kf7306f M$*
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif]{ g]kfnL :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
P]ltxfl;s tyf ;fdflhs efifflj1fgsf] ;}4flGts 1fgsf ;fy} tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df
s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
efiff / efifflj1fg;Fu kl/lrt u/fpg]
P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf] ljsf; k|lqmof, eflifs kl/jt{gsf k|d'v l;4fGt, efiffsf] kfl/jfl/s tyf
k|sf/ut juL{s/0f ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg]
g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw, pb\ej / ljsf; tyf g]kfnLsf k|frLgtd clen]v /
jfª\dosf] kl/ro lbg]
;dfh efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro lbO{ g]kfnL efiffsf] gLlt, of]hgf, dfgsLs/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0f ;DaGwL
1fg lbg]
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
Effiff / efiffsf ljz]iftfx¿;Fu kl/lrt x'g, PsfO Ps M efiff / efifflj1fg
!=! efiffsf] kl/ro tyf ljz]iftfx¿
;fª\s]lts / sDKo'6/Ls[t efiffsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro
lbg, !=@;fª\s]lts efiff / sDKo'6/Ls[t efiffsf] kl/ro
!=# efiffsf] j}1flgs cWoog M cfw'lgs efifflj1fg
j}1flgs cWoogsf ¿kdf efifflj1fgsf] clek|fo af]w
!=$ ;fdfGo efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro
ug{,
!=% k|fof]lus efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro
;fdfGo efifflj1fgsf k|d'v zfvfx¿sf af/]df dgf]efifflj1fg
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,
*q'l6ljZn]if0f
k|fof]lus efifflj1fgaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0f
7
PsfO b'O{ M P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fg
P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf] pb\ej / ljsf; k|lqmofsf] @=! P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf] pb\ej, ljsf; k|lqmof
j0f{g ug{,
eflifs kl/jt{gsf k|d'v l;4fGtsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro @=@ eflifs kl/jt{gsf k|d'v l;4fGt
lbg, j[Iff/]v tyf t/ª\u l;4fGt
eflifs k'glg{df{0f
efiffx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s tyf k|sf/ut juL{s/0fsf
*efiff sfnqmd lj1fg
cfwf/x¿ klxNofpg,
@=# efiffx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s tyf k|sf/ut juL{s/0fsf
Wjlgkl/jt{gsf] ;f]bfx/0f kl/ro lbg,
cfwf/x¿
;fb[ZohGo, cfudgfTds / sf]l6ut Jofs/0ffTds
@=$ Wjlg kl/jt{gsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro
kl/jt{g klxNofpg,
P]ltxfl;s Wjlg kl/jt{g M lu|d, u|f;dg /eg{/sf Wjlg
txut / :t/ut cy{kl/jt{gsf] j}lzi6\o 7Dofpg, lgod tyf tfnJo lgod
* Joj:yfut Wjlg kl/jt{g M ;dLejg, ljifdLejg,
ljkof{;, nf]k / cfud
@=% Jofs/0ffTds kl/jt{g
;fb[Zo / cfudgfTds kl/jt{g
sf]l6ut kl/jt{g
@=^ cy{ kl/jt{g
* txut M cy{ lj:tf/, cy{ ;ª\sf]r / cy{rfn
:t/ut M cyf]{Tsif{ / cyf{ksif{
PsfO tLg M g]kfnL efiffsf] pb\ej / ljsf; k|lqmof
g]kfnL efiffsf] pb\ej / ljsf;qmdsf] rrf{ ug{, #=! g]kfnL efiffsf] pb\ej / ljsf;
k|frLg g]kfnL clen]vx¿sf ;do, ;Gbe{ If]q, #=@k|frLg g]kfnL clen]vsf] kf7fnf]rg -k|frLg g]kfnL
ljifo / efiff k|of]usf af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, clen]vx¿sf ;do, ;Gbe{ If]q, ljifo / efiff k|of]u_
k|frLg g]kfnL jfª\dosf] eflifs j}lzi6\o kQf #=#k|frLg g]kfnL jfª\dosf] eflifs j}lzi6\o
nufpg, -efiffdf kfOg] jfª\dox¿sf]] If]qLo / g]kfnL k|efj_
g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw klxrfg #=$ g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw
ug{,
9
kf7\of+z zLif{s M ;+:s[t sfJozf:q
kf7\of+z sf]8 M %%@ kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf M #
;q M klxnf] kf7306f M$*
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif]{ Pd=P= txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z ;+:s[t
sfJozf:qLo k/Dk/f / k|d'v sfJotŒj, cnª\sf/ / /Llt tyf jqmf]lQm l;4fGt, /; l;4fGt / Wjlg
l;4fGtsf] 1fg Pjd\ tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
10
u'0fsf] lg¿k0f
11
k|d'v sfJobf]ifsf] kl/ro k|fKt u/L ltgsf] !=^ sfJobf]if
:j¿k atfpg, sfJobf]ifsf] :j¿k
cnª\sf/ l;4fGtsf] k[i7e"ld / k|d'v sfJo bf]if
k|jt{g af/]hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, PsfO b'O{ M cnª\sf/, /Llt / jqmf]lQm l;4fGt
@=! cnª\sf/ l;4fGt
cnª\sf/sf] kl/efiff / kl/ro k|fKt ug{,
cnÍf/ l;4fGtsf] k[i7e"ld / k|jt{g
cnª\sf/sf e]bx¿af/]hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,
cnª\sf/sf] kl/efiff kl/ro /-cnª\sf/sf e]b M
?øos;Ddt cyf{nª\sf/sf]juL{s/0fsf ;fy} zAbfnª\sf/, cyf{nª\sf/ / peofnª\sf/ -;Gbe{ M
d'gfdbg / Ct'ljrf/ v08sfJo_
k|d'v cnª\sf/x¿af/] ;f]bfx/0f kl/ro k|fKt
ug{, ?øos;Ddt cyf{nª\sf/sf] juL{s/0f
*k|d'v cnª\sf/sf] ;f]bfx/0f ljj]rgf M cg'k|f;, ods,
cnª\sf/ l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff ug{,
pkdf, ¿ks, pTk|]Iff, cyf{Gt/Gof;, Zn]if / ;+;[li6 -;Gbe{
/Llt l;4fGtsf] k[i7e"ld / k|jt{gsf] rrf{ ug{, M cnª\sf/ kl/ro÷ ;flxTo k|bLk_
*cnª\sf/ l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff
/Lltsf] kl/efiff / kl/ro lbO{ juL{s/0f ug{,
@=@ /Llt l;4fGt
/Lltsf cfwf/ klxrfg ug{,
/Lltsf] k[i7e"ld / k|jt{g
/Llt;Fu cnª\sf/ / u'0fsf] t'ngf ug{, jfdg;Ddt /Lltsf] kl/efiff, kl/ro / :j¿k
/Llt l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff ug{, /Lltsf e]b
jqmf]lQm l;4fGtsf] k[i7e"ld / k|jt{gaf/] /Lltsf cfwf/ M k|b]zk/s, u'0fk/s, slj :jefjk/s
kl/ro k|fKt ug{, */Llt / u'0f tyf /Llt / cnª\sf/sf] ;DaGw
jqmf]lQm l;4fGtsf] kl/efiff / jfdg pQ/jtL{ o'udf /Lltsf] :j¿k
k|sf/af/]hfgsf/L k|fKtug{, */Llt / dfu{, /Llt / ;+36gf, /Llt / z}nL
jqmf]lQm / cnª\sf/sf] t'ngf ug{, */Llt l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff
@=# jqmf]lQm l;4fGt
jqmf]lQm l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff ug{,
jqmf]lQm l;4fGtsf] k[i7e"ld / :yfkgf
jqmf]lQmsf] kl/ro / kl/efiff
jqmf]lQmsf e]b M j0f{, kb, jfSo, k|s/0f / k|aGw
jqmtfsf] lg¿k0f
jqmf]lQm / cnª\sf/
*jqmf]lQm l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff
/;sf] kl/efiff / /;;fdu|Lsf] kl/ro k|fKt PsfO tLg M /; l;4fGt / Wjlgl;4fGt
ug{, #=! /; l;4fGt
/; lgiklQsf k|d'v dfGotf /;sf] kl/efiff / /;;fdu|L -;Gbe{ M lksb"t,
12
/;fwf/0fLs/0faf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{, /fi6«lgdf{tf, uf}/L_
/;f:jfbsf] :j¿kaf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{, /; lgiklQsf k|d'v dfGotf
/;sf e]baf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, ;fwf/0fLs/0f
/;sf] dgf]j}1flgs cfwf/af/] hfgsf/L lnO{ * /;f:jfbsf] :j¿k
/;l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff ug{, /;sf e]b
/;sf] dgf]j}1flgs cfwf/
Wjlgl;4fGtsf] ;|f]t :yfkgf / kl/efiffaf/]
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, * */; l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff
#=@ Wjlg l;4fGt
Wjlgsf] k|f;lª\ustf / k|of]hgaf/] kl/ro
k|fKt ug{, Wjlg l;4fGt M ;|f]t :yfkgf / kl/efiff
*Wjlgsf] k|f;lª\ustf / k|of]hg
j:t'Wjlg, cnª\sf/ Wjlg / /;Wjlg;lxt
Wjlgsf k|d'v e]baf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, j:t'Wjlg, cnª\sf/ Wjlg / /;Wjlgsf] lg¿k0f
Wjlgsf k|d'v e]b
sfJosf >]0fLaf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{,
*sfJosf >]0fL M pQd, dWod / cwd sfJo
Wjlg l;4fGtsf] cGo sfJo l;4fGtl;tsf]
-;Gbe{ M lkFh/fsf] ;'uf, sfnLu08sL, d]/f] rf]s_
;DaGw klxrfg ug{,
Wjlg l;4fGtsf] cGo sfJo l;4fGtl;tsf] ;DaGw
Wjlg l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff ug{ .
* Wjlg l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff
$= ;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, k"jL{o ;flxTo l;4fGt, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
hodGt ld>, sfJo dLdf+;f, jf/f0f;L M rf}vDaf ljBf ejg
gu]Gb|, /Llt sfJo sL e"ldsf, jf/f0f;L M g]zgn klAnlzª xfp;
;f]dgfy zdf{, ;flxTo k|bLk, sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/
e/t/fh kGt cnª\sf/ kl/ro, sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k|
dDd6, sfJo k|sfz, -6Lsfsf/ cfrfo{ ljZj]Zj/_, jf/f0f;L M 1fg d08n lnld6]8
/fhj+z ;xfo …xL/fÚ, ef/tLo cfnf]rgfzf:q, k6gf M ljxf/ lxGbL u|Gy csfbdL
lji0f'k|;fb kf}8]n, ;+:s[t sfJozf:q,sf7df8f}F M e'F8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg
uf]ljGbk|;fb e§/fO{, k"jL{o sfJol;4fGt, sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k|
13
kf7\of+z zLif{s M kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgf l;4fGt / g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf
kf7\of+z sf]8 M %%# kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf M #
;q M klxnf] kf7306f M $*
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif]{ Pd=P= txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z kfZrfTo
;flxTo l;4fGt / ;dfnf]rgfsf ljleGg o'u / wf/fsf k|d'v l;4fGtsf] cfwf/e"t 1fgsf ;fy} g]kfnL
;dfnf]rgfsf] k|jt{g, ljsf; k|lqmof / k|rlnt ljleGg k4ltx¿;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t
5.
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgfsf k|d'v o'u, wf/f / k|d'v k|j[lQx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbg]
kfZrfTo ;flxTo lrGtgsf k|d'v dfGotfx¿sf] kl/ro k|bfg ug]{
;}4flGts 1fgsf cfwf/df ;flxTo tŒjsf] ljz]if klxrfg ug{ / g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg wf/fsf
;flxTosf/ / ltgsf s[ltsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;Sg] l;k / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{
g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf] ljsf; k|lqmof / o;sf k|d'v wf/f Pj+ k|j[lQsf] 1fg / ltgsf pknlAwx¿sf]
ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{
cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf k|d'v ;dfnf]rs Pj+ ltgsf] s[ltTj / of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{ ;Ifd
agfpg]
pko'{Qm 1fgsf cfwf/df g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwf, k|d'v ;|i6f Pj+ ltgsf s[ltx¿sf]
;dfnf]rgf ug]{ Ifdtf k|fKt ug]{
g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf ljljw wf/f / k|j[lQsf zlQm / ;Ldfsf cfwf/df l;h{gfTds n]vgsf] pTk|]/0ff
k|fKt u/L ;dfnf]rsLo Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
PsfO Ps MkfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgf l;4fGtsf] k[i7e"ldsf] cWoog
kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgf l;4fGtsf] kl/ro lbg, !=! k|fb]lzs / P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{
kfZrfTo ;Eotfsf ljsf;sf d'Vo r/0fx¿
kfZrfTo ;Eotfsf ljsf;sf r/0fx¿sf] j0f{g kfZrfTo sfJozf:q -;flxTo zf:q_ tyf ;dfnf]rgf
ug{, k4ltsf] ljsf; k|lqmofsf d'Vo d'Vo o'u Pjd\ wf/fx¿
snf / ;f}Gbo{zf:q ;DaGwL dfGotfsf] ;dLIff !=@ ;f}Gbo{zf:q / snf;DaGwL cfwf/e"t dfGotf, snfsf]
ug{, ljifout / ljifoLut ;Gbe{, snfsf] juL{s/0f, sfG6, qmf]r] /
x]u]nsf snfut dfGotf
;dfnf]rgfsf] :j¿k tyf ;dfnf]rgfsf k|d'v
14
k|sf/, ljlw / k|sfo{x¿ lrGg, !=# ;dfnf]rgfsf] :j¿k tyf k|d'v k|sf/, ljlw / k|sfo{x¿
;flxTo l;4fGt / ;Dffnf]rgf k4ltsf d"n *!=$ ;flxTo l;4fGt / ;dfnf]rgf k4ltsf d"n s]Gb|sx¿ M
s]Gb|sx¿sf] kl/ro lbg, ljZj k|s[lt, ;|i6f, efjs / s[lt
k|efjjfbL / l;4fGtf]Gd'v ;dfnf]rgfsf PsfO b'O{ M k|fof]lus ;dfnf]rgfsf k|d'v k4lt
k4ltut ljz]iftf klxNofpg, @=! k|efjjfbL / l;4fGtf]Gd'v -Psn÷ax'n_ ;dfnf]rgf
-*;Gbe{M /fds[i0f zdf{, ob'gfy vgfn / tf/fgfy zdf{sf
ljwfk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf] klxrfg / k|o]fu ug{,
;dfnf]rgf _
P]ltxfl;s / t'ngfTds ;dfnf]rgf k4ltsf] @=@ ljwfk/s ;dfnf]rgf -*;Gbe{ M O{Zj/ a/fn, OGb|axfb'/ /fO{,
pkof]lutf / k|of]usf] l:ylt klxNofpg, jf;'b]j lqkf7L / bof/fd >]i7sf ljwfs]Gb|L ;dfnf]rgf_
@=# P]ltxfl;s / t'ngfTds ;dfnf]rgf
g]kfnL zf]wk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf] l:ylt / k|j[lQ
-*;Gbe{ M afa'/fd cfrfo{, bof/fd >]i7, z/b\rGb| zdf{sf
klxNofpg tyf k|o]fu ug{,
P]ltxfl;s / t'ngfTds ;dfnf]rgf_
cGtlj{ifos ;dfnf]rgfsf ljz]iftfx¿ @=$ zf]wk/s ;dfnf]rgf -*;Gbe{ M g]kfnL ljifosf :gftsf]Q/,
klxNofpg / pkof]u ug{, bz{gfrfo{ tyf ljBfjfl/lw txsf zf]wsfo{x¿_
*@=% cGtlj{ifos ;dfnf]rgf -*;Gbe{M g]kfnL bz{gfrfo{ tyf
ljBfjfl/lw txsf zf]wsf ;fy} df}lns ;dfnf]rgf n]vgdf
k|of]u eO/x]sf ;dfhzf:qLo, gf/LjfbL, cle3ftk/s tyf
kof{j/0fLo ;dfnf]rgf_
kfZrfTo ;flxTol;4fGtsf k|d'v PsfO ltg M kfZrfTo ;flxTo l;4fGt M k|d'v sfJozf:qLx¿ /
sfJozf:qLx¿ / ltgsf dfGotfsf] ;dLIff ltgsf sfJo dfGotf
ug{,
#=! Pl/:6f]6n M cg's/0f l;4fGt / lj/]rg l;4fGt -*;Gbe{M
cl/:6f]6nsf cg's/0f l;4fGt / lj/]rg s]zjk|;fb pkfWofosf] …;dsf] b'vfGt gf6\o r]tgfÚ_
l;4fGtsf] clek|fo j0f{g ug{, #=@ snl/h M sNkgf l;4fGtsf dfGotf
snl/hsf] sNkgf l;4fGtsf dfGotfsf] -*;Gbe{ M b]jsf]6fsf :jR5GbtfjfbL sljtf sfJo_
k|of]usf] l:ylt klxNofpg,
#=# 6d; :6g{ Olno6 M k/Dk/f / JolQm k|ltef tyf
Olno6sf] sfJozf:qLo k/Dk/f, JolQmk|ltef / lgj}{olQmstf / ;dlGjt ;+j]bgfsf] l;4fGt -
lgj}{olQmstf tyf ;dlGjt ;~r]tgfsf] *;Gbe{ M jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] sljTjsf]
k|of]usf] l:ylt klxNofO{ ;dLIff ug{, ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg tyf km'6s/ ;dfnf]rgf n]vx¿_
l/r8{;sf] d"No / ;Dk|]if0f l;4fGtsf] kl/ro #=$ cfO{ P= l/r8{\; M d"No l;4fGt / ;Dk|]if0f l;4fGt
lbO{ k|of]usf] l:ylt klxNofpg,
15
k|lqmofsf r/0fx¿ klxrfg ug{,
;}4flGts ;dfnf]rgfsf k/Dk/f / k|d'v PsfO kfFr M cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf k/Dk/f, k|of]u / k|d'v
k|j[lQsf] kl/ro lbg, k|j[lQ
k|ultjfbL ;dfnf]rgfsf] k/Dk/f / k|d'v
k|j[lQ atfpg, %=! ;}4flGts ;dfnf]rgf M k/Dk/f / k|d'v k|j[lQ
hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf] k/Dk/f / k|d'v %=@ k|ultjfbL ;dfnf]rgf M k/Dk/f / k|d'v k|j[lQ
k|j[lQsf] ;dLIff ug{, %=# hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgf M k/Dk/f / k|d'v k|j[lQ
ljwfk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf] k/Dk/f / k|d'v *%=$ ljwfk/s ;dfnf]rgf M k/Dk/f / k|d'v k|j[lQ
k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgf ug{,
dgf]lj1fgk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf] k/Dk/f / k|d'v
k|j[lQx¿sf] lg¿k0f ug{, *%=% dgf]lj1fgk/s ;dfnf]rgf M k/Dk/f / k|d'v k|j[lQ
z}nLj}1flgs ;dfnf]rgfsf] k/Dk/f / k|d'v
pknlAwsf] cfsng ug{,
*%=^ z}nLj}1flgs ;dfnf]rgf M k/Dk/f / k|d'v k|j[lQ
pQ/ cfw'lgs ;dfnf]rgfsf] k|of]u / k|j[lQsf]
;dLIff ug{,
cGtlj{ifos ;dfnf]rgfsf] k|of]u / k|j[lQaf/] %=& pQ/cfw'lgs ;dfnf]rgf M k|of]u / k|d'v k|j[lQ
hfgsf/L lbg .
$=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
$=! kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgf l;4fGtsf nflu
cle ;'j]bL, kfZrfTo sfJo l;4fGt, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
OGb|ljnf; clwsf/L, klZrdL ;flxTo l;4fGt, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
Pd=P=cf/= xlaa, c lx:6«L ckm ln6/]/L lqml6l;hd\ ofG8 lyc/L M k|md Kn]6f] 6' b k|]h]G6, c:6«]lnof M
ANofsj]n klAnl;ª
Pd=Pr= ca|fD; / Hof]k|mL ufN6 xfkm{d, c Unf];/L ckm ln6]/]/L 6Dh{, c:6]«lnof M yf]D;g jf8{;\jf]y{
s[i0f uf}td, cfw'lgs cfnf]rgf M cg]s ¿k cg]s k7g, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
r}tGo, ;dLIff / ;f}Gbo{, sf7df8f}F M kf7Ø;fdu|L k|sfzg
6]/L OuN6g, ln6]/]/L lyc/L M ofg OG6«f]8S;g, nG8g M a]l;n Anfsj]n
8]le8 nh -;Dkf_, df]8g{ lqml6l;Hd ofG8 lyc/L, -efu ! / @_, nG8g M nª\uDofg
df]xg/fh zdf{ / vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n, k"jL{o / kfZrfTo ;flxTo l;4fGt, sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/
df]xg/fh zdf{, cfw'lgs tyf pQ/cfw'lgs kf7sd}qL ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M Sj]:6 klAns];g
/fdg ;]N8g / c¿, c l/8h{ ufO8 6' sG6]Dkf]//L ln6/]/L lyc/L, Go" lbNnL M kf;{g
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;}4flGts k/Dk/f -efu ! / @_, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
16
ljNa/ :s6, kmfOj Pk|f]r]h ckm ln6//L lqml6l;hd, Go"of]s{ M sf]nfo/ a'S;, Go"of]s{
xfhf8{ cf8D;, lqml6sn lyc/L l;G; Kn]6f], lkmnf8]lNkmof M xf/sf]6{ a|f;
$=@ g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf nflu
Clif/fh a/fn, dfS;{jfb / pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfb, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
s[i0f uf}td, cfw'lgs cfnf]rgf M cg]s ¿k cg]s k7g, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
————, pQ/cfw'lgs ;+jfb, sf7df8f}F M e[s'6L Ps]8]lds klAns];G;
————, pQ/cfw'lgs lh1f;f, sf7df8f}F M e[s'6L Ps]8]lds klAns];G;
s[i0fk|sfz >]i7, g]kfnL ;dfnf]rs / ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M tGg]/L k|sfzg
s[i0frGb| l;+x k|wfg -;+Dkf=_ ;femf ;dfnf]rgf, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
s]zj/fh kf]v/]n, g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf / k|ltlglw ;dfnf]rs, sf7df8f}F M k|1f k|sfzg
uf]ljGb/fh e§/fO{, pQ/ cfw'lgs ljdz{, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
3gZofd pkfWofo, g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
3gZofd g]kfn, z}nL lj1fg, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
r}tGo, ;dLIff / ;f}Gbo{, sf7df8f}F M kf7Ø;fdu|L k|sfzg
b]jLk|;fb uf}td, k|ultjfb M k/Dk/f / dfGotf, sf7df8f}F M >LdtL d'gf uf}td
tf/fsfGt kf08]o, cy{sf] cfgGb, sf7df8f}F M ljj]s ;[hgzLn k|sfzg
————, dfS;{jfb, ;flxTosf] ;dfhzf:q / ;f+:s[lts cWoog, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg
tf/fnfn >]i7, zlQm, ;|i6f / ;afN6g{, sf7df8f}F M ls:kmf];{ klAns];g
g/]Gb| rfkfufO{, -;Dkf=_ k"jf{~rn ;dfnf]rgf ;ª\u|x, lj/f6gu/ M k"jf{~rn ;flxTo k|lti7fg
g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{, g]kfnL ;flxTosf k|d'v ;dfnf]rs, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
lgg' rfkfufO{+, dfS;{jfbL lrGtgdf ;f}Gbo{, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
g]q P6d, cGtlj{ifos ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
k'?iff]Qd ;'j]bL, ;ª\s|d0f sfnLg ;flxTo / ;dfnf]rgf, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
df]xg/fh zdf{, z}nLlj1fg, sf7df8fF} M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg
km0fLGb| g]kfn, /fds[i0f zdf{sf] cwLlt / clejLIff, sf7df8f}F M k"jf{4{ k|sfzg
/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ, sf7df8f}F M kf7Ø ;fdu|L k|sfzg
/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL / nId0fk|;fb uf}td, /Tg a[xt\ g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf -efu–!,@_ sf7df8f}F M /Tgk':ts e08f/
————, -;Dkf=_ g]kfnL ;}4flGts ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M h'un klAns];g
nId0fk|;fb uf}td, g]kfnL ;flxTodf pQ/ cfw'lgs ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M cf]l/oG6n klAns];g
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;}4flGts k/Dk/f, -efu !, @_ gofF ;+:s/0f, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
lzj k|wfg, -;Dkf_ a[xt\ ;dfnf]rgf, l;lSsd M ufGtf]s k|sfzg
17
kf7\of+z zLif{s M cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGw / nf]s;flxTo
kf7\of+z sf]8 M %%$ kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf M $
;q M klxnf] kf7306f M^$
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ÍfocGtu{t ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif]{ Pd=P= txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z lgaGw
l;4fGt, cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf] ljsf;k|lqmof tyf k|d'v g]kfnL lgaGwsf/ / ltgsf lgwf{l/t
s[ltx¿sf] cWoogsf ;fy} nf]s;flxTo l;4fGt / g]kfnL nf]s;flxTosf] ljwfut cWoog Pjd\ tT;;DaGwL
k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
lgaGwsf] ljwfut ;}4flGts kl/ro lbg]
lgofqf, cfTdsyf, ;+:d/0f, xf:oJoª\Uo, lgjftf{, kq;flxTo Pjd\ b}lgsLsf;}4flGts :j¿k /
;+/rgfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg,
cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf k|d'v ;|i6fsf] kl/ro, k|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf]
ljsf; ug]{
cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf lgwf{l/t s[ltsf] cf:jfbgsf ;fy} ltgsf] ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg ug{ ;Ifd
t'Nofpg]
nf]s;flxTosf] :j¿k, ljz]iftf / k|of]hgsf ;fy} nf]s;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfsf] juL{s/0f, ljwfut
:j¿k / tŒjsf] ;}4flGts 1fg k|fKt u/L ltgsf] ljj]rgf ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg]
nf]s;flxTo / n]Vo ;flxTosf larsf] ;DaGwsf] lg¿k0f ug]{ tyf nf]s;flxTosf] cWoog / zf]wsf
k|d'v k|lqmof / k4ltx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbg]
g]kfnL nf]s;flxTosf ljleGg ljwf–pkljwfsf :j¿k / k|sf/x¿sf] klxrfgsf ;fy} ljZn]if0f ug]{
nf]s;flxTosf ;Da4 ljwf / If]qsf k|d'v JolQmTj / ltgsf of]ubfgsf] cfsng u/L d"Nofª\sg ug{
;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{
pko'{Qm ljleGg ;Gbe{df g]kfnL nf]s;flxTok|lt cle?lr hufpg'sf ;fy} o; If]qdf k|fl1s
lqmofzLntfsf] clej[l4 ug]{
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
PsfO Ps M lgaGwsf] ;}4flGts :j¿k
lgaGwsf]:j¿k lgwf{/0f ug{, !=! lgaGwsf] :j¿k
18
lgaGwsf] kl/ro/ kl/efiff lbg, !=@ lgaGwsf] kl/ro / kl/efiff
lgaGwsf ljwfut tŒjx¿sf] kl/ro lbg, !=#lgaGwsf tŒjx¿
lgaGwsf k|sf/x¿ b]vfpg, *!=$ lgaGwsf k|sf/
cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf] k[i7e"ld / lasf; PsfO b'O{ M cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf] ljsf;qmd /
k|lqmofsf] rrf{ ug{, pknlAw
cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf] ljsf;sf r/0fut @=! cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf] ljsf; k|lqmof
k|d'v k|j[lQx¿ / ltgsfpknlAwx¿sf] @=@ cfw'lgs g]kfnL ljsf;sf ljleGg r/0f tyf df]8
d"Nofª\sg ug{, / ltgsf k|d'v k|j[lQ Pjd\ pknlAwx¿sf]
d"NofÍg
PsfO tLg M cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf k|d'v ;|i6f /
ltgsf lgwf{l/t s[ltsf] cWoog
lgaGwsf/ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf lgaGw ofqf,
k|d'v k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgf ug{, #=! lgaGwsf/ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f M lgaGw ofqf /
d'Vo k|j[lQ
lgaGwsf/ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf lgwf{l/t
lgaGw s[ltsf] cf:jfbg u/L ltgsf] ljj]rgf / …snf / hLjgÚ lgaGwsf] ljj]rgf
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u JofVof ug{,
*…;flxTodf lzjTjÚ lgaGwsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]
lgaGwsf/ zª\s/ nfld5fg]sf lgaGw ofqf, JofVof
k|d'v k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgf ug{, #=@ lgaGwsf/ zª\s/ nfld5fg] M lgaGw ofqf / d'Vo
lgaGwsf/ zª\s/ nfld5fg]sf lgwf{l/t lgaGw k|j[lQ
s[ltsf] cf:jfbg u/L ljj]rgf / ljlzi6 …PA:6«ofS6 lrGtg–KofhÚ lgaGwsf] ljj]rgf
kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u JofVof ug{,
*…v} a'leFmb}gÚsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
xf:oJoª\Uo lgaGwsf/ e}/j cof{nsf lgaGw
ofqf k|d'v k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgf ug{, #=# xf:oJoª\Uo lgaGwsf/ e}/j cof{n M lgaGw ofqf
/ d'Vo k|j[lQ,
xf:oJoª\Uo lgaGwsf/ e}/j cof{nsf lgwf{l/t
lgaGw s[ltsf] cf:jfbg u/L ljj]rgf / ljlzi6 …c;gsf] 8anLÚ lgaGwsf] ljj]rgf
kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u JofVof ug{,
*…dxfk'?ifsf] ;ª\utÚ sf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]
lgaGwsf/ s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfgsf lgaGw ofqf, JofVof
k|d'v k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgf ug{,
#=$ lgaGwsf/ s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfg M lgaGw ofqf /
lgaGwsf/ s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfgsf lgwf{l/t d'Vo k|j[lQ
lgaGw s[ltsf] cf:jfbg u/L ljj]rgf / ljlzi6
kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u JofVof ug{,
*…uf}td a'4sf] lr¶L czf]ssf] gfddfÚ lgaGwsf
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
lgofqfsf/ tf/fgfy zdf{sf lgaGw ofqf k|d'v
#= % lgofqfsf/ tf/fgfy zdf{ M lgaGw ofqf / d'Vo
k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgf ug{,
k|j[lQ
lgofqfsf/ tf/fgfy zdf{sf lgwf{l/t lgaGw
s[ltsf] cf:jfbg u/L ljj]rgf / ljlzi6 *…kftfndf lanfpg] /f]uÚ lgaGwsf ljlzi6
kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u JofVof ug{, kª\lQmsf] JofVof
19
klxrfg ug{, $=@ nf]s;flxTosf] kl/ro, kl/efiff, k|of]hg / dxŒj,
nf]s;flxTosf] kl/ro, kl/efiff, ljwf, k|of]hg / *$=# nf]s;flxTo / n]Vo ;flxTosf larsf] ;DaGw /
dxŒj atfpg, ;fDo j}ifDo
nf]s;flxTo / l;lh{t ;flxTosf] t'ngf ug{, $=$ nf]s;flxTosf cWoog k4ltsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro
nf]s;flxTosf k4ltaf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{,
nf]s;flxTosf] ljwf l;4fGtsf cfwf/df g]kfnL PsfO kfFr M g]kfnL nf]s;flxTosf] ljwfut cWoog
nf]s;flxTosf ljwf pkljwfx¿sf] juL{s/0f %=! nf]s;flxTosf] ljwfl;4fGtsf cfwf/df g]kfnL
ug{, nf]s;flxTosf ljwf–pkljwfx¿sf] juL{s/0f
%=@ g]kfnL nf]ssljtfsf kl/efiff, tŒj / k|sf/
g]kfnL nf]ssljtfsf] kl/efiff, tŒj / k|sf/
nf]skB M l;nf]s -s"6kB / kx]nL ;d]t_,
atfpg,
*sljQ, *bf]xf
g]kfnL nf]skBsf] ;f]bfx/0f kl/ro lbg, %=# g]kfnL nf]suLtsf k|sf/ / ltgsf] kl/ro
g]kfnL ;+:sf/ uLt, kj{uLt, >duLt, afx|df;] ;+:sf/ uLt M dfun, *;u'gÙ *kmfu, */Tof}nL,
uLt, wfld{s uLth:tf nf]suLtsf k|sf/af/] *s/ft
;f]bfx/0f kl/ro lbg, kj{ uLt M uf}/f, ;}/]nf], dfnl;/L, lth, ;FlugL,
g]kfnL nf]ssyfsf] kl/efiff / tŒj atfpg, %=& nf]ssfJosf k|sf/ / ltgsf] kl/ro
20
ldys, cg'>'lt, k/Lsyf, gLltsyf / ;jfO{ M *ef]6sf] n8fOF
nx/L M nf]s/fdfo0f -;Íng M k"0f{k|sfz
clt/l~ht syfsf] ;f]bfx/0f kl/ro lbg,
g]kfn ofqL_
g]kfnL nf]sf]lQm / 6'Ssfsf] kl/efiff, tŒj %=* g]kfnL nf]sgf6ssf] kl/efiff, tŒj / k|sf/
;f]/7L -;ª\sngM xl/x//fh hf]zL_
/k|sf/ atfpg,
3f6' -;ª\sng wd{/fh yfkf_
$=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
$=! cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf nflu
22
kf7\of+z zLif{s M cfw'lgs g]kfnL km'6s/ sljtf
kf7\of+z sf]8 M %%% kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf M #
;q M klxnf] kf7306f M $*
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t @ jif]{ Pd=P= txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z sljtfsf]
;}4flGts :j¿k / g]kfnL sljtfsf] ljsf; k|lqmofsf] kl/ro lbO{ lgwf{l/t sljtfsf] cf:jfbg / af]w,
ltgsf] JofVof, ljZn]if0f Pjd\ tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus cEof;df s]lGb|t x'g] 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
sljtf l;4fGt / cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] ljsf; k|lqmofsf] hfgsf/L lbg]
cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] kl/isf/jfbL wf/f / :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/fsf k|d'v slj / ltgsf lgwf{l/t
km'6s/ sljtfsf] cf:jfbg / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{
cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] k|of]ujfbL Pjd\ pQ/k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf k|d'v slj / ltgsf lgwf{l/t
km'6s/ sljtfsf] cf:jfbg, ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;dIf agfpg]
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
PsfO Ps M sljtf l;4fGt / cfw'lgs g]kfnL
sljtfsf] k"j{jtL{ r/0f -@)#^ k"j{_ sf] ljsf;–k|lqmof
k"jL{o tyf kfZrfTo ;Gbe{df sljtfsf]
;}4flGts kl/ro lbg, !=! sljtf l;4fGt
;+:s[t / kfZrfTo ;Gbe{df sljtfsf] ;}4flGts
cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] k"j{jtL{ r/0fsf] :j¿k
ljsf; k|lqmofaf/] ljj]rgf ug{, sljtfsf] ljwfut l:ylt M sljtfsf] :j¿k,
kl/efiff, sljtfsf tŒj, no ljwfgsf ljleGg
cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] k|jt{g k|lqmof k|sf/, ljwfut juL{s/0f, sljtfsf n3' /
a'e\mg, n3'td pkljwf
!=@ cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] k"j{jtL{ r/0fsf] ljsf;
cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] k|yd r/0f M
k|lqmof
kl/isf/jfbL wf/fsf] ljj]rgf ug{
cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] k|jt{g k|lqmof
cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf]bf];|f] r/0f M cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] kl/isf/jfbL wf/fsf]
ljj]rgf
23
:jR5GbtfjfbL k|ultjfbL wf/fsf] ljj]rgf ug{ cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] :jR5GbtfjfbL,
k|ultjfbL wf/fsf] ljj]rgf
cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] t];|f] r/0f M cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf]
k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf] ljj]rgf ug{ ljj]rgf
cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] pQ/jtL{ r/0f PsfO b'O{ M cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] pQ/jtL{ r/0f -
-@)#^ kl5_ sf sljtfdf /fhgLlts, @)#^ kl5_ sf k|j[lQ / pknlAw
;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, ;flxlTos tyf ;~rf/ @=! pQ/jtL{ r/0fsf g]kfnL sljtfdf /fhgLlts,
;Gbe{sf] k|efjsf] ;dLIff ug{, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, ;flxlTos, ;~rf/ ;Gbe{sf]
pQ/jtL{ r/0fdf lj|mofzLn k"j{jtL{ k|efj
sfJowf/fsf k|d'v k|j[lQ / k|ltefsf] klxrfg @=@ pQ/jtL{ r/0fdf lj|mofzLn k"j{jtL{ sfJowf/fsf
ug{, k|d'v k|j[lQ / k|ltefsf] klxrfg
pQ/jtL{ r/0fsf gj gj ¿k, k|j[lQ / k|d'v @=# pQ/jtL{ r/0fsf gj gj ¿k, k|j[lQ / k|d'v
k|ltefsf] kl/ro lbg, k|ltefsf] klxrfg
pQ/jtL{ r/0fsf sljtfsf k|d'v no 9fFrf @=$ pQ/jtL{ r/0fsf sljtfsf k|d'v no 9fFrf
-j0f{dflqs, uB, uLlt / uhn ;d]t_ sf]
-j0f{dflqs, uB, uLlt / uhn ;d]t_ sf] k|of]usf]
klxrfg ug{,
kl/ro
PsfO tLg M cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf kl/isf/jfbL
wf/fsf k|d'v slj / ltgsf lgwf{l/t sljtf
slj n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] sljTjsf] ljsf;
qmd, sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{, #=! slj n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf sfJo k|j[lQ /
of]ubfg
…lkFh/fsf] ;'ufÚ sljtfsf] ljj]rgf tyf ljlzi6 n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] sljTjsf] ljsf;qmdsf
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{, k|d'v r/0f, d'Vo sfJo k|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf]
ljj]rgf
slj afns[i0f ;dsf] sljTjsf] ljsf;qmd,
n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] …lkFh/fsf] ;'ufÚ sljtfsf]
k|d'v r/0f, sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f
ljj]rgf tyf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
ug{,
#=@ slj afns[i0f ;dsf sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfg
…:ju{ / b]jtfÚ sljtfsf] ljj]rgf tyf ljlzi6 afns[i0f ;dsf] sljTjsf] ljsf;qmd, k|d'v
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{, r/0f, d'Vo sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] ljj]rgf
;dsf] :ju{ / b]jtf sljtfsf] ljj]rgf tyf
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
slj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] sljTjsf] ljsf; PsfO rf/ M cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] :jR5GbtfjfbL
qmd, sfJo k|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{, wf/fsf k|d'v slj / ltgsf lgwf{l/t sljtf
$=! slj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf sfJok|j[lQ /
b]jsf]6fsf …x'/Lsf] uLtÚ / …zfxhxfFsf] OR5fÚ of]ubfg
sljtfsf] ljj]rgf tyf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] b]jsf]6fsf] sljTjsf] ljsf; qmd, To;sf
JofVof ug{, r/0f, d'Vo sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] ljj]rgf
b]jsf]6fsf …x'/Lsf] uLtÚ, …zfxhxfFsf] OR5fÚ
24
slj dfwj l3ld/]sf] sljTjsf] ljsf; qmd, sljtfsf] ljj]rgf tyf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]
sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] ljj]rgf ug{, JofVof
$=@ dfwj l3ld/]sf sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfg
…b'nxL lxdfn sf~rghª\3fÚ sljtf / …k/Gt'
l3ld/]sf] sljTjsf] ljsf;qmd, To;sf r/0f,
of}6} d"lt{df lj/f6\Ú uLtsf] ljj]rgf tyf d'Vo sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] ljj]rgf
ltgsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{,
slj l3ld/]sf …b'nxL lxdfn sf~rghª\3fÚ sljtf /
…k/Gt' of}6} d"lt{df lj/f6\Ú uLtsf] ljj]rgf tyf
ltgsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
df]xg sf]O/fnfsf] sljTjsf] ljsf; qmd, PsfO kfFr M cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf k|of]ujfbL
sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{, wf/fsf k|d'v slj / ltgsf lgwf{l/t sljtf
%=! slj df]xg sf]O/fnfsf sfJo k|j[lQ / of]ubfg
sf]O/fnfsf] …km;L{sf] h/fÚ sljtfsf] ljj]rgf /
slj df]xg sf]O/fnfsf sljTjsf] ljsf; qmd,
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{, To;sf k|d'vr/0f, d'Vo k|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf]
slj j}/fuL sfOFnfsf] sljTjsf] ljsf; qmd, ljj]rgf
$= kf7\ok':ts
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, b}j1/fh Gof}kfg], s]zj ;'j]bL, -;Dkf=_, g]kfnL sljtf -efu $_, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
%= ;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
cle ;'j]bL / c¿ -;Dkf=_, ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtf, sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k|
s[i0fxl/ a/fn, ;+b[li6, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n, sljtf l;4fGt / g]kfnL sljtfsf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k|
25
————, sljtfsf] ;+/rgfTds ljZn]if0f, sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/
hubLzrGb| e08f/L, k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtf M /]vfÍg / ljZn]if0f, sf7df8f}F M d'GgL e08f/L
hubLz zdz]/ /f0ff, bz b[li6sf]0f, sf7df8f}F M >LdtL e'jg /f0ff
tf/fsfGt kf08]o, k|ultjfb / sljtf, sf7df8f}F M lznf of]uL
tf/fgfy zdf{, ;d / ;dsf s[lt, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
————,;dfnf]rgfsf] :j¿k, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
g]q P6d, g]kfnL 8fo:kf]/f / cGo ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
efg'eQm kf]v/]n, slj dfwj l3ld/] / pgsf] sfJolrGtg, sf7df8f} M ;femf k|sfzg
dfhf]{/L af]N6g, b Pgf6f]dL ckm kf]P6«L, Go" lbNnL M sNof0fL klAn;;{
/d]z >]i7, g]kfnL sljtfsf k|j[lQ, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
nId0fk|;fb uf}td, ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf k|j[lQ, sf7df8f}F M k}/jL k|sfzg
————,;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] ljDak/s ljZn]if0f, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, g]kfnL sljtfsf] l;+xfjnf]sg, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
26
kf7\of+z zLif{s M ;fdfGo efifflj1fg
kf7\of+z sf]8 M %%^ kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts
tx M Pd= P= qm]=cf M #
;]d]:6/ M bf];|f] kf7306f M$*
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif]{ Pd=P= txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z Wjlglj1fg
/ j0f{lj1fg, ¿klj1fg, jfSolj1fg / cy{lj1fgsf] ;}4flGts 1fgsf ;fy} tt\;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{
cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
Wjlglj1fg / o;sf zfvfx¿sf] kl/ro lbg]
j0f{lj1fgsf cfwf/e"t kIfsf] hfgsf/L lbO{ To;sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug]{
¿klj1fgaf/] ;}4flGts 1fgsf ;fy} ¿kljZn]if0f;DaGwL l;ksf] ljsf; ug]{
jfSolj1fgsf cfwf/e"t kIfsf] 1fgsf ;fy} jfSoljZn]if0f;DaGwL l;ksf] ljsf; ug]{
cy{lj1fgsf] ;}4flGts 1fgsf ;fy} cy{ljZn]if0fsf ljleGg 9fFrf;Fu kl/lrt t'Nofpg]
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
27
Wjlglj1fgsf] kl/ro tyf cf}Rrfl/s, PsfO Ps M Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fg
;f~rfl/s / >fjl0fs Wjlglj1fgsf !=! Wjlglj1fg / o;sf zfvfx¿
zfvfx¿sf] kl/ro lbg, !=@ Wjlglj1fgsf zfvfx¿sf] ;fdfGo kl/ro
cf}Rrfl/s
Wjlg cjoj / ltgsf sfo{x¿sf] j0f{g ug{, ;f~rfl/s /
>fjl0fs
v08Lo / v08]t/sf] kl/ro;lxt eflifs
!=# Wjlg cjoj / ltgsf sfo{x¿
Wjlgx¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{, k|]/s cjoj / Zjf; dfu{
bL3{tf, cg'gfl;stf, ;'/ / anf3ftsf] kl/ro :j/tGqL, ljj/ / cj/f]w
;lxt v08]t/ Wjlgsf] kl/ro lbg, :yfg / s/0f
!=$ eflifs Wjlgsf] juL{s/0f
dfg:j/ / Jo~hgsf] kl/ro lbg, v08Lo -:j/ / Jo~hg, cfIfl/s /
cgfIfl/s_
cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnfsf] kl/ro v08]t/ -bL3{tf, cg'gfl;stf, ;'/ /
k|fKt ug{, anf3ft_
!=% dfg:j/ / Jo~hgsf] kl/ro
g]kfnL Wjlgsf] cfn]vg ug{, !=^ cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnfsf]
kl/ro
j0f{lj1fgsf cfwf/e"t kIfx¿sf] kl/ro lbg,
Jolt/]sL ljt/0f, kl/k"/s ljt/0f, d'Qm !=& g]kfnL Wjlgsf] cfn]vg cEof;
ljt/0f, WjGofTds ;dfgtf / 9fFrfut !=* j0f{ljZn]if0f l;4fGtsf] kl/ro
;dfgtf Pjd\ ldtJolotf / Jolt/]sL ljt/0f
lglj{ifdLs/0f;lxt j0f{ljZn]if0f l;4fGtsf] kl/k"/s ljt/0f
kl/ro lbg,
d'St ljt/0f
Jolt/]sL ljt/0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnLsf v08Lo WjGofTds ;dfgtf
/ v08]t/ j0f{sf] lgwf{/0f ug{,
9fFrfut ;dfgtf
cIf/ l;4fGtsf] kl/ro lbg,
ldtJolotf / lglj{ifdLs/0f
g]kfnL j0f{;+of]u tyf cIf/sf k|sf/ !=( g]kfnLsf v08Lo / v08]t/ j0f{sf]
5'6\6\ofpg, Jolt/]sL ljt/0f
!=!) cIf/ l;4fGtsf] kl/ro
!=!! g]kfnL j0f{;+of]u tyf cIf/sf k|sf/
PsfO b'O{ M ¿klj1fg
¿klj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg, @=! ;+/rgf, cy{ tyf kl/j]zsf cfwf/df
¿ksf] lgwf{/0f
;+/rgf, cy{ tyf kl/j]zsf cfwf/df ¿ksf]
@=@ ¿k / ;+¿ksf] kl/ro
lgwf{/0f ug{,
@=# ¿ksf k|sf/
28
¿k / ;+¿ksf] kl/ro lbg, d'St M k|sfof{Tds / ¿kfos
29
lbg, #=% lgs636s ljZn]if0f / 36sqmd
30
;dfj]zfy{stf
;dWjGofTdstf
$=$ sf/sLo cy{
$= ;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
cf/= Pr= /laG;, ;fdfGo eflifsL, -cg'=b]jLbQ zdf{_ rG8Lu9 M xl/of0ff lxGbLu|Gy csfbdL
Pr=P= lUn;g, Pg OG6«f]8S;g 6' l8:qm]lK6e ln+lUjl:6S; xf]N8, Go"of]s{ M l/g]xf6{
Pkm= cf/= kfd/, l;d]lG6S;, nG8g M SoflDa|h
P;= s]= adf{ / c¿, df]8g{ PKNffO8 lnª\lUjl:6S;, Go" lbNnL M cS;kmf]8{
dfwjk|;fb kf]v/]n, Wjlglj1fg / g]kfnL efiffsf] Wjlgkl/ro, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|hf k|lti7fg
vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n,-;Dkf=_ aNnedl0f bfxfnsf,eflifs lrGtg, sf7df8f}+ M /Tgk':ts e08f/
An'dlkmN8, efiff, -cg'= ljZjgfyk|;fb_ jf/f0f;L M df]tLnfn, agf/;Lbf;
ef]nfgfy ltjf/L, cfw'lgs efifflj1fg, lbNnL M lnlk k|sfzg
r"8fdl0f pkfWofo /]UdL, g]kfnL efiffsf] pTklQ, sf7df8f}F+ M ;femf k|sfzg
r"8fdl0f aGw', efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}F+ M ;femf k|sfzg
hL= Pg= lnr, l;G6\ofS;, k]ª\u'Og a'S;
hLj]Gb|b]j lu/L, efifflj1fg, efiff / eflifsf, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
hf]g lnof]G;,;}4flGts efifflj1fg, -cg'= ;Tosfd jdf{_, gO{ lbNnL M d'G;L/fd dgf]x/nfn
6ª\s Gof}kfg], Wjlglj1fg, sf7df8f}F M e'F8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg
6ª\s Gof}kfg] / uf]ljGb/fh e§/fO{,efifflj1fgsf] ¿k/]vf, ;'g;/L M Pg=aL= 8L= k|sfzg
8]le8 lqm:6n, c l8S;g/L ckm lnª\lUjl:6S; ofG8 kmf]g]l6S;, d]nag{ M ANofsj]n klAnl;ª
b]jLk|;fb uf}td, ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0f, sf7df8f}F M lr/~hLjL l3ld/]
b]jLk|;fb uf}td / vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n, Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fg, sf7df8f}F+ M gjLg k|sfzg
b]jLk|;fb uf}td / k|]dk|;fb rf}nfufO{F, efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}F M kf7\o;fdu|L k;n
b]jLk|;fb uf}td / cGo, ;fdfGo efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M lkgfsn klAns];G;
/jLGb|gfy >Ljf:tj, cg'k|o'St efifflj1fg M l;4fGt Pj+ k|of]u, lbNnL M /fwfs[i0f k|sfzg
/fdrGb| nD;fn, sf]zlj1fg / g]kfnL sf]z, sf7df8f}
Nof/L Pd= ldofd, kmf]gf]nhL M Yof]/L PG8 Pglnl;;, x6 l/g]xf6{ PG8 ljN;g
jfi0f]{o, Pg OG6«f]8S6/L 6]:6 a's ckm lnª\lUjl:6S; PG8 kmf]g]l6S;, a/]nL M :6'8]G6 :6f]/
xs]6, P sf];{ Og df]8g{ lnª\Uo'l:6S;, -ef/tLo ;+:s/0f_
31
kf7\of+z zLif{s M kfZrfTo ;flxTosf jfb / ;dfnf]rgf k4lt
kf7\of+z sf]8 M %%& kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf M #
;]d]:6/ M bf];|f] kf7306f M$*
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
kfZrfTo ;flxTodf k|rlnt ljleGg jfb tyf ;dfnf]rgf k4ltx¿sf] ;}4flGts 1fg lbO{ tT;DaGwL
k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
kfZrfTo ;flxTosf k|rlntjfbx¿sf] ;}4flGts 1fg k|bfg ug]{
kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgfsf k|d'v k4ltx¿sf] kl/ro lbg]
pko'{Qm ;}4flGts 1fgsf cfwf/df ;flxlTos tŒjsf] ljlzi6tf klxrfg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
ug]{
g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg o'u / wf/fsf s[ltsf] ;dfnf]rgfTds d"Nofª\sg ug]{ l;k / bIftf xfl;n
u/fpg]
32
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
PsfO Ps M kfZrfTo ;flxTosf k|d'vjfb
kl/isf/jfbsf k|d'v k|d'v r/0f, dfGotf, !=! kl/isf/jfb -Snfl;l;Hd_ M k|d'v r/0f, cfwf/e"t
zlQm / ;Ldfsf] kl/ro lbg, dfGotf, zlQm / ;Ldf
gjkl/isf/jfbsf k|d'v dfGotf, zlQm /
;Ldfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg, !=@ gjkl/isf/jfb M pTyfg / lj:tf/, k|d'v dfGotf,
:jR5Gbtfjfbsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfsf ;fy} zlSt / ;Ldf
o;sf zlQm / ;Ldf klxNofpg, !=# :jR5Gbtfjfb M cfwf/e"t dfGotf, zlQm / ;Ldf
oyfy{jfbsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfsf ;fy} o;sf !=$ oyfy{jfb M cfwf/e"t dfGotf, d'Vo k|sf/ tyf
k|d'v k|sf/, zlQm / ;Ldfsf] klxrfg ug{,
zlQm / ;Ldf -;Gbe{ M …d'n's aflx/Ú, …a;fOFÚ
k|s[tjfbsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfsf ;fy} o;sf
-pkGof;_ tyf …gofF ;8ssf] uLtÚ,
zlQm / ;Ldfsf] ljj]rgf ug{,
…gf6ssf] rf}yf] r/0fÚ -syf;ª\u|x_
cltoyfy{jfbsf k|d'v dfGotfsf ;fy} o;sf
zlQm / ;Ldfsf] lg¿k0f ug{, !=% k|s[tjfb M cfwf/e"t dfGotf, zlQm / ;Ldf -
ljDajfbsf k|d'v dfGotfsf ;fy} o;sf ;Gbe{ M …kNnf] 3/sf] ‰ofnÚ_
zlSt / ;Ldf 7Dofpg,
!=^ cltoyfy{jfb M cfwf/e"t dfGotf, zlQm / ;Ldf
lj;ª\ultjfbsf] k/Dk/fdf cl:tTjjfbL
lrGtgsf] ;"qkft, ;fq{sf] cl:tTjjfb, z"Gotf !=& ljDajfb M k|d'v dfGotf, zlSt / ;Ldf
tyf eljtf / cl:tTjjfbsf zlQm / ;Ldfsf] -;Gbe{ M O{Zj/ jNneM …cfuf]sf km"nx¿ x'g\,
klxrfg ug{, cfuf]sf km"nx¿ xf]Ogg\Ú O{Zj/ a/fn -;Dkf=_M
pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbsf] k[i7e"ld;lxt o;sf …df]xg sf]O/fnfsf sljtfÚ_
k|d'v :yfkgf / ljljw k|of]u tyf ;[hgf /
;dfnf]rgfdf o;sf] k|efjsf] klxrfg u/L !=* cl:tTjjfb M lj;ª\ultjfbsf] k/Dk/f, cl:tTjjfbL
pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbsf zlQm / ;Ldf lrGtgsf] ;"qkft, ;fq{sf] cl:tTjjfb, z"Gotf
klxNofpg, tyf eljtf / cl:tTjjfbsf zlQm / ;Ldf -;Gbe{
pQ/pklgj]zjfbsf] k[i7e"ld / k|d'v M …lz/Lifsf] km"nÚ, …tLg3'DtLÚ pkGof;
tyf…Tof] Pp6f s'/fÚ gf6s ._
dfGotfsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf zlQm / ;Ldf
klxrfg ug{, !=( pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfb M k[i7e"ld, k|d'v :yfkgf, ;[hgf
/ ;dfnf]rgfdf o;sf] k|efj,pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf
gf/Ljfbsf dfGotf, gjgf/LjfbL, n}lª\us zlQm / ;Ldf
cjwf/0ff / lje]bgsf] kl/ro Pjd\ o;sf
!=!) pQ/pklgj]zjfb M k[i7e"ld, k|d'v dfGotf Pjd\
zlQm / ;Ldf 7Dofpg, zlQm / ;Ldf
!=!! gf/Ljfb M k|d'v wf/f, ltgsf dfGotf n}lª\us
cjwf/0ff / lje]bg,gf/Ljfbsf zlSt / ;Ldf
PsfO b'O{ M kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgfsf k|d'v k4lt
Kn]6f]sf] gLltk/s ;dfnf]rgf dfGotf,
@=! gLltk/s ;dfnf]rgf M Kn]6f]sf gLltjfbL dfGotf
gLltjfb / snfjfbsf larsf] åGå Pjd\ gLltjfb / snfjfbsf larsf] åGåÙ gLltk/s
gLltk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf zlQm / ;Ldf ;dfnf]rgfsf zlQm / ;Ldf -;Gbe{ Mob'gfy
klxNofpg, vgfnsf]…;"lQml;Gw'Ú ;DaGwL ;dfnf]rgf_
33
hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf k|d'v dfGotfsf @=@ hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgf M k|d'v dfGotfx¿ / o;sf
zlQm / ;Ldf 7Dofpg, zlQm / ;Ldf
;dfhk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;"qkftsf ;fy} @=# ;dfhk/s ;dfnf]rgf M ;"qkft, ;dfhk/s
;dfnf]rgfsf] dfS;{jfbL / u}/ dfS;{jfbL wf/f
;dfhk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf] dfS;{jfbL /
;dfhk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf zlQm / ;Ldf
u}/dfS;{jfbL wf/fut k|j[lQ 7DofO{ ltgsf
@=% dgf]lj1fgk/s ;dfnf]rgf M k|mfo8, P8n/ /
zlQm / ;Ldf klxrfg ug{, o'ª\usf ;flxTo;DaGwL k|d'v dgf]j}1flgs :yfkgf,
dgf]lj1fgk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf ljZn]if0ffTds nsfFsf] gjdgf]ljZn]if0f, dgf]lj1fgk/s
;dfnf]rgfsf k4lt, zlQm / ;Ldf -;Gbe{ M
k4lt, zlQm / ;Ldfsf] kl/ro lbg,
d'/fl/k|;fb /]UdLsf] dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds ;dfnf]rgf_
;+/rgfjfbL ;dfnf]rgfsf ljljw kIfsf]
@=^ ;+/rgfjfbL ;dfnf]rgf M ?;L ¿kjfb / r]s
kl/ro lbO{ zlQm / ;Ldf atfpg, ;+/rgfjfbsf k|d'v :yfkgf, gofF ;dfnf]rgf,
z}nLj}1flgs ;dfnf]rgfsf dfGotfsf ;fy} s[ltk/s;dfnf]rgf, k|mfG;]nL ;+/rgfjfb,
;+/rgfjfbL ;dfnf]rgfsf zlSt / ;Ldf
o;sf zlQm / ;Ldf klxNofpg,
kf7sLo cg'lqmofk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf] kl/ro @=&z}nLj}1flgs ;dfnf]rgf M zlSt / ;Ldf-;Gbe{
Mdf]xg/fh zdf{ / 3gZofd g]kfnsf‘z}nLlj1fg’_
lbO{ o;sf zlQm / ;Ldf 7Dofpg .
@=* kf7sLo cg'lqmofk/s ;dfnf]rgf M kf7s cg'lqmof
/ kf7JofVof ;DaGwL gjl;4fGtx¿, u|x0f l;4fGt
/ o;sf zlSt / ;Ldf
$=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
cle ;'j]bL, kfZrfTo sfJo l;4fGt, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
Clif/fh a/fn, dfS;{jfb / pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb, lj/f6gu/ M n]vs :jod\
Pd\=Pr= ca|fD;, P Unf];/L ckm ln6]/]/L 6D;{, lkmnf8]lNkmof M sg]{n o'lgel;{6L
s[i0f uf}td, cfw'lgs cfnf]rgf M cg]s ¿k cg]s k7g, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
df]xg/fh zdf{ / vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n,k"jL{o tyf kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/
3gZofd g]kfn, z}nLlj1fg, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
1fg' clwsf/L, g]kfnL gf/L ;dfnf]rgf M k/Dk/f, k|j[lQ / ljZn]if0f, sf7df8f}F M k}/jL k|sfzg
6]/L OuN6g, ln6]/]/L lycf]/L, nG8g M a]l;n Anfsa]n
8]le8 nh -;Dkf=_, df]8g{ lqml6l;Hd PG8 lycf]/L,-efu ! / @_, nG8g M nª\uDofg
b]jLk|;fb uf}td, k|ultjfb M k/Dk/f / dfGotf, sf7df8f}F M>LdtL d'gf uf}td
lgg' rfkfufO{+, pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb e|e / jf:tljstf, sf7df8f}F M ljj]s l;h{gzLn k|sfzg
lgd{nf h}g,;flxTo s] ;dfh zf:qLo lrGtg, lbNnL M lxGbL dfWod sfof{Gjog lgb]{zgfno
lk6/ Aof/L, lalulgª lyo/L, Go" lbNnL M ljsf; a'S;
34
k|df]b s]= gfo/, kf]:6sf]nf]lgon ln6/]r/ ofg OG6«f]8S;g, Go" lbNnL M kf;{g P8's];g
df]xg/fh zdf{,z}nLlj1fg, sf7df8fF} M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg
/dg ;]N8]g / k]6]/ lj8f]A;g, P l/8;{ ufO6 6' sG6]Dkf]//L ln6/]/L lycf]/L -gjLggtd ;+:s/0f_,
s]G6'sL M b o'lgel;{6L k|]; ckm s]G6'sL
nId0fk|;fb uf}td, g]kfnL ;flxTodf pQ/cfw'lgs ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M cf]l/oG6n klAns];g
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;}4flGts k/Dk/f, -efu ! / @_-gjLgtd ;+:s/0f_
nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
ljNk|m]8 Pn= u'Pl/g / c¿, c XofG8a's ckm lqml6sn Pk|f]r]h 6' ln6/]r/, Go"of]s{ M cS;kmf]8{
o'lgl;{6L k|];
xfG; a]|6]G;, ln6/]/L lyo/L M a]l;S;, nG8g M /6n]h
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
k|frLg g]kfnL clen]v / jfª\dosf] kl/ro, k"j{cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfsf /rgfaf/] cWoog
Pjd\ tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
g]kfnL efiffsf k[i7e"ld sfnsf k|frLg k|d'v clen]v / jfª\dosf] ;j]{If0fsf ;fy} ltgsf cfwf/df
g]kfnL efiffsf eflifs :j¿k / ;fdYo{sf] qmlds ljsf;;DaGwL 1fg k|fKt ug{]
g]kfnL ;flxTosf k"j{cfw'lgs sfnsf k[i7e"ld Pj+ ;do;Gbe{, ;flxlTos ljsf;qmd tyf d'Vo wf/f
pkwf/f / ltgsf k|d'v k|j[lQ / k|flKtx¿sf] 1fg / ljj]rgf ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{
35
k"j{cfw'lgs sfnsf k|d'v ;flxlTos ljwfsf ultqmd / d'Vo k|ltef tyf ltgsf lgwf{l/t s[ltsf]
ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ug{ ;Ifd agfpg]
k"j{cfw'lgs sfnsf ljleGg ljwfsf k|d'v ;flxTosf/sf lgwf{l/t s[ltsf] cy{af]w Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
u/L cf:jfbg ;d]t ug{ nufpg]
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
PsfO Ps M k|frLg g]kfnL clen]v / jfª\do
g]kfnL uB n]vgsf] p7fg, ;do;Gbe{, If]q, !=! uBn]vgsf] k[i7e"ld, k|frLg g]kfnL uBn]vgsf ;do
ljifo / eflifs k|of]uaf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{, ;Gbe{, If]q / ljifo
g]kfnL jfª\dosf] p7fg, k|frLg g]kfnL jfª\dosf
;do;Gbe{, If]q, ljifoaf/] hfgsf/L lbg, !=@ k|frLg g]kfnL jfª\do u|Gysf] kl/ro, ;do;Gbe{,
ljifo ;Gbe{ M -v08vfB, Hj/f]TklQlrlsT;f,
v08vfB, Hj/f]TklQlrlsT;f, uulg/fhsf] ofqf /
uulg/fhsf] ofqf / k|folZrQk|bLk cflbsf] kl/ro_
k|folZrQk|bLk s[ltsf] af}l4s cleJolQm ;fdYo{
atfpg,
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] k|fylds sfnsf] PsfO b'O{ M k|fylds g]kfnL ;flxTo
k[i7e"ldnufot ljsf; k|lqmofsf k|d'v wf/f, @=! g]kfnL ;flxTosf] k|fylds sfn M o'uLg k[i7e"ld,
k|ltef / ltgsf k|j[lQx¿sf] rrf{ ug{, ljsf;k|lqmof / k|d'v wf/f, ltgsf k|d'v k|ltef /
k|fylds sfnsf uB;flxTosf k|sf/ / ltgsf k|j[lQx¿
:j¿k klxNofO{ k|d'v k|ltef / ltgsf s[ltx¿sf]
kl/ro lbg, @=@ k|fyldssfnLg uB ;flxTo
k|d'v uBn]vsx¿sf] kl/ro lbO{ ltgsf -s_ ljwfut k|sf/ / ltgsf :j¿k, s[lt tyf
s[ltx¿sf] ;dLIff ug{, k|d'v n]vs
k|fylds sfnLg g]kfnL kB;flxTo M k|d'v n]vs -lgDglnlvt uBsf/ / ltgsf lgwf{l/t uB s[ltsf
sYoj:t', ;+/rgf / efiffz}nLsf cfwf/e"t
/ ltgsf s[ltx¿sf] kl/ro lbg,
;flxlTos pknlAw / ltgsf] ;dLIff M k[YjLgf/fo0f
k|fyldssfnLg jL/wf/fsf slj ;'jfgGbbf; / zfx— lbJof]kb]z, efg'bQ— lxtf]kb]z ldqnfe,
zlQmjNne cof{n— xf:osbDa, ejfgLbQ kf08]—
pbofgGb cof{nsf lgwf{l/t s[ltsf] ljj]rgf ug{, d'b|f/fIf;, ;'Gb/fgGb afF8f— cWofTd/fdfo0f,
hËaxfb'/sf] a]nfot ofqf
k|fyldssfnLg s[i0felQm wf/fsf slj j;Gt
lbJof]kb]z / hËaxfb'/sf] a]nfot ofqfsf lgwf{l/t
zsf{sf] …s[i0frl/qsf] ljj]rgf ug{Ú, c+zaf6ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof_
@=# k|fyldssfnLg g]kfnL kB M k|d'v n]vs / s[lt
k|fyldssfnLg /fdelQm wf/fsf slj efg'eQm tyf ljwfut k|sf/ / :j¿k tyf wf/f pkwf/fut
cfrfo{sf sfJok|j[lQsf ;fy} …/fdfo0fÚ k|j[lQ / k|flKt
jL/ wf/fcGtu{t ;'jfgGbbf; M k[YjLgf/fo0f,
dxfsfJosf] ljj]rgf ug{, pbofgGbM k'/fgf] aftsf] chL{, ob'gfy
kf]Vf¥ofnM :t'ltkBsf lgwf{l/t c+z,
kB;flxTosf k|sf/, :j¿k klxNofO{ wf/f,
s[i0felQm wf/fcGtu{t j;Gt zdf{sf]
pkwf/fut k|j[lQ 7Dofpg, s[i0frl/qsf lgwf{l/t c+z
/fdelQm wf/f M efg'eQm cfrfo{sf
36
k|fyldssfnLg lgu'{0f elQmwf/fcGtu{t slj sfJok|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f / ljleGg sf]0f
-ljifoj:t', df}lnstf, no, efiffk|of]u_ af6
1fglbnbf;sf] pbonx/Lsf] ljj]rgf ug{, /fdfo0fsf] ljj]rgf,
/fdfo0f -;'Gb/sf08_ sf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
lgu'{0felQm wf/fcGtu{t
1fglbnbf;sf ]pbonx/Lsf] ljj]rgf
PsfO tLg M dfWoldssfnLg g]kfnL ;flxTo
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] dfWolds sfnsf] k[i7e"ld / #=! o'uLg k[i7e"ld, ljsf;k|lqmof, wf/fpkwf/f / ltgsf
ljsf; k|lqmofsf ;fy} k|d'v k|ltef, ltgsf s[lt
/ k|j[lQ 7Dofpg, k|d'v k|ltef tyf s[lt / k|j[lQ,
dfWoldssfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf wf/f, s]Gb|Lo #=@ dfWoldssfnLg g]kfnL sljtf MdfWoldssfnLg
k|ltef / d'Vo k|j[lQ klxNofpg, g]kfnL sljtfsf k|d'v / uf}0fwf/f, s]Gb|Lo k|ltef,
slj df]tL/fd e6\6sf] s[ltTj / sfJok|j[lQsf d'Vo k|j[lQ / k|flKt,
;fy} pgsf lgwf{l/t sfJo / uhnsf ljlzi6 slj df]tL/fd e§M s[ltTj, / d"n sfJo k|j[lQ,
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{, df]tL/fd e§sf]lksb"t -v08sfJo_ sf] ljj]rgf
slj nIdLbQ kGtsf] s[ltTj / sfJok|j[lQsf /
;fy} pgsf] lgwf{l/t uhnsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] …lbgsf] krf;Ú -uhn_ s[ltsf] ljj]rgfsf
JofVof ug{, ;fy} ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
slj zDe'k|;fb 9'ª\Uofnsf s[ltTj / slj nIdLbQ kGt, s[ltTj / d"n sfJo
sfJok|j[lQsf ;fy} pgsf lgwf{l/t uhnsf k|j[lQ,
ljlzi6 klª\Qmsf] JofVof ug{, nIdLbQ kGtsf] …ls pm hfgf];\ ls d} hfg"Ú
…;"lQml;Gw'Ú sljtf;ª\u|xsf] ;ª\sng, k|sfzg uhnsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
;Gbe{ / o'uLg k|efjsf ;fy} ;"lQml;Gw'sf k|d'v slj zDe'k|;fb 9'ª\Uofnsf s[ltTj / d"n
sfJok|j[lQ,
slj / z[ª\ufl/s sljTjsf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
zDe'k|;fb 9'ª\Uofnsf lgDglnlvt s[ltsf] ljlzi6
dfWoldssfnsf] g]kfnL gf6ssf k|d'v wf/fut kª\lQmsf] JofVof—rGb|f]bo bz{g / xl/
k|j[lQ / k|d'v k|ltefsf d'Vo k|j[lQ 7Dofpg, ;tfpF5g\ -uhn_
gf6ssf/ df]tL/fd e6\6 / kxndfg l;+x :jf/sf] ;"lQml;Gw' sljtf;ª\u|x M k|sfzg ;Gbe{ Pj+
o'uLg k|efj, ;xefuL k|d'v sljx¿ / z[ª\ufl/s
s[ltTj, gf6\ok|j[lQ Pjd\ logsf lgwf{l/t
sljTj
gf6ssf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
#=# dfWolds g]kfnL gf6s / /ª\ud~r
dfWolds sfnsf] g]kfnL uBfVofgsf k|d'v
dfWolds sfnLg g]kfnL gf6s / /Ëd~rsf
k|ltef, s[lt / d"n k|j[lQsf] ;j]{If0f ug{, k|d'v wf/f, k|ltef / d'Vo k|j[lQ
lu/LzjNne hf]zLsf cf}kGofl;s k|j[lQ tyf gf6ssf/ df]tL/fd e§sf gf6\ok|j[lQ,
jL/rl/qsf ljz]iftfx¿ klxNofpg, gf6\otŒj / /Ëd~rLo sf]0faf6 lk|oblz{sf
dfWolds sfnsf syf, pkGof;, lgaGw r]i6f / gf6ssf] ljj]rgf
gf6ssf/ kxndfgl;+x :jFf/sf gf6\ok|j[lQ,
d"n k|j[lQ 7Dofpg,
gf6\otŒj / /Ëd~rLo sf]0faf6 …c6naxfb'/Ú
hLjgLsf/ df]tL/fd e§sf ljz]iftf / of]ubfgsf gf6ssf] ljj]rgf
;fy} slj efg'eQm cfrfo{sf] hLjgrl/qsf] #=$ dfWolds g]kfnL uB;flxTo
37
ljj]rgf ug{, dfWolds g]kfnL uBfVofgsf k|d'v k|ltef,
dfWolds sfnLg g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf r]i6f / s[lt / d"n k|j[lQ
lu/LzaNne hf]zLsf cf}kGofl;s k|j[lQ tyf
d"n k|j[lQ 7Dofpg .
jL/rl/qsf ljz]iftf
dfWolds sfnsf syf r]i6f / d"n k|j[lQ
dfWolds sfnsf cf}kGofl;s r]i6f / d"n
k|j[lQ
dfWolds sfnsf lgaGw r]i6f / d"n k|j[lQ
hLjgLsf/ df]tL/fd e§sf ljz]iftf / of]ubfg
tyf slj efg'eQmfrfo{sf] hLjgrl/qsf]
ljj]rgf
dfWoldssfnLg ;dfnf]rgf r]i6f / d"n k|j[lQ
$= kf7\o k':ts
sdn bLlIft -;Dkf_ hËaxfb'/sf] a]nfot ofqf, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg -;Da4 c+z dfq_
———— -;Dkf=_,a'OFun, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg -;Da4 c+z dfq_
———— -;Dkf=_, ;"lQml;Gw' -km]l/_, -;Dkf_, sf7df8f}F M hubDaf k|sfzg
lu/LzjNne hf]zL, jL/rl/q, nlntk'/ M hubDaf k|sfzg
36/fh e§/fO{ -;Dkf=_ cfz'slj zDe'sf sfJos[lt, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg -;Da4 c+z
dfq_
bof/fd >]i7 -;Dkf=_, jL/sfnLg sljtf, sf7df8f}F M /Tgk':ts e08f/ -;Da4 c+z dfq_
kxndfg l;+x :jf+/, c6naxfb'/, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
afns[i0f kf]v/]n -;Dkf=_,kfFr ;o jif{, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg -;Da4 c+z dfq_
efg'eQm cfrfo{, /fdfo0f, -lgwf{l/t c+z dfq_, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
df]tL/fd e§, lk|oblz{sfgfl6sf, sf7df8f}F M kf7Ø;fdu|L k|sfzg
sljefg'eQm cfrfo{sf] hLjgrl/q, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
/df zdf{ -;Dkf=_ df]tL/fd u|GyfjnL, sf7df8f}F M g]kfnL lzIffkl/ifb\ -;Da4 c+z dfq_
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
OGb|axfb'/ /fO{ -;Dkf=_ efg'eQm s[ltcWoogx¿,bflh{lnª Mg]kfnL ;flxTo;Dd]ng
O{Zj/ a/fn, -;Dkf=_, ;okqL, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
s[i0fxl/ a/fn, uhn M l;4fGt / k/Dk/f, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, k|fyldssfnLg slj / sfJok|j[lQ, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
u0f]zaxfb'/ k|;fO{, ;'jfgGbbf;b]lv /fhLjnf]rg;Dd, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
uf]kfn e08f/L, k|fu\efg'eQmLo g]kfnL sfJo, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg
36/fh e§/fO{ -;Dkf=_ dfWolds sfnLg slj / sljtf, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg hgsnfn
zdf{, hf];dgL ;Gt k/Dk/f / ;flxTo, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
7fs'/ k/fh'nL, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] kl/qmdf, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
bof/fd >]i7, g]kfnL ;flxTosf s]xL k[i7, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
k|tfkrGb| k|wfg, dfWolds sfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf z[Ëf/, jf/f0f;L M gfy klAnl;ª\u xfp;
afa'/fd cfrfo{, -;Dkf=_ k'/fgf slj / sljtf, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
38
eb|jL/ clwsf/L, g]kfnL sljtfsf] ljsf;df efg'eQm cfrfo{sf] of]ubfg, sf7df8f}F M n]vs :jod\
n]v/fh vltj8f, k|fyldssfnLg g]kfnL ;flxTosf k|d'v k|ltef, sf7df8f}F M Pstf a'S;
z/b\rGb| zdf{, k|frLg uBfVofg, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
————, dfWolds g]kfnL uBfVofg, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg, sf7df8f}F
————,g]kfnL jfª\doM s]xL vf]hL s]xL JofVof, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg
;'s'd zdf{, ;dfnf]rs df]tL/fd e§, sf7df8f}+ M ch{'g l;6f}nf
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ a;]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf] cWoogsf lglDt cfjZos gf6\o l;4fGt, /ª\ud~r lzNk / cfw'lgs g]kfnL
gf6ssf] ljsf; k|lqmof tyf cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf k|d'v gf6ssf/ / ltgsf gf6\os[ltsf ;fy}
rnlrqsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff / g]kfnL rnlrqsf] P]ltxfl;s tyf ;dLIffTds ;j]{If0f;DaGwL k|fof]lus
sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
gf6ssf] ;}4flGts kIf tyf /ª\ud~r lzNksf] kl/ro lbg]
39
g]kfnL gf6ssf] ljsf; qmdsf k[i7e"lddf o;sf ljleGg k|of]u, wf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg]
Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug]{
cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf k|d'v gf6\o k|ltef, ltgsf gf6Øs[lt / k|j[lQsf] hfgsf/L lbg]
cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6\olzNk / To;sf] /ª\ud~r kIfsf] ljZn]if0f Pj+ d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;Ifd agfpg]
rnlrqsf] ;}4flGts kl/ro lbg]
g]kfnL rnlrqsf] P]ltxfl;s cWoog tyf ;j]{If0f ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg]
g]kfnL;flxTo / nf]s;flxTosf] rnlrqLs/0fsf] ;dLIff Pjd\ d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] clej[l4
ug{]
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
PsfO Ps M gf6ssf] ;}4flGts kl/ro
gf6ssf] ljwfut :j¿k !=! gf6ssf] ljwfut :j¿k / kl/efiff
klxNofpg,
!=@ gf6ssf ljwfut tŒj
syfgs
gf6ssf ljwfut tŒjsf] rrf{ ug{, kfqljwfg
kl/j]zljwfg
gf6\oflegosf k|d'v kIfsf] kl/ro p2]Zo
b[Zo ljwfg
lbg,
efiffz}nL
!=# gf6\oflegosf k|d'v kIf
gf6ssf e]b tyf pke]b jflrs clego
klxNofpg, cfª\lus clego
cfxfo{ clego
;flŒjs clego
!=$ gf6ssf] juL{s/0f
-ljifo, cfofd, kl/0flt /k|:t'ltsf cfwf/df_
cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf] k[i7e"ld PsfO b'O{ M cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf] ljsf; k|lqmof
/ k|jt{g k|lqmof klxNofpg, @=! cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf] k[i7e"ld / k|jt{g k|lqmof
cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf]
ljsf;qmdsf k|d'v r/0fx¿ @=@ cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf] ljsf; k|lqmofsf k|d'v r/0f
klxNofpg, @=# cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf r/0fut wf/f / k|j[lQ
cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf r/0fut
wf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
PsfO tLg M gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;d / pgsf gf6\os[lt
afns[i0f ;dsf gf6\oofqf, k|d'v #=! afns[i0f ;dsf] gf6\oofqf, gf6\o k|j[lt, gf6\o lzNk
k|j[lQ / gf6\olzNksf] rrf{ ug{,
#=@ ljleGg sf]0faf6 ;dsf gf6\os[ltsf] juL{s/0f / of]ubfgsf]
40
;dsf gf6\os[ltx¿sf] juL{s/0f / ljj]rgf
of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{,
ljleGg sf]0faf6 …k|NxfbÚ /…k|]dlk08Ú gf6ssf] ljj]rgf
ljleGg sf]0faf6 lglb{i6
/ ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
gf6\os[ltsf]ljj]rgf / ljlzi6
uLltgf6ssf ljleGg sf]0faf6 …gfnfkfgLdfÚ n3'gf6ssf]
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{,
ljj]rgf /
ljleGg sf]0faf6 lgwf{l/t
uLltgf6ssf] ljj]rgfsf ;fy} ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{,
uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfnsf gf6\oofqf, PsfO rf/ M gf6ssf/ uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn, uf]ljGbaxfb'/ dNn
k|d'v k|j[lQ / gf6\olzNksf] uf]7fn], ljho dNn / ltgsf gf6\os[lt
lg¿k0f ug{, $=! uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn / pgsf] gf6\os[lt
l/dfnsf lgwf{l/t gf6\os[ltsf]
ljleGg sf]0faf6 ljj]rgfsf ;fy} uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfnsf gf6\o k|j[lQ / gf6\olzNk
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{, ljleGg gf6\osf]0faf6 …of] k|]d ÛÚ gf6ssf] ljj]rgf /
uf]ljGb uf]7fn]sf gf6\oofqf, k|d'v ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
k|j[lQ / gf6\olzNksf] ljj]rgf ug{, $=@ uf]ljGb uf]7fn] / pgsf] gf6\os[lt
uf]7fn]sf lgwf{l/t gf6ssf] ljleGg
sf]0faf6 ljj]rgf / ljlzi6 uf]ljGb uf]7fn]sf gf6\o k|j[lQ / gf6\olzNk
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{, ljleGg sf]0faf6 …ef]sf] 3/Ú n3'gf6ssf] ljj]rgf /
ljho dNnsf gf6\oofqf, k|d'v ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
k|j[lQ / gf6\olzNksf] rrf{ ug{, $=# ljho dNn / pgsf gf6\os[lt
lgwf{l/t n3'gf6ssf] ljleGg
ljho dNnsf] gf6\oofqf, gf6\ok|j[lQ gf6\olzNk
sf]0faf6 ljj]rgf / ljlzi6
ljleGg sf]0faf6 …lhp+Fbf] nf;Ú gf6ssf] ljj]rgf /
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{,
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
ljleGg sf]0faf6 …kTy/sf] syfÚn3'gf6ssf] ljj]rgf /
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
rnlrqsf] pb\ej / ljsf;sf] rrf{ PsfO kfFr M rnlrq l;4fGt
ug{, %=! snfsf] gofF ljwfsf ¿kdf rnlrqsf] pb\ej / ljsf;
rnlrqdf syf;f/, k6syf /
;+jfbsf ljz]iftfx¿sf] klxrfg %=@ rnlrqdf syf;f/, k6syf / ;+jfb
ug{,
%=# rnlrqdf cleg]tf, j]ze"iff / ¿k;Hhf, b[ZoaGw
rnlrqdf cleg]tf, j]ze"iff /
¿k;Hhf, b[ZoaGw, Wjlg / -nf]s];g / b[Zo ;Hhf -;]l6ª_, Wjlg / k|sfz
k|sfzaf/] kl/ro lbg,
rnlrqdf åGå, uLt / g[Tosf] %=$ rnlrqdf b[Zof+z -;6_, b[Zo -l;g_ / qmda4tf -l;Sj]G;_
e"ldsf lgSof]{n ug{,
%=% rnlrqsf] 5fofª\sg / ;Dkfbg
rnlrq lgdf{0fdf lgb]{zs /
n]vssf] e"ldsfaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt %=^ rnlrqdf åGå, uLt / g[To
ug{,
%=& rnlrq lgdf{0fsf cGo kIf M lgdf{tf, lgb]{zs / bz{s
rnlrqsf k|sf/x¿ klxNofpg,
%=* rnlrqsf k|sf/ M syfgs rnlrq, j[Qlrq, sf6'{g lrq /
41
lj1fkg lrq
$= kf7\ok':ts
uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn, of] k|]d Û, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
uf]ljGb uf]7fn], ef]sf] 3/, -lgwf{l/t kf7 dfq_, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
afns[i0f ;d rf/ Psfª\sL, -lgwf{l/t kf7 dfq_ nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
————, k|Nxfb, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
————,k|]dlk08, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
ljho dNn, kTy/sf] syf -lgwf{l/t kf7 dfq_, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
ljho dNn, lhpFbf] nf;, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
42
%=! gf6ssf nflu
cz]if dNn, ;8s gf6s M l;4fGt, l;h{gf / k|:t'lt, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
czf]s yfkf, gf6\o ;dLIff / cGo ;dfnf]rgf, sLlt{k'/ M Go"xL/f a'S; OG6/k|fOh]h
r"8fdl0f aGw', -;Dkf=_ ;femf Psfª\sL, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
O{Zj/ a/fn, afns[i0f ;dM JolQmTj / s[ltTj, sf7df8f}F M afns[i0f ;d kmfpG8];g
s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, ;dsf] b'MvfGt gf6\or]tgf, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
————, g]kfnL gf6s / gf6ssf/, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
————, g]kfnL gf6s tyf /Ëd~r, sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k|sfzg
s'df/ sf]O/fnf s]xL cfw'lgs gf6s / gf6ssf/, sf7df8f}F M cf]l/oG6n klAns];g
s[i0f zfx ofqL -;Dkf=_ g]kfnL gf6s, sf7df8f}F M ljj]s l;h{gzLn k|sfzg
3gZofd sF8]n, kfZrfTo oyfy{jfbL gf6s, sf7df8f}F M >LdtL ;'eb|f sF8]n
tf/fgfy zdf{;d / ;dsf s[lt, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
b]jLk|;fb ;'j]bL, ;dsf] ;'vfGt gf6\osfl/tf,sf7df8f}|+ M Pstf k|sfzg
————, gf6\ol;4fGt, sf7df8f+} M ;Tofn k|sfzg
j;Gts'df/ zdf{ g]kfn -cg'=_ ;+:s[tsf k|d'v Psfª\sL, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg
j|t/fh cfrfo{, cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6s, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
/f]zg yfkf …gL/jÚ -;Dkf=_ g]kfnL /]l8of] gf6s, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg
%=@ rnlrqsf nflu
cg'kd cf]emf, ef/tLo l;g] l;4fGt, gofF lbNnL M /fwfs[i0f
PG8«o" l8S;, lalulgª lkmNd :6l8h, Go" lbNnL M leef a'S;
gLnsdn -;Dkf=_, l;g]dfsf kIfx¿, sf7df8f}F M kf7\o;fdu|L k|sfzg
k|sfz ;fodL, rnlrq snf / k|ljlw, sf7df8f}F M k}/jL a'S; PG8 :6];g/L ;]G6/
dgf]x/ k|;fb hf]zL, k6syf n]vg M Ps kl/ro, goL lbNnL M /fhsdn k|sfzg
dfwj 9'ª\u]n, rnlrq l;4fGt, sf7df8f}F M a'4 Ps]8]dL klAn;;{
od rf}nfufO+{, rnlrq ;f/yL, sf7df8f}+ M k|sfzs :jod\
ofbj v/]n, cflbslj efg'eQm M k6syf, tgx'F M efg'hGd:yn ljsf; ;ldlt
/a6{ :6fd, lkmNd lyo/L M ofg OG6«f]8S;g, cS;kmf]8{ M Anfsj]n
/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, rnlrq l;4fGt / g]kfnL rnlrq, sf7df8f}F M kf7\o;fdu|L k|sfzg
nIdLgfy zdf{, rnlrqsnf, sf7df8f}+ M n]vs :jod\
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
v08sfJo l;4fGt / cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJosf] ljsf; k|lqmofsf ;fy} cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJosf/sf
k|d'v v08sfJosf] ljj]rgf Pjd\ tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
v08sfJo / nfdf] sljtfsf] kl/ro, v08sfJosf tŒj / k|sf/x¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg]
g]kfnL v08sfJosf] ljsf;k|lqmof, ljleGg wf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{
cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJosf k|d'v k|ltef, ltgsf v08sfJos[lt / k|j[lQsf] hfgsf/L lbg]
cfw'lgs g]kfnL k|d'v v08sfJosf/ / ltgsf lgwf{l/tv08sfJosf] cf:jbg, ljZn]if0f Pj+ d"Nofª\sg
ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug]{
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
PsfO Ps M v08sfJo÷nfdf] sljtfsf] ;}4flGts
:j¿k
v08sfJo÷nfdf] sljtfsf] ljwfut :j¿k
klxNofpg, !=! v08sfJo÷nfdf] sljtfsf] ljwfut :j¿k M
sljtf ljwfsf] demf}nf ¿k
;+:s[t v08sfJosf] ;}4flGts :j¿k lg¿k0f ug{, !=@ ;+:s[t sfJozf:qLo lrGtgsf ;Gbe{df
v08sfJosf] ;}4flGts :j¿k
klZrdL sljtf juL{s/0f / v08sfJo ;d¿kL
!=# klZrdL sljtf juL{s/0f / v08sfJo
sfJok|sf/sf] kl/ro lbg,
;d¿kL sfJok|sf/x¿
g]kfnL sljtf l;4fGtsf ;Gbe{df v08sfJosf] !=$ g]kfnL sljtf l;4fGtsf ;Gbe{df
;}4flGts :j¿ksf] klxrfg ug{, v08sfJosf] ;}4flGts :j¿k -;Gbe{ M
g]kfnL sljtf efu–$_
v08sfJo ÷nfdf] sljtfsf tŒjx¿sf] kl/ro
!=% v08sfJo÷nfdf] sljtfsf tŒjx¿
lbg,
v08sfJo÷nfdf] sljtfsf] 9fFrfut juL{s/0f ug{, !=^ v08sfJo÷nfdf] sljtfsf] 9fFrfut juL{s/0f
-;Gbe{ M g]kfnL sljtf efu–$_
44
PsfO b'O{ M cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJo÷nfdf]
cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJosf] ljsf; k|lqmofsf] sljtfsf] ljsf; k|lqmof
k[i7e"ld / k|jt{g k|lqmofaf/] rrf{ ug{, @=! cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJosf] k[i7e"ld / k|jQ{g
cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJo÷ nfdf] sljtfsf] ljsf;
k|lqmof
k|lqmofsf r/0f, wf/f, k|j[lQsf] kl/ro lbg, @=@ cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJo÷nfdf] sljtfsf]
ljsf; k|lqmofsf k|d'v r/0f / ltgsf wf/f
tyf k|j[lQ
PsfO tLg M cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJo÷nfdf]
sljtfsf k|d'v ;|i6f / ltgsf lgwf{l/t s[lt
n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] v08sfJo ofqf / k|j[lQ
7Dofpg, #=! v08sfJosf/ n]vgfy kf}8\ofn /
…Ct'ljrf/Úv08sfJo
ljwfug tŒjsf cfwf/df…Ct'ljrf/Ú v08sfJosf]
n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] v08sfJo ofqf /
ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg ug{, k|j[lQ,
…Ct'ljrf/Ú v08sfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof …Ct'ljrf/Ú v08sfJosf] ljwftflŒjs
ug{, ljZn]if0f
…Ct'ljrf/Ú sf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] v08sfJo ofqf, k|j[lQ
-j;Gt, jiff{ / z/b\ ljrf/_
atfpg,
#=@ v08sfJosf/ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f / …d'gfdbgÚ
ljwfug tŒjsfcfwf/df…d'gfdbgÚ v08sfJosf] v08sfJo
ljZn]if0f ug{, nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] v08sfJo ofqf /
d'gfdbg v08sfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{, k|j[lQ
…d'gfdbgÚv08sfJosf] ljwftflŒjs
ljZn]if0f
l;l4r/0f >]i7sf] v08sfJo ofqf / k|j[lQsf] rrf{
…d'gfdbgÚsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
ug{,
#=# v08sfJosf/ l;l4r/0f >]i7 / pj{zL
ljwfug tŒjsfcfwf/df…pj{zLÚ v08sfJosf] v08sfJo
ljZn]if0f ug{,
l;l4r/0f >]i7sf] v08sfJo ofqf / k|j[lQ
pj{zL v08sfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{,
…pj{zLÚv08sfJosf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f
dfwj l3ld/]sf] v08sfJo ofqf / k|j[lQsf] rrf{
…pj{zL… v08sfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
ug{,
#=$ v08sfJosf/ dfwj l3ld/] / /fh]Zj/L
ljwfug tŒjsfcfwf/df …/fh]Zj/LÚ v08sfJosf] v08sfJo
ljZn]if0f ug{, dfwj l3ld/]sf] v08sfJo ofqf / k|j[lQ
…/fh]Zj/LÚ v08sfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof …/fh]Zj/LÚv08sfJosf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f
ug{, …/fh]Zj/LÚ v08sfJodf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]
JofVof
df]xg sf]O/fnfsf] nfdf] sljtf ofqf / k|j[lQsf]
#=% nfdf] sljtfsf/ df]xg sf]O/fnf / …uª\ufk|jf;Ú
rrf{ ug{,
nfdf] sljtf
ljwfug tŒjsfcfwf/df…uª\ufk|jf;Únfdf] sljtfsf]
df]xg sf]O/fnfsf] nfdf] sljtf ofqf /
45
ljZn]if0f ug{, k|j[lQ
…uª\ufk|jf;Únfdf] sljtfsf ljlzi6 cg'R5]bsf] af]w …uª\ufk|jf;Únfdf] sljtfsf] ljwftflŒjs
ljZn]if0f
/ cEof; ug{,
uª\ufk|jf;sf ljlzi6 cg'R5]bsf] af]w /
jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf] v08sfJo ofqf, k|j[lQsf] rrf{
cEof;
ug{,
#=^ v08sfJosf/ jf;'b]j lqkf7L /
ljwfug tŒjsfcfwf/df…/fhs'df/L jf;jbQfÚ …/fhs'df/Ljf;jbQfÚ v08sfJo
v08sfJosf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f ug{, jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf] v08sfJo ofqf / k|j[lQ
…/fhs'df/L jf;jbQfÚ v08sfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] …/fhs'df/L jf;jbQfÚv08sfJosf]
JofVof ug{ . ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f
…/fhs'df/L jf;jbQfÚ v08sfJosf klxnf],
rf}yf] / ;ftf}F ;u{sf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
$= kf7\ok':ts
dfwj l3ld/], /fh]Zj/L, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
df]xg sf]O/fnf, uª\ufk|jf;-gbL lsgf/fsf dfemLdf ;Ílnt_, sf7df8f}+
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f, d'gfdbg, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
n]vgfy kf}8\ofn, Ct'ljrf/, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, /fhs'df/L jf;jbQf-tLg yF'ufdf ;Ílnt_, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg
l;l4r/0f >]i7, pj{zL, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
%= ;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
s'df/axfb'/ hf]zL, slj sf]O/fnf / pgsf] uª\ufk|jf;, sf7df8f}F M ;/:jtL k|sfzg
vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n, sljtfsf] ;+/rgfTds ljZn]if0f, sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/
efg'eQm kf]v/]n, dfwj l3ld/]sf ljlzi6 v08sfJo, lj/f6gu/ M Zofd k':ts e08f/
dxfb]j cj:yL, nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] v08sfJosfl/tf, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
————, cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJo / dxfsfJosf] ljdz{, sf7df8f}F M OG6]n]SRo'cNh a's Kofn];
/fddl0f l/;fn, g]kfnL sfJo / slj, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
n]vk|;fb lg/f}nf, /fi6«sljl3ld/]sf] v08sfJosfl/tf, sf7df8f}F M ;g/fOh klAns];g
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] sljTjsf] ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg, sf7df8f}F M lq=lj=kfljs]
————, l;+xfjnf]sg, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
z}n]Gb'k|sfz g]kfn, /fi6«slj dfwj l3ld/], sf7df8f}F M u08sL ;fdflhs u'7L
46
kf7\of+z zLif{s M cfw'lgs g]kfnL syf
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %^! kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd= P= qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M t];|f] kf7306f M $*
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z syfsf]
l;4fGt, cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf] ljsf; k|lqmof tyf cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf/ / ltgsf syfsf] s[ltut
cWoog Pjd\ tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7Øf+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDg k|sf/sf /x]sf 5g\ M
syfsf] ;}4flGts :j¿ksf] kl/ro lbg]
g]kfnL syfsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf; k|lqmof / o;sf k|d'v wf/f tyf k|j[lQsf] hfgsf/Llbg]
k|d'v cfw'lgs syfsf/x¿sf] k|j[lQut ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ug{ ;Ifd agfpg]
lgwf{l/t syfs[ltx¿sf] cf:jfbg, JofVof ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf]
ljsf; ug{]
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
syfsf] ljwfut :j¿k / kl/efiffaf/] PsfO Ps M syfsf] ;}4flGts :j¿k / cfw'lgs g]kfnL
kl/ro lbg, syfsf] ljsf; k|lqmof
!=! syfsf] ;}4flGts :j¿k
syfsf] ljwfut tŒj;DaGwL 1fg
k|fKt ug{, syfsf] ljwfut :j¿k / kl/efiff
syfsf] juL{s/0fsf cfwf/ tyf syfsf ljwfut tŒj
d"ne"t k|sf/x¿ k|:t't ug{, syfsf] juL{s/0fsf cfwf/x¿ tyf d"ne"t k|sf/
;flxTosf cGo ljwf;Fu syf ljwfsf] -;flxTosf cGo ljwf -pkGof;, lgaGw, cfTdsyf,
;DaGw atfpg, hLjgL, n3'gf6s / v08sfJo_ ;Fu syfsf] ;DaGw
cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf] k|jt{g /
!=@ cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf] ljsf; k|lqmof
k|lqmof;DaGwL hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,
cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf] o'uLg cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf] k|jt{g k|lqmof
k[i7e"ldsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/L ljsf; cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf] o'uLg k[i7e"ld / ljsf;
k|lqmofsf r/0fx¿sf] ljefhg ug{, k|lqmofsf r/0fx¿sf] ljefhg
r/0fut k|d'v wf/f / k|j[lQx¿sf] cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf r/0fut k|d'v wf/f /
lg¿k0f ug{, k|j[lQx¿
47
syfsf/ u'?k|;fb d}gfnLsf syfwf/f PsfO b'O{ M syfsf/ u'?k|;fb d}gfnL, ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb
/ k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{, sf]O/fnf, ejfgL leIf' / uf]ljGb axfb'/ dNn uf]7fn]sf
syfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f
d}gfnLsf lglb{i6 syfsf] ljwftflŒjs
ljZn]if0f/ ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof @=! syfsf/ u'?k|;fb d}gfnL / pgsf lgwf{l/t syfs[ltsf]
ug{, ljZn]if0f / ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
d}gfnLsf syfwf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
syfsf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb s]fO/fnfsf d}gfnLsf …gf;f]Ú / …k/fnsf] cfuf]Úsyfsf]
syfwf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{, ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f
…gf;f]Ú syfsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
$= kf7\ok':ts
bof/fd >]i7 -;Dkf=_ g]kfnL syf efu $, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
O{Zj/ a/fn, ‰ofnaf6-e"ldsf dfq_,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
=================, cfVofgsf] pb\ej,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
Pd= Pd= Unf]g Snfs{, P Dofg'Pn ckm\ b ;6{ :6f]/L
s[i0fxl/ a/fn, dgf]ljZn]if0f / ;flxTo,sf7df8f}F McS;kmf]8{ OG6/g];gn k|f= ln=
=================, syf l;4fGt,sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
uf]kLGb| kf}8]n, syfsf] ;f}Gbo{zf:q,sf7df8f}F M pld{nf kf}8]n
3gZofd g]kfn, cfVofgsf s'/f,sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
49
bof/fd >]i7,clegj syfzf:q,sf7df8f}F Mkfn'jf k|sfzg
=================, g]kfnL syf / syfsf/,sf7df8f}F Mg]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg
g]q P6d, g]kfnL 8fo:kf]/f / cGo ;dfnf]rgf,sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
k;L{, No'as, b qmfˆ6 ckm lkmS;g, nG8g
k|tfkrGb| k|wfg, g]kfnL syfjnf]sg,bflh{lnª M bLkf k|sfzg
dh{/L a'N6g, b Pgf6f]dL ckm\ k|f]h,lbNnL M sNof0fL klAn;/
d'/f/Lk|;fb /]UdL, dgf]j}1flgs ;dfnf]rgf, -syfv08_sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
df]xg/fh zdf{, syfsf] ljsf; k|lqmof, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
nId0f uf}td / 1fg' clwsf/L, g]kfnL syfsf] Oltxf;,sf7df8f}F Mg]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, ljr/0f -;+a4 c+z dfq_,sf7df8f}F M efg' k|sfzg
xl/k|;fb k/fh'nL, syfsf] l;4fGt / ljj]rg,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
x]dgfy kf}8]n / hut\k|;fb pkfWofo -;Dkf=_, /d]z ljsn M laDa Ps k|ltlaDa cg]s,sf7df8f}F M /d]z
ljsn ;flxTo k|lti7fg
50
kf7\of+z zLif{s M cfw'lgs g]kfnL dxfsfJo
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %^@ kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts tyf k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M t];|f] kf7306f M $*
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of]
kf7\of+z dxfsfJosf] l;4fGt / cfw'lgs g]kfnL dxfsfJosf] ljsf; k|lqmof tyf cfw'lgs g]kfnL
dxfsfJosf/ / ltgsf dxfsfJosf] s[ltut cWoog Pjd\ tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5
.
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
k"jL{o kfZrfTo ;Gbe{df dxfsfJosf] ;}4flGts :j¿ksf] kl/ro lbg]
cfw'lgs g]kfnL dxfsfJosf] ljsf; k|lqmof, ljleGg wf/f Pj+ ltgsf k|j[lQx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbg]
;}4flGts 1fgsf cfwf/df cfw'lgs g]kfnL / dxfsfJosf] ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ug]{ ;dfnf]rgfTds
;Lk / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{]
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
51
PsfO b'O{ M dxfsfJosf/ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f,
;f]dgfy l;UBfn / n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf dxfsfJo
dxfsfJosf/ nIdL k|;fb b]jsf]6fsf dxfsfJo
ofqf, wf/f, k|j[lQ / lgwf{l/t s[ltsf] ljZn]if0f/
ofqf, wf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{, ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
@=! dxfsfJosf/ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f /
…zfs'GtnÚ dxfsfJosf lglb{i6 ;u{sf ljlzi6 …zfs'Gtn’ dxfsfJo
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{, nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf dxfsfJo ofqf, wf/f
/ k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
…zfs'GtnÚ dxfsfJosf] ljwftflŒjs
dxfsfJosf/ ;f]dgfy l;UBfnsf dxfsfJo ljZn]if0f
ofqf, wf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{, …zfs'GtnÚ dxfsfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]
JofVof -;u{ !–( dfq_
@=@dxfsfJosf/ ;f]dgfy l;UBfn / cfbz{ /f3j
…cfbz{ /f3jÚ dxfsfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] dxfsfJo
JofVof ug{, ;f]dgfy l;UBfnsf dxfsfJo ofqf, wf/f,
k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
…cfbz{ /f3jÚ dxfsfJosf] ljwftflŒjs
gJosfJosf/ n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf dxfsfJo wf/f ljZn]if0f
/ k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{, …cfbz{ /f3jÚ dxfsfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]
JofVof -!–* / !$ ;u{ dfq_
dxfsfJosf/ afns[i0f ;dsf dxfsfJo wf/f / PsfO tLg M dxfsfJosf/ afns[i0f ;d / hubLz
k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{, zdz]/ /f0ffsf dxfsfJo wf/f, k|j[lQ / lgwf{l/t
s[ltsf] ljZn]if0f / ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] af]w
…lr;f] r"Xnf]Ú dxfsfJosf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f
ug{, #=! dxfsfJosf/ afns[i0f ;d / …lr;f] r"Xnf]Ú
dxfsfJo
…lr;f] r"Xnf]Ú dxfsfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] af]w afns[i0f ;dsf dxfsfJo wf/f / k|j[lQsf]
ug{, ljZn]if0f
dxfsfJosf/ hubLz zdz]/ /f0ffsf] dxfsfJo …lr;f] r"Xnf]Ú dxfsfJosf] ljwftflŒjs
ljZn]if0f
wf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
…lr;f] r"Xnf]Ú dxfsfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]
52
af]w
$= kf7\o k':ts
hubLz zdz]/ /f0ff, g/l;+x cjtf/, lbNnL M>LdtL e'jg /f0ff
afns[i0f ;d, lr;f] r"Xnf]], sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f, g]kfnL zfs'Gtn dxfsfJo, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
n]vgfy kf}8\ofn, t?0ftk;L, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
;f]dgfy zdf{, cfbz{ /f3j,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
pQd s'Fj/, ;|i6f / ;flxTo,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
s'df/ axfb'/ hf]zL, dxfslj b]jsf]6f / pgsf dxfsfJo,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
================b]jsf]6fsf sljtfs[ltsf] sfnqmlds ljj]rgf,sf7df8f}F M l;4fy{ jg:ynL, k|fl1s kl/ifb\
s]zj l3ld/], t?0ftk;Lsf] k'gd"{NofÍg,sf7df8f}F M efg' k|sfzg
s[i0f uf}td, kfZrfTo dxfsfJo, sf7df8f}F Me'F8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg
================,b]jsf]6fsf k|aGw sfJo, sf7df8f}F
s[i0f/fh clwsf/L, dxfsfJo l;4fGt / b]jsf]6fsf dxfsfJo,kf]v/f M u08sL ;flxTo ;+ud
r"8fgfy e§/fo, t?0f tk;L dLdf+;f, sf7df8f}F MhubDaf k|sfzg
r"8fdl0f aGw', b]jsf]6f,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
tf/fk|;fb hf]zL, cfbz{ /f3jsf] zf:qLo ljj]rgf,sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/
g/xl/ cfrfo{, ;f]dgfy zdf{ l;UBfn / pgsf] dxfsfJo;fwgf, sf7df8f}F M;f]dgfy ztjflif{sL ;ldlt
g/]Gb| rfkfufO{+ / blw/fh ;'j]bL -;Dkf=_ sfJo ;dfnf]rgf, lj/f6gu/ M k"jf{~rn ;flxTo k|lti7fg
g]qk|;fb Gof}kfg], b]jsf]6fsf sfJos[ltdf dfgjtfjfb, afuahf/ M cflzif a's xfp;
dxfb]j cj:yL, cfw'lgs g]kfnL dxfsfJo / v08sfJosf] ljdz{, sf7df8f}F MOG6]n]SRo'cNh a's Kofn];
53
/fddl0f l/;fn, g]kfnL sfJo / slj,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L ;d]t, g]kfnL sljtf efu $,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
================ n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf]sljTjsf] ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg,sf7df8f}F M lq =lj= kf= lj= s]=
================ l;+xfjnf]sg,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
;f]dgfy l;UBfn, ;flxTo k|bLk,sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/
xl//fh e§/fO{, g/l;+x cjtf/ M Ps ;dLIff,sf7df8f}F M c;Ld ;f}/e
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of]
kf7\of+z ;flxTo]ltxf; l;4fGt, k|d'v dfGotf, k4lt / k/Dk/fsf] 1fgsf ;fy} g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;
n]vg / tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; n]vgsf ;|f]t / cfwf/x¿sf] 1fg lbg]
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;;Da4 sfnljefhg / k|d'v sfnv08 lgwf{/0fsf ;DefJo cfwf/x¿
;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg]
Oltxf; bz{gsf k[i7e"lddf ;flxTo]ltxf; l;4fGtsf k|d'v dfGotf -kf}/:To tyf kfZrfTo_ /
k4ltsf] kl/ro lbg]
;flxTo]ltxf;sf] k/Dk/f;Fu kl/lrt u/fpg]
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
;flxTo]ltxf;sf] cy{ / :j¿k ;DaGwL PsfO Ps M Oltxf; bz{g
k"jL{o dfGotf;Fu kl/lrt x'g, !=! Oltxf;sf] cy{ / :j¿k ;DaGwL k"jL{o dfGotf -
;flxTo]ltxf;sf] kfZrfTo lrGtg tyf dxfef/t / k'/f0fsf Oltxf; ;DaGwL wf/0ff_
;Dk|bfo / k4ltsf] j0f{g ug{, !=@ Oltxf; ;DaGwL kfZrfTo lrGtg tyf ljleGg
54
Oltxf;sf cv08 / v08¿k Pjd\ ;Dk|bfo / k4lt -lx/f]bf]t;, sfG6, ljsf], xa{6{
Oltxf;sf kIfx¿sf] rrf{ ug{, :k]G;/, 8fla{g, x]u]n, dfS;{, qmf]r], lgT;], 6f]ogaL,
kmfpsN6, kls{g_Ù gj Oltxf;k/s ljåQf / gj
Oltxf;jfb_
!=# Oltxf;sf cv08 / v08¿k, Oltxf;sf kIfx¿ -
;fdflhs, /fhg}lts, j}rfl/s, bfz{lgs, cfly{s,
wfld{s / ;fF:s[lts, snfTds, ;flxlTos, j}1flgs,
k|fljlws_
;flxTo]ltxf; n]vgsf k|d'v kfZrfTo PsfO b'O{ M ;flxTo]ltxf; n]vgsf dfGotf tyf k4lt
dfGotf, k4lt / k|fof]lus ¿ksf] kl/ro
@=! ;flxTo]ltxf; l;4fGtsf k|d'v kfZrfTo dfGotf,
lbg,
k4lt / k|fof]lus ¿kM kfZrfTo Oltxf;k/s /
Oltxf;jfb / To;sf] k|efjsf ;Gbe{df Oltxf;lg/k]If ;flxTo l;4fGt / ;dfnf]rgfljlw
x]u]nsf] o'ur]tgf ;DaGwL 1fg k|fKt tyf ;flxTo]ltxf; n]vgdf ltgsf] k|efj
ug{,
55
lglb{i6 ;flxlTos dfGotf ;DaGwL 1fg Oltxf; lg/k]If ;flxTodfGotf
k|fKt ug{, #=# r]s ;+/rgfjfbsf s[ltk/s, ;|i6fk/s /
r]s ;+/rgfjfbsf s[ltk/s, ;|+i6fk/s / ;flxTo]ltxf;k/s ;dli6 ;dfnf]rgfsf dfGotf
;flxTo]ltxf;k/s ;dli6 ;dfnf]rgfsf
dfGotfsf] kl/ro lbg, #=$ k|mfG;]nL ;+/rgfjfb / pQ/;+/rgfjfb
-lj;+/rgfjfb_ tyf pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbL
;flxTo]ltxf; ;DaGwL dfGotf
k|mfG;]nL ;+/rgfjfb / cfw'lgstfjfbsf #=% gjOltxf;jfb / Oltxf; n]vgwf/fsf pknlAw
;flxTo]ltxf; ;DaGwL dfGotfsf] rrf{
ug{,
gjOltxf;jfb / Oltxf; n]vg wf/fsf
pknlAwsf] rrf{ ug{,
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; ;DaGwL g]kfn, PsfO rf/ M g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; n]vgsf ;|f]t /
g]kfnL hflt, g]kfnL ;dfh / ;+:s[lt, cfwf/
efiff / nf]s;flxTosf] ;Gbe{ / ljZj $=! g]kfnL ;flxTo Oltxf; ;DaGwL ljljw ;fGble{s
;flxToaf6 k|fKt k|]/0ff / ;Gbe{ kIfx¿ -g]kfn, g]kfnL hflt / ;dfh tyf
;+:s[lt, g]kfnL efiff / nf]s;flxTosf] ;Gbe{_
klxNofpg,
P]ltxfl;s, ef}uf]lns Pjd\ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o,
;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, cfly{s, wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts,
g]kfnL ;flxTo]ltxf;;Fu ;Da4 cleofg, ;d"x dgf]j}1flgs, j}rfl/s, bfz{lgs, j}1flgs÷
k|fljlws kIfx¿ / ljZj;flxToaf6 k|fKt
cfGbf]ng, jfb, cfwf/e"t ;+:yf Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o k]|/0ff / k|efjsf ;Gbe{x¿
;flxlTos ultljlw;Fu ;DalGwt
lqmofsnfk, ;~rf/ k|0ffnL, k|sfzg
$=@ g]kfnL ;flxTo]ltxf;;Fu ;Da4 cleofg, cfGbf]ng
/ jfbx¿ -k|fl1s, z}lIfs / hg:t/sf cfwf/e"t
;+:yf / ltgsf ;flxTo;DaGwL d"ne"t
;+:yf Pjd\ klqsfx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L
lqmofsnfkx¿, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;~rf/–k|0ffnL /
k|fKt ug{, ljljw kf7\o, >Job[Zo ;~rf/dfWod, k|d'v
;flxlTos k|sfzg;+:yf / klqsfx¿_
56
PsfO kfFr M g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; M sfnljefhg /
g]kfnL ;flxTosf Oltxf;;DaGwL k|d'v k|d'v sfnv08 lgwf{/0fsf ;DefJo cfwf/
u|Gy, ltgsf :j¿k, ljz]iftf Pjd\ %=! g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; M cb\ofjlws k|d'v u|Gy
pknlAw tyf ;Ldf klxNofpg, / ltgsf :j¿k, ljz]iftf Pj+ pknlAw tyf ;Ldf
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] sfnljefhgsf ljifodf %=@ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] sfn ljefhg M k|d'v dt tyf
p7]sf dt, cfwf/, b[li6sf]0f Pjd\ d'Vo ltgsf cfwf/ / b[li6sf]0f Pj+ d'Vo :yfkgf /
:yfkgf / ltgsf zlQm / ;Ldf k|:t't ltgsf zlQm Pj+ ;Ldf
ug{,
%=# g]kfnL ;flxTosf sfnljefhgsf ;DefJo cfwf/ M
k|d'v sfnv08 -o'u÷pko'u_sf] lgwf{/0f,
g]kfnL ;flxTosf sfnljefhgsf cfw'lgstfjfb / To;sf] g]kfnL ;Gbe{
;DefJo cfwf/x¿ klxNofO{ ltgsf] %=$ g]kfnL ;flxTosf k|To]s o'usf alx/Ë–cGt/Ë
pkof]u ug{, k[i7e"ld / ;dofjlw, k|d'v wf/f / pkwf/fsf
k|ltef, s[lt / k|j[lQ
g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg o'usf alx/Ë–
cGt/Ë k[i7e"ld, ;dofjlw, k|d'v wf/f /
pkwf/fsf k|ltef, s[lt / k|j[lQsf]
lgSof]{n ug{ .
$=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
s'df/ k|wfg, P lx:6«L ckm g]kfnL ln6/]r/, lbNnL M ;flxTo csfbdL,
s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL, kGw|tf/f / g]kfnL ;flxTo, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
36/fh e§/fO{, k|lte} k|ltef / g]kfnL ;flxTo, sf7df8f}F M Pstf a'S; l8l:6«Ao'6;{ k|f=ln=
3gZofd g]kfn, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] kl/rofTds Oltxf;, sf7df8f}F MPstf k|sfzg
7fs'/ k/fh'nL, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] kl/qmdf, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
tf/fgfy zdf{, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;,sf7df8f}F M gjLg k|sfzg
bof/fd >]i7, k|f/lDes sfnsf] g]kfnL ;flxTo M Oltxf; / k/Dk/f, sf7df8f}F M lq=lj=kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|
=====================,;flxTo]ltxf;sf] l;4fGt Mk/Dk/f / k|of]u, sf7df8f}F M kfn'jf k|sfzg
bLgfgfy z/0f, g]kfnL ;flxTosf Oltxf;, k6gf M ljxf/ lxGbL u|Gy csfbdL
gjLg ljnf]rg zdf{, ;flxTosf Oltxf; bz{g,ljxf/ M /fi6«efiff kl/ifb\
k|mfGs n]lG6«lrof PG8 yf]d; Dofsnf8lng -;Dkf=_ lqml6sn 6D;{ km/ ln6/]/L :68L
afns[i0f kf]v/]n, kfFr ;o jif{, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
afnrGb| zdf{, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}F M g]=/f=k|=k|=
57
afnfs[i0f clwsf/L, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] sfn ljefhg M P]ltxfl;s ljZn]if0f, sf7df8f}F M ljj]s l;h{gzLn
k|sfzg k|f= ln=
dfOs]n u|f]8]g PG8 dfl6{g ls|;jy{ -;Dkf=_, b hf]xG; xlKsG; ufO8 6' ln6/]/L Yof]/L PG8 lqml6l;Hd,aflN6df]/ M b
hf]xG; xlKsG; o'lgl;{6L k|];
/dg ;]lN8ª / lk6/ lj8f]A;g, P l/8;{ ufO8 6' sG6]Dkf]//L ln6/]r/ Yof]/L, M b o'lgel;{6L k|]; ckm s]G6'sL
o1/fh ;Tofn, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] e"ldsf, sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf sljTjsf] ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg sf7df8f}F M lq=lj=kfljs]
==================,…cfw'lgstfÚ,k|1f, cª\s $, sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k|=
z/b\rGb| zdf{ e§/fO{, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; M dfWoldssfn, sf7df8f}F M lq=lj=kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|
zflGt/fh zdf{, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;sf] ¿k/]vf, l;lnu'8L M g]kfnL ;flxTo k|rf/ ;ldlt
lzj k|wfg, g]kfnL ;flxTo M s]xL uf]/]6f] s]xL uN5]8f], l;lSsd M ufGtf]s k|sfzg
;'s'd zdf{, g]kfnL efiff–;flxTosf cfGbf]ng, sf7df8f}F M Ps]8]dL a's ;]G6/
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
of] kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z eflifs
lrGtgsf k|frLg k/Dk/fsf ;fy} cfw'lgs j0f{gfTds efifflj1fgsf k|d'v ;Dk|bfosf] cWoogdf s]lGb|t 5
.
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDg lnlvt 1fg / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\M
58
o'/f]k]nL eflifs lrGtg k/Dk/f / P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{
cfw'lgs efifflj1fgsf] ljsf; k|lj|mof / efiff;DaGwL k|d'v dfGotfaf6 kl/lrt x'g
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\oljifo
o++
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
PsfO Ps M eflifs lrGtgsf] k"jL{o k/Dk/f
!=!j}lbs eflifs lrGtg
j]b, a|fXd0f / pklgifb\df ePsf] efiff ;DaGwL
lrGtgsf] 1fg cfh{g ug{, j]b, a|fXd0f / pklgifb\df efiff ;DaGwL rrf{
lg306' / lg?Qm u|Gysf] efiffj}1flgs ljj]rgf ug{, lg306' / of:ssf] lg?Qm u|Gysf] efiffj}1flgs
ljj]rgf
lzIff u|Gyx¿df k|ltkflbt j0ff]{Rrf/0f k|lqmof lzIff u|Gyx¿df k|ltkflbt j0ff]{Rrf/0f k|lqmof
klxrfg ug{, k"j{kfl0fgLo Jofs/0f k/Dk/f
k"j{kfl0fgLo Jofs/0f k/Dk/faf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{,
!=@ kfl0fgLo eflifs lrGtg
kfl0flg / pgsf Jofs/0f u|Gyaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt Jofs/0fsf/ kfl0flg / pgsf Jofs/0f u|Gy
ug{, kfl0flgsf] Jofs/0fdf ;"qz}nL, k|Tofxf/ Joj:yf
kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf] ;"qz}nL, k|Tofxf/ Joj:yf /
/ ;+1fs/0f
kfl0flgsf] Jofs/0fdf clwsf/ / cGt/fnDag
;+1fs/0f klxrfg ug{, ;DaGwL wf/0ffx¿
kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fdf clwsf/ / kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fdf j0f{ Joj:yf, ;lGw k|lqmof,
cGt/fnDag;DaGwL wf/0ffx¿af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt kb/rgf / sf/s k|lqmof
kfl0fgLo Jofs/0f k/Dk/fdf sfTofog /
ug{,
kt~hlnsf] of]ubfg
kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf j0f{Joj:yf, ;lGwk|lqmof, kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf 6Lsf, j[lQ / sf}d'bL
kb/rgf / sf/sk|lqmofaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, k/Dk/f
kfl0fgLo Jofs/0f k/Dk/fdf sfTofog / !=# pQ/ kfl0fgLo Jofs/0f lrGtg
kt~hlnsf] of]ubfg 7Dofpg, df}lns Jofs/0f u|Gy k/Dk/f
kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf 6Lsf, j[lQ / sf}d'bL et[{xl/sf] Jofs/0fdf kb tyf jfSo ;DaGwL
k/Dk/faf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{, dfGotf
pQ/ kfl0fgLo Jofs/0f k/Dk/faf/] hfgsf/L lng, k|fs[t / cke|+z Jofs/0fsf] ljsf; k|lqmof
et[{xl/sf kb tyf jfSo;DaGwL dfGotfaf/] x]drGb|sf] zAbfg'zf;gdf j0f{ kl/jt{g;DaGwL
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, Joj:yf
k|fs[t / cke|+z Jofs/0fsf] ljsf; k|lqmofaf/] !=$k"jL{o cy{ lrGtg
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,
x]drGb|sf] zAbfg'zf;gdf j0f{ kl/jt{g;DaGwL zAbfy{;DaGwL :kmf]6jfbL / ckf]xjfbL dfGotf
Joj:yf klxrfg ug{, jfSofy{;DaGwL clelxtfGjojfbL tyf
zAbfy{;DaGwL :kmf]6jfbL / ckf]xjfbL dfGotfaf/] clGjtflewfgjfbL dfGotf
kl/ro k|fKt ug{,
jfSofy{;DaGwL clelxtfGjojfbL tyf
clGjtflewfgjfbL dfGotfaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,
59
lu|;]nL eflifs lrGtg k/Dk/f / o;sf k|d'v PsfO b'O{ M o'/f]k]nL eflifs lrGtg k/Dk/f / P]ltxfl;s
pknlAwsf] klxrfg ug{, efifflj1fg
/f]d]nL eflifs lrGtg k/Dk/f / o;sf k|d'v @=! lu|;]nL eflifs lrGtg k/Dk/f / o;sf k|d'v
pknlAwx¿af/]]kl/ro k|fKt ug{, pknlAw
kf]6{ /f]on Jofs/0f / To;kl5sf cGo Jofs/0f @=@ /f]d]nL eflifs lrGtg k/Dk/f / o;sf k|d'v
k/Dk/faf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{, pknlAw
P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf efiff;DaGwL dfGotfaf/]
@=# kf]6{ /f]on Jofs/0f / To;kl5sf cGo Jofs/0f
kl/ro k|fKt ug{,
k/Dk/fdf Nofl6g Jofs/0fsf] k|efj
P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf] k|jt{g, ljsf; k|lqmofaf/]
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, @=$ P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf efiff;DaGwL dfGotf
P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf k|d'v dfGotf / pknlAw P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf] k|jt{g, ljsf;
7Dofpg, k|lqmof / k|d'v cWo]tf
gJoj}ofs/0fx¿sf] eflifs lrGtgdf ljsf;jfb / P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf k|d'v dfGotf /
Oltxf;jfbsf] k|efj klxNofpg, pknlAw
gJo j}ofs/0fx¿sf] eflifs lrGtgdf
ljsf;jfb / Oltxf;jfbsf] k|efj
/f]d]nL tyf cd]l/sfnL ;+/rgfjfbsf] ljsf; / PsfO tLg M cfw'lgs efifflj1fgsf] ljsf; k|lj|mof
o;sf cfwf/e"t dfGotf klxNofpg, #=! o'/f]k]nL tyf cd]l/sfnL ;+/rgfjfbsf] ljsf; /
¿kfy{k/s Jofs/0fsf] ljsf; / o;sf cfwf/e"t o;sf cfwf/e"t dfGotf
dfGotf 7Dofpg, #=@ ¿kfy{k/s Jofs/0fsf] ljsf; / o;sf cfwf/e"t
Joj:yfk/s / k|sfo{k/s efifflj1fgsf] ljsf; / dfGotf
o;sf cfwf/e"t dfGotfaf/] kl/ro lbg, #=# Joj:yfks / k|sfo{k/s efifflj1fgsf] ljsf; /
¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf] ljsf; / o;sf cfwf/e"t
o;sf cfwf/e"t dfGotf
dfGotfsf] klxrfg ug{,
#=% ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf] ljsf; / o;sf cfwf/e"t
sf/s Jofs/0fsf] ljsf; / o;sf cfwf/e"t
dfGotfaf/] kl/ro lbg . dfGotf
#=% sf/s Jofs/0fsf] ljsf; / o;sf cfwf/e"t
dfGotf
$=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
Pd\=P= s]= xfln8], Sof6]uf]l/h ckm lb lyo/L ckm\ u|fd/ j8{ !(^!
s]=Pn\= kfOs, Nofª\Uj]h Og l/n];g 6' o'lgkmfO8 lyo/L ckm b :6«Sr/ ckm\ x\odg ljxfljo/, d'6f], lb x]u
r"8fdl0f aGw', efifflj1fgsf ;Dk|bfo,sf7df8f}F M cIf/ ;bg
rfN;{ h] lkmNdf]/, …s]; km/ s];Ú, jf; / xfD;{sf]o'lge;{N; ckm lnª\lUjl:6S; lyo/Ldf ;ª\slnt
h]ln+u x\ofl/;, d]y8\;\ Og :6«Sr/n lnª\lUjl:6S;, o'lgel;{6L ckm l;sfuf] k|];
6+s Gof}kfg] / bLksk|;fb Gof}kfg], k"jL{o eflifs lrGtg k/Dk/f,sf7df8f}F M sGsfO k|sfzg
b]jLk|;fb uf}td, lkmNdf]/sf] sf/s Jofs/0f / g]kfnL efiffsf sf/sx¿, sf7df8f}F M lr/~hLjL l3ld/]
———, dfgs l;4fGt, lj:tfl/t dfgs l;4fGt / g]kfnL jfSo Joj:yf,sf7df8f}F M lr/~hLjL l3ld/]
————, g]kfnL ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0f,sf7df8f}F M lr/~hLjL l3ld/]
————, g]kfnLdf kbfjnL Joj:yf, -ck|sflzt ljBfjfl/lw zf]wk|aGw_ dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q,
60
;+sfo, lq=lj= sLlt{k'/ .
gu]Gb| -;Dkf=_ efiffzf:q s] ;"qwf/, lbNnL M g]zgn klAnl;ª xfp;
gf]d rD:sL, cf:k]S6«; ckm b lyo/L ckm\ l;G6\ofS;, Pd\=cfO{= 6L=
————————, l;G6\ofl6S; :6«Sr;{, d'6f], lb x]u
e/te"if0f rf}w/L, ;+/rgfTds efifflj1fg,Go" lbNnL M /fwfs[i0f k|sfzg
ef]nfgfy ltjf/L, cfw'lgs efifflj1fg,lbNnL M lnlk k|sfzg
df]xgk|;fb ltldlN;gf, eflifs sfnsf] ljZn]if0f,sf7df8f}F M/Ltf ltdlN;gf,
ljBflgjf; ld>;d]t -;Dkf=_ ef/tLo efiffzf:qLo lrGtg, hok'/M /fh:yfg lxGbLu|Gy csfbdL
x]dfË/fh clwsf/L, g]kfnL sf/s Jofs/0f,sf7df8f}F M g]=/f= k|= k|=
61
o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDgfg';f/sf] 1fg / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M
afns[i0f ;dsf hLjgL, JolQmTj / ;du| s[ltTjsf larsf] cGt/;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf
cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{
afns[i0f ;dsf gf6\os[ltsf k|d'v k|efj;|f]t / pTk|]/0ffx¿af/] ljZn]if0f ug{ / pgn] cfw'lgs
g]kfnL gf6ssf If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] lg¿k0f ug{
gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;dsf] gf6\oofqf / ltgsf r/0f–pkr/0f, wf/f / d'Vo k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgf ug{
afns[i0f ;dsf b'MvfGt / ;'vfGt tyf n3'gf6ssf] s[ltk/s ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ug{
g]kfnL gf6sdf afns[i0f ;dsf of]ubfg / :yfgsf] lgwf{/0f ug{
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;dsf hLjgL / PsfO Ps M afns[i0f ;dsf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTjsf]
JolQmTjsf ljleGg kIfsf] cGtM;DaGw tyf gf6\os[ltsf] juL{s/0f
cGtlj{sf;sf] ;dLIff ug{,
;dsf hLjgL / gf6\o s[ltTjsf !=! ;dsf hLjgL / JolQmTjsf ljleGg kIfsf]
larsf] cGtM ;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s cGtlj{sf;sf] ;dLIff
;dfnf]rgfTds ljZn]if0f ug{,
!=@ ;dsf hLjgL / gf6\o s[ltTj -gf6s / n3' gf6s
;dsf gf6\os[ltsf] sfnqmlds
;d]t+_ sf larsf] cGtM;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s
ljj/0fffTds ¿k/]vf k|:t't ug{,
;dfnf]rgfTds ljZn]if0f
;dsf gf6\osfl/tfsf o'u;Gbe{M
k|efj;|f]t tyf pTk|]/0ff ;|f]t !=# ;dsf gf6\os[lt -gf6s / n3' gf6s ;d]t_ sf]
klxNofpg, sfnqmlds ljj/0ffTds ¿k/]vf
!=$ ;dsf gf6\osfl/tfsf o'u;Gbe{, pTk|]/0ff ;|f]t tyf
k|efj;|f]t
62
;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof
gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;dsf ;'vfGt PsfO tLg M afns[i0f ;dsf k|d'v ;'vfGt gf6s /
gf6s / n3'gf6ssf] juL{s/0f ug{, n3'gf6s
gf6\otŒj Pjd\ ;Gble{t ljleGg
sf]0faf6 lglb{i6 ;'vfGt gf6\os[ltsf] #=! ;dsf ;'vfGt gf6s / n3'gf6ssf] juL{s/0f
ljZn]if0f ug{, #=@ gf6\otŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6
lgDglnlvt ;'vfGt gf6\os[ltsf] ljZn]if0f
gf6\otŒj Pjd\ ;Gble{t ljleGg w'j|
sf]0faf6 …gfnfkgLÚ df n3' gf6ssf]
d's'Gb OlGb/f
ljZn]if0f ug{,
…d's'Gb OlGb/fÚ / …gfnfkfgLdfÚ #=# gf6\otŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6
n3'gf6ssf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] …gfnfkfgLdfÚ n3'gf6ssf] ljZn]if0f
;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof ug{,
#=$ …d's'Gb OlGb/fÚ / …gfnfkfgLdfÚ n3'gf6ssf ljlzi6
kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof
gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;dsf ;du| PsfO rf/ M afns[i0f ;dsf] ;du| gf6\osfl/tfsf]
gf6\oofqfsf r/0f pkr/0fsf] rrf{ ljZn]if0ffTds d"Nofª\sg
ug{,
;dsf d'Vo gf6\o k|j[lQ atfpg, $=! ;dsf ;du| gf6\o ofqfsf r/0f pkr/0fx¿
g]kfnL gf6ssf] kl/isf/jfbL wf/fsf]
$=@ ;dsf d'Vo gf6\o k|j[lQx¿ M b'vfGt / ;'vfGt gf6\o
k|jt{g / ljsf;sf ;fy} ljljw
snfsf ;Gbe{df
k|s[ltsf gf6\or]tgfsf] pb\af]wgdf
;dsf] of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{, $=# g]kfnL gf6ssf] kl/isf/jfbL wf/fsf] k|jt{g /
cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6\o k/Dk/fdf ljsf;sf ;fy} oyfy{jfbL, k|s[tjfbL tyf k|of]ujfbL
;dsf] :yfg lgwf{/0f ug{, gf6\or]tgfsf] pb\af]wgdf ;dsf] of]ubfg
;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL
gf6\ok/Dk/fdf ;dsf] k|efj / $=$ cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6\o k/Dk/fdf ;dsf] :yfg lgwf{/0f
pTk|]/0ff klxNofpg .
$=%;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL gf6\o k/Dk/fdf
;dsf] k|efj tyf pTk|]/0ff
$= kf7\ok':ts
afns[i0f ;d, w|'j,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
————, d's'Gb OlGb/f,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
————, p d/]sL 5}g, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
————, cd/l;+x, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
————,eLd;]]gsf] cGTo, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
————, …gfnfkfgLÚ;dsf Psfª\sL -;Dkf= 8f= s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo / b]jLk|;fb ;'j]bL_, sf7df8f}F Mg]/fk|k|
————, :jf:gLdfG5],sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
63
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
O{Zj/ a/fn / z/b\rGb| zdf{ -;Dkf=_ afns[i0f ;d MJolQmTj / s[ltTj, sf7df8f}F M afns[i0f ;d kmfpG8];g
s[i0frGb| l;+x k|wfg, -;Dkf=_ ;femf ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, ;dsf] b'MvfGt gf6\or]tgf, sf7df8f}F Mg]=/f=k|=k|=
===========================, gf6s / /Ëd~r, ?d' k|sfzg, sf7df8f}F
===========================, kfZrfTo b'vfGt gf6ssf] ;[hg k/fDk/f, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg
===========================, g]kfnL gf6s / gf6ssf/,nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
b]jLk|;fb ;'j]bL, ;dsf] ;'vfGt gf6\osfl/tf, sf7df8f}F MPstf k|sfzg
===========================, gf6\ol;4fGt,sf7df8f}F MPstf k|sfzg
tf/fgfy zdf{, ;d / ;dsf s[lt,nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
g/]Gb| k|;fO{ / OlGb/f k|;fO{ -;Dkf=_, Pp6f cd/ k|f1, afns[i0f ;d, sf7df8f}F M ;d kmfpG8];g
afns[i0f ;d, d]/f] sljtfsf] cf/fwgf -pkf;gf !, @ / #_,nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, ljr/0f, sf7df8f}F Mefg' k|sfzg
j|t/fh cfrfo{, cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6s, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
x[borGb|l;+x k|wfg, s]xL g]kfnL gf6s,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
64
kf7\of+z zLif{s M dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f / pgsf sljtfs[lt
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %^^ kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]= cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M t];|f] kf7306f M $*
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of]
kf7\of+z dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f / pgsf sljtfs[ltsf] cWoog tyf tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf]
cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDgfg';f/sf] 1fg / Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTjsf larsf] cGtM;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f ug{
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] sljtfwf/fsf k|d'v k|efj;|f]t / pTk|]/0ffx¿af/] ljZn]if0f ug{ / pgn]
cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtf k/Dk/fdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] lg¿k0f ug{
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] sljtfofqfsf ljleGg r/0f, pkr/0f / d'Vo k|j[lQx¿af/] hfgsf/L k|fKtug{
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf of]ubfg / :yfgsf] lgwf{/0f ug{
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf k|d'v sljtfs[lt -km'6s/ sljtf, v08sfJo / dxfsfJo_ sf] s[ltk/s
ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ug{
65
ug{, @=! b]jsf]6fsf km'6s/ sljtfx¿sf] juL{s/0f
b]jsf]6fsf lglb{i6 sljtf ;ª\u|xsf] @=@ ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6 b]jsf]6fsf lgDglnlvt
juL{s[t k|j[lQut ljZn]if0f ug{, sljtf;ª\u|xsf] juL{s[t k|j[lQut ljZn]if0f
…levf/LÚ / nIdL sljtf ;ª\u|xsf k|d'v
levf/L
sljtfsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf ;k|;ª\u nIdLsljtf;ª\u|x
;dLIffTds JofVof ug{, dgf]/~hg
$= kf7\ok':ts
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f, s'l~hgL,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
========== ===========,k[YjL/fh rf}xfg, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
========== ===========,k|ldy;,sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k|
========== ===========,levf/L,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
========== ===========,dgf]/~hg, sf7df8f}F Mg]kfn ;f+:s[lts ;+3
========== ===========, dfofljgL ;;L{, jf/f0f;L M g]kfnL k':ts 3/
========== ===========,nIdL sljtf ;ª\ux, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
========== ===========…;[hfdftfÚ d}gf,sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k|
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
O{Zj/ a/fn, b]jsf]6f / pgsf sfJo, sf7df8f}F MnIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f k|lti7fg
s'df/axfb'/ hf]zL, dxfslj b]jsf]6f / pgsf dxfsfJo,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
s'df/axfb'/ hf]zL, b]jsf]6fsf k|d'v sljtfs[ltsf] sfnqmlds ljj]rgf, sf7df8f}F Ml;4fy{ jg:ynL k|fl1s
kl/ifb\,
s'df/axfb'/ hf]zL, Ps JolQmTj cg]s b[li6, -b]jsf]6f ljifos cGtjf{tf{_sf7df8f}F M g]=/f= k|= k|
s[i0f uf}td, b]jsf]6fsf k|aGwsfJo, sf7df8f}F
s[i0f/fh clwsf/L, dxfsfJo l;4fGt / b]jsf]6fsf dxfsfJo,kf]v/f M u08sL ;flxTo ;ª\ud
36/fh e§/fO{ -;Dkf=_, dxfslj b]jsf]6fsf cfgLafgL,sf7df8f}F M nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f k|lti7fg
rGb|]Zj/ b'j], P;\lsn;, z]nL / b]jsf]6f, dl0fk'/ MHof]lt k|sfzg
r"8fdl0f aGw', b]jsf]6f,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
hgsnfn zdf{, dxfslj b]jsf]6f M Ps JolQmTj b'O{ /rgf, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg,
g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{+, b]jsf]6fsf] hLjgz}nL, dxfslj b]jsf]6f ztfAbL dxf]T;j, sf7df8f}F
lgTo/fh kf08], dxfslj b]jsf]6f,sf7df8f}F Mdbg k'/:sf/ u'7L
dxfb]j cj:yL, nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] v08sfJosfl/tf, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
=============, v08sfJosf/ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f / …;[hfdftfÚ v08sfJo, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
67
===============, nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f M hLjgL / s[ltTjsf] cGtM;DaGwsf] ljj]rgf, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, g]kfnL sljtfsf] l;+xfjnf]sg,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg,
=====================, …dxfslj b]jsf]6fåf/f cfˆg} sljtfofqfdf ;ª\slNkt sljtfqmflGt / pgsf
pQ/f4{sljtfofqfsf yfngL Pj+ lbzfaf]wÚ,uf]w"nL -cÍ $_ jiff{z/b\
jf;'b]j lqkf7L / c¿ -;Dkf=_ g]kfnL sljtf efu $,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
z}n]Gb'k|sfz g]kfn -;Dkf=_ d'gfdbg ;dfnf]rgf,sf7df8f}F Mdxfslj b]jsf]6f ztfAbL dxf]T;j
…efg'Ú dxfslj b]jsf]6f, ljz]iffÍ
…/rgfÚ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f, cÍ
…;':s]/fÚ b]jsf]6f, ljz]iffÍ
b]jsf]6f ztjflif{sLsf ;Gbe{df k|sflzt …au/Ú, …zAbofqfÚ, …bfloTjÚ, …e[s'6LÚ cflb klqsfsf
b]jsf]6f ljz]iffÍx¿
68
kf7\of+z zLif{s M gf6ssf/ ljho dNn / pgsf gf6\os[lt
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %^& kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M t];|f] kf7306f M #@
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
gf6ssf/ ljho dNn / pgsf gf6\os[ltsf] cWoog tyf tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5
.
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7Øf+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
ljho dNnsf hLjgL, JolQmTj / ;du| s[ltTjsf larsf] cGtM;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;dy{ agfpg]
ljho dNnsf gf6\os[ltsf k|d'v k|efj;|f]t / pTk|]/0ff ;|f]t klxNofO{ pgn] cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf
If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] lg¿k0f ug{ ;Ifd agfpg]
gf6ssf/ ljho dNnsf gf6\o ofqfsf ljleGg r/0f pkr/0f, wf/f / d'Vo k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgf ug{
;dy{ agfpg]
g]kfnL gf6sdf dNnsf] ;du| of]ubfg / :yfg lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Ifd agfpg]
ljho dNnsf k|d'v gf6s / n3'gf6ssf] s[ltk/s ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Ifd agfpg]
69
dNnsf b'MvfGt gf6sx¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{, PsfO b'O{ M ljho dNnsf ;fdflhs tyf k|of]uzLn
dgf]j}1flgs gf6s
@=! ljho dNnsf ;fdflhs, dgf]j}1flgs /
gf6\otŒj Pjd\ ;Gble{t sf]0faf6 lglb{i6 k|of]uzLn gf6sx¿sf] juL{s/0f
b'MvfGt gf6\os[ltx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
@=@ gf6\otŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6
dNnsf lgDglnlvt gf6\os[ltsf] ljZn]if0f
…ef]ln s] x'G5 <Ú / …kxf8 lrRofO/x]5Ú ef]ln s] x'G5 <
gf6ssf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds
kxf8 lrRofO/x]5
JofVof ug{,
dfw'/L
@=# …ef]ln s] x'G5 <Ú / …kxf8 lrRofO/x]5Ú
gf6ssf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u
;dLIffTds JofVof
gf6ssf/ ljho dNnsf ;'vfGt gf6s / PsfO tLg M ljho dNnsf n3'gf6s -Psfª\sL_
n3'gf6ssf] juL{s/0f ug{,
#=! dNnsf n3'gf6ssf] juL{s/0f
gf6\otŒj Pjd\ ;Gble{t sf]0faf6 lglb{i6 #=@ gf6\otŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6
;'vfGt gf6\os[ltsf] ljZn]if0f ug{, dNnsf lgDglnlvt n3' gf6s;ª\u|xsf]
juL{s[t k|j[lQut ljZn]if0f
af}nfxf sfhLsf] ;kgf-af}nfxfsfhLsf] ;kgf
gf6\otŒj Pjd\ ;Gble{t sf]0faf6 …af}nfxf
gf6s afx]s_
sfhLsf] ;kgfÚ sf n3' gf6ssf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
kTy/sf] syf -ef]ln s] x'G5 < gf6s afx]s_
bf]efg
…kTy/sf] syfÚ / …leQ] 38LÚ n3'gf6ssf leQ] 38L
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof
-#_…kTy/sf] syfÚ / …leQ] 38LÚ n3'gf6ssf ljlzi6
ug{,
kª\lQmsf] ;k|;Ë ;dLIffTds JofVof
PsfO rf/ M ljho dNnsf] ;du| gf6\osfl/tfsf]
ljZn]if0ffTds d"Nofª\sg
gf6ssf/ ljho dNnsf ;du| gf6\oofqfsf $=! dNnsf ;du| gf6\o ofqfsf r/0f pkr/0fx¿
r/0f pkr/0fsf] rrf{ ug{, $=@ dNnsf d'Vo gf6\ok|j[lQx¿ ;fdflhs,
dNnsf d'Vo gf6\os[lt atfpg, dgf]j}1flgs / k|of]uzLn gf6\o snfsf
g]kfnL gf6ssf] kl/isf/jfbL wf/fsf] k|jt{g / ;Gbe{df
ljsf;sf ;fy} ljljw k|s[ltsf gf6\or]tgfsf] $=# g]kfnL gf6sdf ;fdflhs, dgf]j}1flgs tyf
pb\af]wgdf dNnsf] of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{, k|of]uzLn gf6\o k|j[lQsf] k|jt{g / ljsf;df
dNnsf]] of]ubfg
$=$ cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6\ok/Dk/fdf dNnsf] :yfg
cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6\o k/Dk/fdf dNnsf] :yfg lgwf{/0f
lgwf{/0f ug{,
$=% ;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL gf6\o
;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL
k/Dk/fdf dNnsf] k|efj tyf pTk|]/0ff
gf6\ok/Dk/fdf ;dsf] k|efj / pTk|]/0ff
klxNofpg .
70
$= kf7\o k':ts
ljho dNn, af}nfxf sfhLsf] ;kgf,nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
————, kTy/sf] syf, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
————, bf]efg, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg
————, leQ] 38L, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
————, kxf8 lrRRofO/x]5, sf7df8f}F Mg]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg
————, dfw'/L,sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, gf6s / /Ëd~r, sf7df8f}F M ?d' k|sfzg
———————————, gf6ssf] cWoog, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
——————————, g]kfnL gf6s / gf6ssf/, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
3gZofd pkfWofo sF8]n, kfZrfTo oyfy{jfbL gf6s, sf7df8f}F M >LdtL ;'eb|f pkfWofo sF8]n
r}tGo k|wfg -;Dkf=_, ljho dNn :d[lt u|Gy, sf7df8f}F M ljho dNn :d[lt ;dfh
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, ljr/0f-;Da4 c+z dfq_,sf7df8f}F M efg' k|sfzg
ljho dNn, gf6s M Ps rrf{,sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg
71
kf7\of+z zLif{s M slj df]xg sf]O/fnf / pgsf sljtfs[lt
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %^* kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M t];|f] kf7306f M $*
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of]
kf7\of+z slj df]xg sf]O/fnf / pgsf sljtfs[ltsf] cWoog tyf tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df
s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDgfg';f/sf] 1fg / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M
df]xg sf]O/fnfsf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTjsf larsf] cGtM;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f hLjgLk/s
;dfnf]rgfsf cfwf/df ug{
df]xg sf]O/fnfsf] sljtfwf/fsf k|d'v k|efj;|f]t / pTk|]/0ff ;|f]tx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ / pgn]
cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtf k/Dk/fdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] lg¿k0f ug{
df]xg sf]O/fnfsf]] sljtfofqfsf ljleGg r/0f / pkr/0fsf] ljj]rgf ug{
df]xg sf]O/fnfsf] of]ubfg / :yfgsf] lgwf{/0f ug{
df]xg sf]O/fnfsf k|d'v sljtfs[lt -km'6s/ sljtf / nfdf] sljtf_ sf] s[ltk/s ljZn]if0f /
d"NofÍg ug{
sf]O/fnfsf hLjgL / sljtf s[ltTjsf larsf] !=@ sf]O/fnfsf hLjgL / sljtf s[ltTj -nfdf] /
cGtM;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds bL3{t/ ;d]t_ sf larsf] cGtM;DaGwsf]
ljZn]if0f ug{, hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds ljZn]if0f
!=# sf]O/fnfsf sljtfs[lt -km'6s/, nfdf] /
bL3{t/ sljtf_ sf] sfnqmlds ljj/0ffTds
sf]O/fnfsf sljtfs[ltsf] sfnqmlds ¿k/]vf
ljj/0ffTds ¿k/]vf k|:t't ug{,
!=$ sf]O/fnfsf] sljTjsf o'u;Gbe{, pTk|]/0ff ;|f]t
tyf k|efj ;|f]t
sf]O/fnfsf sljTjsf o'u;Gbe{ pTk|]/0ff tyf
k|efj ;|f]t klxNofpg,
72
sf]O/fnfsf km'6s/ sljtfx¿sf] juL{s/0f PsfO b'O{ M df]xg sf]O/fnfsf km'6s/ sljtf
ug{,
@=! sf]O/fnfsf km'6s/ sljtfx¿sf] juL{s/0f
sf]O/fnfsf lglb{i6 sljtf ;ª\u|xsf] juL{s[t @=@ ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6 sf]O/fnfsf
k|j[lQut ljZn]if0f ug{, lgDglnlvt sljtf ;ª\u|xx¿sf] juL{s[t
k|j[lQut ljZn]if0f
…gbL lsgf/sf dfemLÚ / …l;d;f/sf /fhb"tÚ #=# …gbL lsgf/fsf dfemLÚ nfdf] sljtfsf ljlzi6
nfdf] sljtfsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof
;dLIffTds JofVof ug{,
PsfO rf/ M df]xg sf]O/fnfsf bL3{t/ sljtf
sf]O/fnfsf bL3{t/ sljtfs[ltsf] juL{s/0f $=! sf]O/fnfsf bL3{t/ sljtfs[ltsf] juL{s/0f
ug{, $=@ k|of]ujfbL bL3{t/ sljtf tŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t
ljleGg sf]0faf6 sf]O/fnfsf lgDglnlvt
bL3{t/ sljtfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f
bL3{t/ sljtf tŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg gLnf] dx
sf]0faf6 lglb{i6 bL3{t/ sljtfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f uhky
ug{,
$=#…gLnf] dxÚ / …uhkyÚ bL3{t/ sljtfsf
…gLnf] dxÚ / …uhkyÚ bL3{t/ sljtfsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof
ug{,
73
sf]O/fnfsf ;du| sljtf ofqfsf r/0f PsfO kfFr M sf]O/fnfsf ;du| sljTjsf]
pkr/0fx¿sf] rrf{ ug{, ljZn]if0ffTds d"Nofª\sg
sf]O/fnfsf d'Vo sljtf ofqfsf wf/fut %=! sf]O/fnfsf ;du| sljtf ofqfsf r/0f
s]Gb|Lo k|j[lQx¿ klxNofpg, pkr/0fx¿
g]kfnL km'6s/ sljtf, v08sfJo / %=@ sf]O/fnfsf d'Vo sljtf wf/fut k|j[lQx¿ M
dxfsfJosf] ljsf;df sf]O/fnfsf] of]ubfgsf] k"j{ k|of]ujfb, k|of]ujfb / pQ/ k|of]ujfbsf
lg¿k0f ug{, ;Gbe{df
sf]O/fnfsf] dxfsljTj / cfw'lgs g]kfnL %=# g]kfnL k|of]ujfbL k'm6s/, nfdf tyf bL3{t/
sljtf k/Dk/fdf pgsf] :yfg lgwf{/0f ug{, sljtfsf k|jt{g / ljsf;df sf]O/fnfsf]
of]ubfg
;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL sljtfdf
%=$ cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtf k/Dk/fdf sf]O/fnfsf]
sf]O/fnfsf] k|efj / pTk|]/0ff klxNofpg .
:yfg lgwf{/0f
%=% ;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL sljtf
k/Dk/fdf sf]O/fnfsf] k|efj
$= kf7\o k':ts
O{Zj/ a/fn -;Dkf=_ df]xg sf]O/fnfsf sljtfx¿,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
df]xg sf]O/fnf, gbL lsgf/fsf dfemL,sf7df8f}F
df]xg sf]O/fnf, lxdr'nL /lStd 5, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
df]xg sf]O/fnf, cfh s;}nfO{ labf ug'{ 5,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
df]xg sf]O/fnf, n]s -nfdf] sljtf_, sf7df8f}F
df]xg sf]O/fnf, gLnf] dx, sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k|
df]xg sf]O/fnf, uhky, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfz
df]xg sf]O/fnf, l;d;f/sf /fhb"t,sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/
df]xg sf]O/fnf, oltsf kfOnf vf]Hb},sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k|
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n, g]kfnL sfJo ;dfnf]rgf,sf7df8f}F M k}/jL k|sfzg
u0f]zaxfb'/ k|;fO{+, df]xg sf]O/fnf M JolQmTj Pj+ s[ltTj, sf7df8f}F M cS;kmf]8{ OG6/g];gn klAns];g
k|tfkrGb| k|wfg -;Dkf=_ cfw'lgs g]kfnL nfdf sljtf, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg
dw'ks{, k"0ff{Í $%% -@)^$ j}zfv, df]xg sf]O/fnf ljz]if_
dxfb]j cj:yL, cfw'lgs g]kfnL dxfsfJo / v08sfJosf] ljdz{,sf7df8f}F M OG6]n]SRo'cn a's Kofn];
nId0fk|;fb uf}td, pQ/jtL{ g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf s]xL k|lt¿k Msf7df8f}F M k}/jL k|sfzg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, l;+xfjnf]sg,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L / cGo, g]kfnL sljtf efu $,sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
lzj k|wfg -;Dkf=_ a[xt\ ;dfnf]rgf,l;lSsd M ufGtf]s k|sfzg
g]kfnL ;flxlTos klqsfsf df]xg sf]O/fnf ljifos ljz]iffª\sx¿
74
df]xg sf]O/fnfsf hLjgL, JolQmTj, s[ltTj / sljTjsf ;DaGwdf cWoog ul/Psf zf]wkqx¿
kf7\of+z zLif{s M zf]w tyf ;[hgljlw
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %^( kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf= M $
;]d]:6/ M t];|f] kf7306f M ^$
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of]
kf7\of+z zf]wljlwsf] ;}4flGts 1fg tyf k|fof]lus cEof;sf ;fy} ;[hgfTds n]vgsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
Pj+ ;[hgfTds n]vg cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7Øf+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
zf]wljlw;DaGwL cfwf/e"t ;}4flGts 1fg k|bfg ug]{
zf]wk|:tfj n]vgsf ;fy} zf]wn]v ;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{ u/fpg]
l;h{gfTds n]vgsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffaf/] 1fg lbg]
lgwf{l/t ljwfsf l;h{gfTds n]vgsf ljlw / k|lqmofsf] kl/ro lbg]
lgwf{l/t ljwfdf u/]sf] l;h{gfaf/] cfTdd"Nofª\sg, ;dLIff / kl/dfh{gsf] ;Lk ljsf; u/fpg]
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
75
@=! zf]wljlwsf k|sf/ M lgudgfTds / cfudgfTds,
j}1flgs, P]ltxfl;s / j0f{gfTds, Pslgi7 /
zf]wk|:tfjsf] 9fFrf / cfjZos cª\ux¿af/] t'ngfTds, :jljifos / cGtlj{ifos
hfgsf/L lbg,
zf]w;d:of, zf]wsf] p2]Zo / ¿k/]vfsf @=@ zf]wk|:tfjsf] kl/ro
larsf] cGtM;DaGw klxNofpg,
@=# zf]wk|:tfjsf] 9fFrf / cfjZos cª\u M
zf]wk|:tfj n]vg;DaGwL cEof; u/fpg,
zf]w;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng / Joj:yfkg ug]{ cu|efu M d'vk[i7, zf]wzLif{s, zf]wk|of]hg
dWoefu M ;d:of syg, p2]Zo, k"j{sfo{sf]
9fFrfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg,
;dLIff, zf]wsf] cf}lrTo, dxŒj / pkof]lutf,
zf]wsf k|fylds / låtLos ;fdu|L ;|f]taf/] k|fSsNkgf, zf]wsf] ;Ldfª\sg, ;fdu|L
hfgsf/L lbg, ;ª\sngljlw, zf]wljlw / ;}4flGts 9fFrf,
zf]wkqsf] ¿k/]vf,
;fdu|L ;ª\sngsf ljleGg k4ltaf/] kl/ro
kZrefu M ;Gbe{;fdu|L ;"rL
lbg,
;ª\slnt ;fdu|Lsf] ?h', k|zf]wg, ;Dkfbg, @=$ zf]wsf] ;d:ofsyg, p2]Zo / ¿k/]vfsf larsf]
cGtM;DaGw
juL{s/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ 9fFrf l;sfpg,
@=% zf]wk|:tfj n]vg cEof;
k|zf]lwt ;fdu|Lsf] kfl/eflifsLs/0f, cyf{kg,
@=^ zf]w;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng / Joj:yfkg
j0f{g, JofVof, ljZn]if0f, t'ngf, k|ltt'ngf,
k|fSsNkgfsf] ;Tofkg, lgisif{0f, zf]w zf]w;fdu|Lsf] kl/ro
k|ltj]bgsf] d:of}bf n]vg / kl/dfh{g af/] ;fdu|Lsf] ;|f]t M k|fylds / låtLos
;fdu|L ;ª\sng k4ltM k':tsfnoLo, If]qLo,
hfgsf/L lbg,
k|of]uzfnLo / gd'gf 5gf]6 k4lt
;ª\slnt ;fdu|Lsf] ?h', ;ª\slnt ;fdu|Lsf]
cWoog, k|zf]wg, ;Dkfbg, juL{s/0f,
Joj:yfkg, tflnsLs/0f, ;"rLs/0f,cf/]v
/ /]vflrqsf] k|of]u
lgwf{l/t ;}4flGts 9fFrfsf cfwf/df k|zf]lwt
;fdu|Lsf] kfl/eflifsLs/0f, cyf{kg, j0f{g,
JofVof, ljZn]if0f, t'ngf, k|ltt'ngf,
k|fSsNkgfsf] ;Tofkg -v08g, d08g,
;+zf]wg_ lgisif{0f, zf]w k|ltj]bgsf] d:of}bf
n]vg / kl/dfh{g
zf]wkqsf] ;ª\u7gaf/] hfgsf/L lbg, PsfO tLg M zf]wk|ltj]bgsf] :j¿k, 9f‘rf / k|:t'lt
zf]wsf] k|f/lDes efudf /xg] d'vk[i7, #=! zf]wkqsf] ;ª\u7g M k|f/lDes efu, d"n kf7 /
:jLs[lt kq, s[t1tf1fkg, ljifo ;"rL, ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
tflnsf / lrq;"rL, lrXg k|of]u, ;+If]kLs[t k|f/lDes efu M d'vk[i7, :jLs[lt kq,
zAb;"rL cflbsf] 9fFrfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg, s[t1tf1fkg, ljifo;"rL, tflnsf / lrq;"rL,
lrXgk|of]u, ;+If]kLs[t zAb;"rL cflb
zf]wsf] d"nkf7sf ¿kdf /xg] kl/ro, cWofo
d"nkf7 kl/ro, cWofo jf kl/R5]b, zLif{s /
jf kl/R5]b, zLif{s / pkzLif{s, p4/0f, pkzLif{s, p4/0f, kfb l6Kk0fLsf] k|of]u, gS;f,
76
kfbl6Kk0fLsf] k|of]u, gS;f, lrq / tflnsfsf] lrq / tflnsfsf] k|of]u
k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf l;sfpg, ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M cg'qmdl0fsf, ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
;"rL, kl/lzi6
cg'qmdl0fsf, ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL, / kl/lzi6
efudf /xg] ;"rgfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg, #=@ zf]wk|aGwsf] efiffz}nL
78
$=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
$=! zf]wljlwsf nflu
PdPnP XofG8 a's km/ /fO6;{ ckm l/;r{ k]k;{, gofF lbNnL M Plkmln:6]8 O:6 j]:6 k|]; lkle6L Pnl68L
P;=Pg= u0f]zg\, cg';Gwfg k|ljlw M l;4fGt cf}/ k|lqmof, ef/tL k|sfzg, Onfxfjfb
Sof6 ?g t'/laog, P Dofg'Pn km /fO6/ ckm 6d{ k]k;{, y]l;; P08 l8;6{];g, o'lgel;{6L ckm l;sfuf],
kmf]lgS;a'S;
r"8fdl0f aGw', cg';Gwfg tyf k|ltj]bg n]vg, sf7df8f}+ M /Tg k':ts e08f/
df]xg/fh zdf{ / vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n, zf]wljlw, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, ;flxTo l;4fGt Mzf]w tyf ;[hgljlw, sf7df8f}+ M kf7\o ;fdu|L k|sfzg
ljgodf]xg zdf{, zf]wk|ljlw,lbNnL M g]zgn klAnl;ª xfp;
ljlnod lun]; SofDka]n, kmd{ PG8 :6fOn Og y]l;; /fOl6ª\u, dfp:6g sDkgL ¥ofÏ6g
;L=cf/= sf]7f/L, l/;r{ d]yf]8f]nhL M d]y8\; PG8 6]lSgS;,Go" lbNnL M ljnL O:6g{ k|fOj]6 lnld6]8
;L /fhGgf, kmG8fd]G6\;\ ckm l/;r{,x}b/fjfb M P=P= cfP=;L=
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;+sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd= P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
pkGof; l;4fGt, cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] ljsf;k|lqmof / k|d'v g]kfnL pkGof;sf/ tyf ltgsf
s[ltx¿sf] cWoog tyf tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt 1fg / Ifdtf k|fKt ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M
pkGof;sf] ljwfut :j¿k klxrfg / PsfO Ps M pkGof; l;4fGt / cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf]
kl/efiff ug{, ljsf; k|lqmof
pkGof;sf] juL{s/0fsf cfwf/ / k|sf/ut
!=! pkGof;sf] ;}4flGts :j¿k
juL{s/0f ug{,
pkGof;sf] ljwfut :j¿k / kl/efiff
;flxTosf cGo ljwfx¿;Fu pkGof;sf]
pkGof; juL{s/0fsf cfwf/ / d"ne"t k|sf/
ljwfut ;fDo j}ifDo lg¿k0f ug{,
;flxTosf cGo ljwf -syf, gf6s / dxfsfJo_, ;Fu
cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] o'uLg k[i7e"ld
pkGof;sf] ;fDo j}ifDo
/ ljsf; k|lj|mofsf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] ljsf; !=@ cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] ljsf; k|lqmof
k|lj|mofsf] r/0f ljefhg ug{,
cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] k|jt{g k|lj|mof
cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf ljleGg r/0fsf
cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] o'uLg k[i7e"ld tyf
80
k|d'v wf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{, ljsf; k|lj|mofsf] r/0f ljefhg
cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf r/0fut k|d'v wf/f
/ k|j[lQ
pkGof;sf/ ¿kgf/fo0f l;+x l;+xsf PsfO b'O{ M pkGof;sf/ ¿kgf/fo0f l;+x / n}gl;+x jfª\bn ]
cf}kGofl;s k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f / of]ubfgsf] tyf ltgsf lgwf{l/t pkGof;sf] ljZn]if0f
@=! pkGof;sf/ ¿kgf/fo0f l;+x / …e|d/Ú pkGof;
d"Nofª\sg ug{,
l;+xsf cf}kGofl;s k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f /
…e|d/Ú pkGof;sf] ljwftflTTjs ljZn]if0f /
of]ubfgsf] d"Nofª\sg
d"Nofª\sg ug{{,
…e|d/Ú pkGof;sf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f /
pkGof;sf/ n}gl;+x jfª\b]nsf] cf}kGofl;s d"Nofª\sg
ofqf / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f tyf of]ubfgsf] @=@ pkGof;sf/ n}gl;+x jfªb]n / …nª\u8fsf]
d"Nofª\sg ug{, ;fyLÚpkGof;
…nª\u8fsf] ;fyLÚ pkGof;sf] ljwftflŒjs jfª\b]nsf] cf}kGofl;s ofqf / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
tyf of]ubfgsf] d"Nofª\sg
ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg ug{,
…nª\u8fsf] ;fyLÚ pkGof;sf] ljwftflŒjs
lgwf{l/t pkGof;sf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg
;k|;ª\u JofVof ug{, @=# ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6 …e|d/ÚpkGof;sf ljlzi6
kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u JofVof
pkGof;sf/ ljho dNnsf] cf}kGofl;s PsfO tLg M pkGof;sf/ ljho dNn, dbgdl0f bLlIft /
ofqf / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f tyf of]ubfgsf] w|'jrGb| uf}td tyf ltgsf lgwf{l/t pkGof;sf] ljZn]if0f
#=! pkGof;sf/ ljho dNn / …cg'/fwfÚpkGof;
d"Nofª\sg ug{,
dNnsf] cf}kGofl;s ofqf / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
…cg'/fwfÚpkGof;sf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f /
tyf of]ubfgsf] d"Nofª\sg
d"Nofª\sg ug{,
…cg'/fwfÚ pkGof;sf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f /
pkGof;sf/ dbgdl0f bLlIftsf] cf}kGofl;s d"Nofª\sg
ofqf / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f tyf of]ubfgsf] #=@ pkGof;sf/ dbgdl0f bLlIft / …dfwjLÚ pkGof;
d"Nofª\sg ug{, bLlIftsf] cf}kGofl;s ofqf / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
…dfwjLÚ pkGof;sf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f / tyf of]ubfgsf] d"Nofª\sg
…dfwjLÚ pkGof;sf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f /
d"Nofª\sg ug{,
d"Nofª\sg
pkGof;sf/ w|'jrGb uf}tdsf] cf}kGofl;s
#=# pkGof;sf/ w|'jrGb uf}td /
ofqf / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f tyf of]ubfgsf] …clUgbQ±clUgbQÚpkGof;
d"Nofª\sg ug{, uf}tdsf] cf}kGofl;s ofqf / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
…clUgbQ±clUgbQÚpkGof;sf] ljwftflŒjs tyf of]ubfgsf] d"Nofª\sg
ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg ug{ . …clUgbQ±clUgbQÚpkGof;sf] ljwftflŒjs
ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg
#=$ ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6 …dfwjLÚpkGof;sf ljlzi6
kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u JofVof
81
$= kf7\ok':ts
w|'jrGb| uf}td, clUgbQclUgbQ, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
dbgdl0f bLlIft, dfwjL, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
¿kgf/fo0f l;+x, e|d/, bflh{lnª
n}gl;+x afªb]n, nË8fsf] ;fyL, sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/
ljho dNn, cg'/fwf, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
cRo't/d0f clwsf/L -;Dkf=_ pGgog, -dbgdl0f bLlIft ljz]iffª\s_, sf7df8f}+
O= Pd= kmf]:6/, cf:k]S6 ckm lb gf]j]n, nG8g M P8\j8{ cgf]{N8 PG8 sDkgL
OGb|axfb'/ /fO{, g]kfnL pkGof;sf cfwf/x¿,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
O= Pd\= kmf]:6/, pkGof; s] kIf, -cg'= kh'n efu{j_, hok'/ M /fh:yfg lxGbL u|Gy csfbdL
O{Zj/ a/fn, cfVofgsf] pb\ej,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
Clif/fh a/fn, k|ultjfb / g]kfnL pkGof;, lj/f6gu/
————,pkGof;sf] ;f}Gbo{zf:q ,sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
————, ;flxTo / ;dfh,nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfg, g]kfnL pkGof; / pkGof;sf/, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
s[i0fxl/ a/fn / g]q P6d, g]kfnL pkGof;,nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n, g]kfnL pkGof;sf] Oltxf;,sf7df8f}F M g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fg
3gZofd g]kfn, cfVofgsf s'/f, sf7df8f}F MPstf k|sfzg
3gZofd pkfWofo sF8]n, s]xL cGj]if0f s]xL ljZn]if0f,sf7df8f}F
hh{ n'sfr, pkGof;sf l;4fGt -cg'=cfgGbk|sfz_ lbNnL M d}sldng OlG8of lnld6]8
hf]gfyg Yjfjn, b 6]lSgs ckm\ df]8g{ lkmS;g,nG8g M P8j8{ cgf]{N8 sDkgL
b'uf{axfb'/ 3tL{, dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds g]kfnL pkGof;,nlntk'/ M;femf k|sfzg
k;L{, No'as, b qmfˆ6 ckm lkmS;g, nG8g
k|tfkrGb| k|wfg, e|d/ pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg,sf7df8f}+ MPstf k|sfzg
dh{/L a'N6g, b Pgf6f]dL ckm\ k|f]h, lbNnL M sNof0fL klAn;/
d'O/, P8lag, b :6«Sr/ ckm\ b gf]j]n, nG8g
d'/f/Lk|;fb /]UdL, dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds ;dfnf]rgf -pkGof; v08_, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
82
/df lzjfsf]6L, pkGof; l;4fGt /ljho dNnsf] pkGof;sfl/tf sf7df8f}F MPs]8]lds klAns];g
8f= /jLGb|s'df/ h}g, pkGof; l;4fGt cf}/ ;+/rgf, lbNnL M g];gn klAnl;ª xfp;
/fNkm kmS;, pkGof; cf}/ nf]shLjg, -cg'= g/f]Qd gfu/_,lbNnL M lkkN; klAnl;ª xfp;
/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, g]kfnL pkGof; M k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, pQ/jtL{ g]kfnL pkGof;sf] cWoog,sf7df8f}F M kf7Ø ;fdu|L k|sfzg
kf7\of+z zLif{s M k"jL{o bz{g / kf7;Dkfbg
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %&! kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf= M $
;]d]:6/ M rf}yf] kf7306f M ^$
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of]
kf7\of+z kf}/:To bz{g;DaGwL ;}4flGts 1fg / g]kfnL ;flxTodf kf}/:To bz{gsf] k|of]usf ;fy} ;Dkfbg
snfsf] ;}4flGts 1fgsf cfwf/df tT;DaGwL g]kfnL efiffdf /lrPsf kf7;Dkfbgsf] k|fof]lus sfo{df
s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7Øf+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
k"jL{o if8\bz{gsf k|d'v :yfkgfx¿sf] kl/ro lbg]
g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfdf k"jL{o bz{gsf] k|efj klxrfg ug{]
k"jL{o if8\bz{gsf cfwf/df g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfsf s[ltx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{]
;Dkfbg snfsf] ;}4flGts 1fg k|bfg ug]{
;Dkfbg k4lt / k|lqmofsf] kl/ro lbg]
;}4flGts 1fgsf cfwf/df g]kfnLdf lnlvt kf7sf] z'4 / k|efjsf/L ;Dkfbg ug]{ l;k / bIftf
k|bfg ug]{
Gofobz{gsf] k|jt{g /
lj:tf/af/] kl/ro lbg,
#=! Gofobz{gsf] k|jt{g, lj:tf/ / o;sf b'O{ wf/f M k|frLg Gofo /
gJo Gofo
84
$=# j]bfGt bz{gsf] k|jt{g / lj:tf/
dLdf+;f bz{gsf k|d'v
dfGotfsf] 1fg k|fKtug{, $=$ j]bfGt bz{gsf k|d'v ;Dk|bfo M -s_ cå}tjfbL -v_ å}tjfbL -u_
ljlzi6få}tjfbL -3_ å}tfå}tjfbL
$=% j]bfGt bz{gsf k|d'v dfGotf M -s_ hLj tyf a|XdlrGtg -v_
j]bfGt -pQ/dLdf+;f_ bz{gsf] hut\ tyf dfof lrGtg -u_ O{Zj/ lrGtg -3_ df]If -hLjGd'lQm
k|jt{g / lj:tf/af/] kl/ro tyf ljb]x d'lQm_ lrGtg
lbg,
86
PsfO cf7 M kf7;Dkfbgsf] k|lqmof
kf7sf] ;Dkfbg k|lqmofut l;k
ljsf; ug{, *=! s[lt rog, s[ltsf] uxg k7g
;Dkfbgsf tx tyf dfgb08 *=@ ;Dkfbgsf k|sf/, tx tyf dfgb08 lgdf{0f
lgwf{/0f ug{, *=# s[ltsf] k|f/lDes ;Dkfbg, k|f/lDes /]vfª\sg, zAb, jfSo, lrq
cflbsf] ;fdfGo ;+zf]wg, lgb]{zgfTds l6kf]6
*=$ j:t' / kf7ljGof;sf] ;x;DaGw ;Dkfbg
ljifoj:t', ;+/rgf, tflnsf, lrq / z}nLsf] cg's"ntfsf] ;Dkfbg
kf7sf] ljifoj:t', efiff, lrGx,
ts{, b[li6ljGb', 5Gb, no, ljrng, laDa k|tLs cflbsf]
lrq, SofK;gsf larsf]
;x;DaGw s]nfO{ ;Dkfbgdf cf}lrTosf cfwf/df s[ltsf] u'0fj[l4 ;Dkfbg, cg'R5]bsf]
k|fof]lus Ifdtf k|fKt ug{, qmldstf / k"0f{tfsf] ;Dkfbg
*=% zLif{s / pkzLif{ssf] rog, kfbl6Kk0fL, pb\w/0f / ;Gbe{
;fdu|Lsf] ;Dkfbg , kl/lzi6, cg'qmdl0fsf lgdf{0f
kf7sf] cª\u pkfª\uaf/] *=^ d'b|0f z'l4 j0f{ljGof; / n]Vo lrGxx¿sf] dfgs k|of]u /
kl/ro lbg, q'l6lg/fs/0f, d'b|0f z'l4 ;+zf]wgsf lrGxx¿sf] pkof]u,
sDKo'6/af6 k|ToIf d'b|0f z'l4 ;+zf]wg -j8{ / k]hd]s/_ sf]
k|of]u
d'b|0f z'l4;DaGwL l;k xfl;n *=&k|sfZo ;fdu|L -kLcf/;L M k|]; /]8L skL_ sf] tof/L, k[i7fsf/,
ug{, cIf/fsf/, zLif{s, :yfg, kmf]6f], lrq, SofK;g, uftf cflb
;hfj6sf] clGtd 5gf]6, efiffsf] 5'6k'6 q'l6sf] clGtd ;+zf]wg
/ s[lt k|sfzg
k|sfZo ;fdu|L tof/Lsf *=*5kfO cj:yfsf] ;Dkfbg M /ª ljlgof]hg -sn/ ;]k/];g_ kl5
ljleGg r/0faf/] kl/lrt x'g, afFsL /x]sf eflifs q'l6, /ª / SofK;gsf] ;"Id lg/LIf0f /
;+zf]wg
5kfO cj:yfsf] ;Dkfbg ug{ .
$=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
$=! k"jL{o bz{gsf nflu
uf]ljGbz/0f pkfWofo, cfo{bz{g,sf7df8f}+ MljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/,
5fGbf]Uof]klgifb\,uf]/vk'/ M uLtfk|];
gf/fo0f rfln;], k"jL{o bfz{lgs dfGotfdf sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;, bfª M lj=kL= lrGtg s]Gb|
a[xbf/0osf]klgifb\, uf]/vk'/ M uLtfk|];
a]b'/fd e';fn, g]kfndf k|rlnt bfz{lgs lrGtgx¿, sf7df8f}+ Mg]kfn k|1fk|lti7fg
df]bgfy k|l>t, bz{g / b[li6sf]0f, nlntk'/ M dfOn:6f]g k|sfzg
dfwjfrfo{, ;j{bz{g ;ª\u|x, aDaO{ Mv]d/fh >Ls[i0fbf; k|sfzg
/fwfs[i0fg\ ef/tLo bz{g, efu !–@,lbNnL M /fhkfn PG8 ;G;
/fwfs[i0fg\, OlG8og lkmn;kmL, efu !–@, nG8g McS;kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L k|];
/fx'n ;f+s[Tofog, bz{g lbUbz{g,Onfxfjfb Mlstfa dxn
lji0f' k|eft -;Dkf=_, bz{gfjnL,sf7df8f}+ Mg]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg
:jfdL /fdfgGb lu/L, hgs bz{g, -cg'= /fdxl/ ltdlN;gf_, eStk'/ M hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|
87
$=@ kf7;Dkfbgsf nflu
8]le8lqm:6n / 8]/]s 8]eL, OGe]l:6u]l6ª Oª\lUn; :6fOn, nG8gM nª\uDofg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, ;flxTo l;4fGtMzf]w tyf ;[hgljlw, sf7df8f}FM kf7\o;fdu|L k;n
s'df/ k|wfg / dlNnsfh'{g -sfo{sf/L ;Dkfbs_, g]kfnL n]vg z}nL, d};'/M ef/tLo efiff ;+:yfg
la|ofg P;= a|'S; / Hofs h]8= l;h;{, b cf6{ ckm Pl8l6ª, Go"of]s{M Plng ofG8 a]sg
afg]{6 l;Nefg / ljlnod O{= sfOg, c ;6{ ufO8 6' /fOl6ª cafp6 ln6/]r/, Go" lbNnLM 8f]ln{ª lsG8:nL{
OlG8of lnld6]8
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;+sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd= P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
efifflj1fgsf k|d'v k4ltsf] cWoog tyf tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\ofz+sf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt 1fg / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\M
88
efiff+z÷kf7 / kl/l:yltut ;Gbe{ klxNofpg, eflifs ;"Idtf
Snfl;sn l;4fGtsf] kbfjnL ;+/rgf lgod / PsfO tLg M ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf] eflifs ljZn]if0f
¿kfGt/0f lgodsf] lrgf/L;lxt ltgsf] k|of]u k4lt
ug{,
cfwf/ jfSoaf6 cGo jfSodf ¿kfGt/0f ug{, #=! Snfl;sn l;4fGt
dfgs l;4fGtsf] jfSofTds 36saf/] hfgsf/L
kbfjnL ;+/rgf lgod -k|of]u /
k|fKt ug{,
cEof;;d]t_
kbfjnLsf k|sf/x¿sf] lrgf/L;lxt ltgsf] k|of]u
ug{, ¿kfGt/0f lgod / o;sf k|sf/x¿ -k|of]u
cfyL{ 36s / JofVofTds cy{lj1fgaf/] hfgsf/L / cEof;;d]t_
k|fKt ug{, cfwf/ jfSoaf6 cGo jfSodf ¿kfGt/0f -
¿kfGt/0f k|lqmof / :yfgfGt/0fsf] k|of]u ug{,
89
pTkfbs cy{lj1fgaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, k|of]u / cEof;;d]t_
lj:tfl/t dfgs l;4fGtsf] zAbjfbL cjwf/0ff
klxNofpg, #=@ dfgs l;4fGt
æsÆ af/ l;4fGt / g]kfnL kbfjnLsf af/x¿sf]
jfSofTds 36sM sf]l6s/0f / zAb;d"xg
lgwf{/0f ug{,
kbfjnLsf k|sf/x¿ -k|of]u / cEof;;d]t_
cjz]if l;4fGt / ¿kfGt/0fsf] klxrfg;lxt
ltgsf] k|of]u ug{, cfyL{ 36s / JofVofTds cy{lj1fgsf]
kl/ro
¿kfGt/0f k|lqmof -nf]k, cfud, cfb]z /
qmdkl/jt{g_ sf] :yfgfGt/0f -k|of]u /
cEof;;d]t_
clwzf;g / cfa4tf l;4fGtcGtu{t clwzf;g
pTkfbs cy{lj1fg
;DaGw, cfa4tf ;DaGw / cfTdjfrLs/0f k|lqmof
7Dofpg / cjwf/0ff -ly6f_ e"ldsfsf] lgwf{/0fsf #=# lj:tfl/t dfgs l;4fGt
;fy} ;LdfGt cj:yfaf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{, zAbjfbL cjwf/0ff
sf/s Jofs/0fsf jfSoljZn]if0f 9fFrfsf ¿kdf æsÆ af/ l;4fGt / g]kfnL kbfjnLsf
sf/s ;fFrf] -k|m]d_, k|sf/tf / k|lt1lKt / af/x¿
sf/sLo ¿kfGt/0f;DaGwL k|fof]lus 1fg k|fKt cjz]if l;4fGt / ¿kfGt/0f -zLifL{s/0f,
ug{, hf]8, p2]Zo, pTyfkg tyf :yfgfGt/0f_ -
k|of]u / cEof;;d]t_
rD:sL / lkmndf]/ tyf kfl0flg / lkmndf]/sf]
sf/sLo b[li6sf]0fsf] t'ngf ug{ . #=$ clwzf;g / cfa4tf l;4fGt
clwzf;g ;DaGw
cfa4tf -afOlG8ª_ / cfTdjfrLs/0f k|lqmof
cjwf/0ff -ly6f_ e"ldsfsf] kl/ro
;LdfGt cj:yfsf] kl/ro
90
t'ngf
$=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
Pd\=P= s]= xfln8], Sof6]uf]l/h\ ckm lb lyo/L ckm\ u|fd/j8{
rfN;{ h] lkmNdf]/, s]; km/ s];, jf; / xfD;{sf], …o'lge;{N; ckm lnª\lUjl:6S; lyo/LÚ df ;ª\slnt
————,jfSoljGof;sf ;}4flGts kIf -cg'= /dfgfy ;xfo_, hok'/ M/fh:yfg lxGbLu|Gy csfbdL
x]dfË/fh clwsf/L, g]kfnL sf/s Jofs/0f, sf7df8f}F Mg]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg
91
kf7\of+z zLif{s M cfVofgsf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf / pgsf cfVofg s[lt
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %&# kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd= P qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M rf}yf] kf7306f M $*
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;+sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd= P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
cfw'lgs g]kfnL cfVofg -syf / pkGof;_ sf ;Gbe{df cfVofgsf/ -syfsf/ / pkGof;sf/_
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf hLjgL / JolQmTj tyf cfVofgsfl/tfsf] ;3g ;du| cWoog tyf tT;DaGwL
k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt 1fg / Ifdtf k|fKt ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M
92
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf syf / pkGof;sf k|d'v ;|f]t / pTk|]/0ffx¿af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ /
pgn] g]kfnL syf pkGof;If]qdf kf/]sf k|efjsf] lg¿k0f ug{
syfsf/ / pkGof;sf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf ;DalGwt cfw'lgs g]kfnL syf / pkGof;sf
If]qsf ljwfut ofqf / wf/f tyf s]Gb|Lo k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgfsf ;fy} of]ubfgsf] d"NofÍg ug{
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf ;Dk"0f{ syfs[lt / pkGof;s[ltsf] s[ltk/s ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg ug{
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf cfVofgs[ltsf] cf:jfbg / dd{af]wsf ;fy} pgsf cfVofgs[ltsf af/]df
ljz]if1tf k|fKt ug{
93
sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;x¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{, PsfO tLg MljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf cf}kGofl;s s[lt
pkGof; tŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg
#=! sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;x¿sf] juL{s/0f
sf]0faf6 sf]O/fnfsf lgwf{l/t pkGof;x¿sf]
ljZn]if0f ug{, #=@ pkGof; tŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6
sf]O/fnfsf lgwf{l/t pkGof;x¿sf] ;k|;ª\u sf]O/fnfsf lgDglnlvt pkGof;x¿sf] ljZn]if0f
;dLIffTds JofVof ug{,
tLg 3'DtL
sf]O/fnfsf syfut tyf cf}kGofl;s wf/fut PsfO rf/ M ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] ;du|
k|j[lQx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{, cfVofgsfl/tfsf] ljZn]if0ffTds d"Nofª\sg
g]kfnL syfsf] dgf]j}1flgs wf/fsf] k|jt{g /
$=! sf]O/fnfsf ;du| syfofqf tyf pkGof;ofqfsf r/0f
ljsf;df sf]O/fnfsf]] of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{,
pkr/0fx¿
g]kfnL pkGof;sf] dgf]j}1flgs / cl:tTjjfbL
wf/fsf] ljsf;df sf]O/fnfsf]] of]ubfgsf] $=@ sf]O/fnfsf syfut tyf cf}kGofl;s wf/fut
lg¿k0f ug{, k|j[lQx¿
cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfk/Dk/fdf sf]O/fnfsf]
$=# g]kfnL syfsf] dgf]j}1flgs wf/fsf] k|jt{g /
:yfg lgwf{/0f ug{,
ljsf;df sf]O/fnfsf]] of]ubfg
;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL syf
k/Dk/fdf sf]O/fnfsf] k|efjsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ . $=$ g]kfnL pkGof;sf] dgf]j}1flgs tyf cl:tTjjfbL
wf/fsf] ljsf;df sf]O/fnfsf]] of]ubfg
$= kf7\o k':ts
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
OGb|axfb'/ /fO{, g]kfnL pkGof;sf cfwf/x¿,sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
hLjgrGb| sf]O/fnf -;Dkf=_ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfM ;dfnf]rgf / ljrf/df, sf7df8f}F MaL=kL= cg';Gwfg
tyf ;]jfs]Gb|
e"klt 9sfn …sdnÚ, ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;df ljrf/ kIf, kf]v/f Mho g]kfn k||sfzg
95
kf7\of+z zLif{s M cfVofgsf/ ejfgL leIf' / pgsf cfVofg s[lt
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %&$ kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd= P= qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M rf}yf] kf7306f M $*
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;+sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd= P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
cfw'lgs g]kfnL cfVofg -syf / pkGof;_ sf ljwfut kl/k|]Iodf cfVofgsf/ -syfsf/ / pkGof;sf/_
ejfgL leIf'sf hLjgL / JolQmTj tyf cfVofgsfl/tfsf] ;3g ;du| cWoog tyf tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus
sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt 1fg / Ifdtf k|fKt ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M
cfw'lgs g]kfnL cfVofgsf/ -syfsf/ / pkGof;sf/_ ejfgL leIf'sf hLjgL / JolQmTj tyf
cfVofgs[ltTjsf] hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds 1fg k|fKt ug{
ejfgL leIf'sf cfVofgsf k|d'v ;|f]t / pTk|]/0ffx¿af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ / pgn] cfw'lgs g]kfnL
syf / pkGof;sf If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] lg¿k0f ug{
96
syfsf/ / pkGof;sf/ ejfgL leIf'sf ;Da4 ljwfIf]qsf ofqf, wf/f / d'Vo k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0fsf
;fy} cfw'lgs g]kfnL syf / pkGof;sf If]qdf pgsf] of]ubfgsf] d"NofÍg ug{
ejfgL leIf'sf ;du| syfs[lt / pkGof;s[ltsf] s[ltk/s ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg ug{
ejfgL leIf'sf cfVofgs[ltsf] kl/kSj cf:jfbg / dd{af]wsf ;fy} pgsf cfVofgs[ltsf af/]df
ljz]if1tf k|fKt ug{
syftŒj / ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6 ejfgL leIf'sf PsfO b'O{ M syfsf/ leIf'sf syfs[ltx¿
lgwf{/t syf;ª\u|xsf syfx¿sf] s[ltut ljZn]if0f /
@=! syftŒj / ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6
d"NofÍg ug{,
leIf'sf …u'gs]z/LÚ,…d}of ;fx]aÚ,…cfjt{Ú /
…cjfGt/Ú syf;ª\u|xsf syfx¿sf] s[ltut
leIf'sf lgwf{l/t syf ;ª\u|xx¿sf ljlzi6 kª\lStsf]
ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg
;k|;Ë ;dLIffTds JofVof ug{,
@=@ leIf'sf …cfjt{Ú / …cjfGt/Ú syf ;ª\u|xsf
syfx¿sf ljlzi6 kª\lStsf] ;k|;Ë
;dLIffTds JofVof
97
pkGof;tŒjsf ;fy} ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6 PsfO tLg M pkGof;sf/ ejfgL leIf'sf
ejfgL leIf'sf lgwf{l/t pkGof;s[ltx¿sf] s[ltut cf}kGofl;ss[lt
ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ug{,
#=! pkGof;tŒjsf ;fy} ljleGg ;fGble{s
lgwf{l/t pkGof;s[ltx¿sf ljlzi6 kª\lStx¿sf]
sf]0faf6 ejfgL leIf'sf lgDglnlvt
;k|;Ë ;dLIffTds JofVof ug{,
pkGof;s[ltx¿sf] s[ltut ljZn]if0f /
d"NofÍg
cfut
;'eb|f aHo} <
;'GtnL
kfOk g+= @
ejfgL leIf'sf syfofqf / To;sf r/0f / PsfO rf/ M syfsf/ ejfgL leIf'sf ofqf, wf/f,
pkr/0fx¿sf] klxrfgsf ;fy} syfx¿sf] k|sf/ut k|j[lQ / of]ubfg
juL{s/0f ug{,
$=! ejfgL leIf'sf] syfofqf To;sf r/0f /
ejfgL leIf'sf syfsfl/tfsf wf/f / d'Vo k|j[lQx¿sf]
pkr/0fx¿ tyf syfx¿sf] k|sf/ut
ljZn]if0f ug{,
juL{s/0f
cfw'lgs g]kfnL syf k/Dk/fdf ejfgL leIf'sf
:yfg÷of]ubfgsf] lgwf{/0f tyf k|efj / k|]/0ffsf] $=@ ejfgL leIf'sf syfsfl/tfsf wf/f / d'Vo
d"NofÍg ug{, k|j[lQx¿
$= kf7\ok':ts
98
ejfgL leIf' cjfGt/, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
ejfgL leIf', cfut, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
ejfgL leIf', cfjt{, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
ejfgL leIf', u'gs]z/L, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
ejfgL leIf', kfOk g+= @, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
ejfgL leIf', d}of ;fx]a, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
ejfgL leIf', ;'GtnL, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
ejfgL leIf', ;'eb|f aHo}, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':tstyf klqsf
cRo't/d0f clwsf/L -;Dkf=_, pGgog,-ejfgL leIf' ljz]iffª\s_, sf7df8f}+
OGb|axfb'/ /fO{, g]kfnL pkGof;sf cfwf/x¿, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg
Clif/fh a/fn, pkGof;sf] ;f}Gbo{zf:q,sf7df8f}+ M;femf k|sfzg
s[i0frGb| l;+x k|wfg, g]kfnL pkGof; / pkGof;sf/sf7df8f}+ M;femf k|sfzg
bof/fd >]i7, g]kfnL syf / syfsf/,sf7df8f}+ Mg]kfn k|1fk|lti7fg
efpkGyL -;Dkf=_, ejfgL leIf' M s[ltTj / JolQmTj,sf7df8f}+ Mg]kfn k|1fk|lti7fg
/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ, sf7df8f}+ Mkf7\o;fdu|L k|sfzg
99
kf7\of+z zLif{s M cfVofgsf/ kfl/hft / pgsf cfVofg s[lt
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %&%kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd= P= qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M rf}yf] kf7306f M $*
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd= P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of]
kf7\of+z cfw'lgs g]kfnL cfVofg -syf / pkGof;_ sf ljwfut kl/k|]Iodf cfVofgsf/ -syfsf/ /
pkGof;sf/_ kfl/hftsf hLjgL / JolQmTj tyf cfVofgsfl/tfsf] ;3g ;du| cWoog tyf tT;DaGwL
k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt 1fg / Ifdtf k|fKt ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M
cfVofgsf/ kfl/hftsf hLjgL / JolStTjsf ljleGg PsfO Ps McfVofgsf/ kfl/hftsf hLjgL, JolQmTj
kIfsf] cGt/\ljsf;sf] ;dLIff ug{, / s[ltTjsf] cGtM;DaGw tyf cfVofg s[ltsf]
juL{s[t ¿k/]vf
cfVofgsf/ kfl/hftsf hLjgL / cfVofgsfl/tfsf]
cGtM;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds ljj]rgf !=!kfl/hftsf hLjgL / JolStTjsf ljleGg kIfsf]
ug{, cGt/\ljsf;sf] ;dLIff,
kfl/hftsf cfVofgsfl/tfsf] s[ltut ¿k/]vf / !=@cfVofgsf/ kfl/hftsf hLjgL /
100
ljwfut k|sf/x¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{, cfVofgsfl/tfsf] cGtM ;DaGwM hLjgLk/s
kfl/hftsf cfVofgsfl/tfsf o'u;Gbe{, pTk|]/0ff;|f]t / ;dfnf]rgfTds cWoog
k|efj;|f]t 7Dofpg, !=#kfl/hftsf cfVofgs[ltsf/ ljwfut
k|sf/x¿sf] juL{s[t ¿k/]vf
syftŒjsf ;fy} ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6 kfl/hftsf PsfO b'O{ M syfsf/ kfl/hftsf syfs[ltx¿
lgwf{l/t syf;ª\u|xsf syfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg
@=! syftŒj / ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6
ug{,
kfl/hftsf] …cflbd b]zÚsyf;ª\u|xsf
syfx¿sf] s[ltut ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg
kfl/hftsf lgwf{l/t syf;ª\u|xsf syfx¿sf ljlzi6 @=@ syftŒj / ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6
kª\lStsf] ;k|;Ë ;dLIffTds JofVof ug{, kfl/hftsf] …;8s / k|ltefÚ…;fNuLsf]
anfTs[t cfF;'Ú / …awzfnf hfFbf cfpFbfÚsyf
;ª\u|xsf syfx¿sf] s[ltut ljZn]if0f /
d"NofÍg
lz/Lifsf] km"n
dxQfxLg, -v_ d
a};sf] dfG5] -3_ t
kfl/hftsf lgwf{l/t pkGof;sf ljlzi6 kª\lStx¿sf]
tf]/Laf/L af6f / ;kgfx¿
;k|;Ë ;dLIffTds JofVof ug{,
cGtd'{vL
p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] -r_ k
kvf{nleq / aflx/ -h_ k
clgFbf] kxf8;Fu}
kl/eflift cfFvfx¿
af]gL
102
$= kf7\ok':ts
kjg rfdlnª, …ls/0fÚ kfl/hftsf ;+slnt /rgfx¿ efu !–#,l;lSsd M lgdf{0f k|sfzg
kfl/hft, cGtd'{vL
kfl/hft, af]gL
kfl/hft, dxQfxLg,
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
OGb|axfb'/ /fO{, g]kfnL pkGof;sf cfwf/x¿, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
lgg' rfkfufO{+ / vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nf -;Dkf=_ kfl/hft :d[ltu|Gy, sf7df8f}F Mkfl/hft :d[lt s]Gb|
tx M Pd= P= qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M rf}yf] kf7306f M $*
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;+sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd= P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
pkGof;sf/ w'|jrGb| uf}tdsf] hLjgL / JolQmTj tyf pkGof;sfl/tfsf] ;du| ;3g cWoog tyf
tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt 1fg / Ifdtf k|fKt ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M
105
uf}tdsf] pkGof;ofqfsf r/0f pkr/0fx¿sf] PsfO tLg Mw|'jrGb| uf}tdsf];du| pkGof;sfl/tfsf]
lgwf{/0f ug{, d"Nofª\sg
uf}tdsf cf}kGofl;s wf/fut k|j[lQx¿sf]
#=!uf}tdsf] ;du| cf}kGofl;s ofqfsf r/0f pkr/0fx¿
ljZn]if0f ug{,
g]kfnL pkGof;sf ljleGg wf/fsf] ljsf;df #=@uf}tdsf cf}kGofl;s wf/fut k|j[lQx¿
uf}tdsf] of]ubfgsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{,
#=#g]kfnL pkGof;sf] cl:tTjjfbL lj;ª\ultjfbL,
cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/fdf uf}tdsf]
k|of]ujfbL tyf k|of]ujfbf]Q/ wf/fsf] ljsf;df
:yfg lgwf{/0f ug{,
uf}tdsf] of]ubfg
;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL pkGof;
k/Dk/fdf uf}tdsf] k|efj tyf pTk|]/0ffsf] #=$ cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/fdf uf}tdsf] :yfg
d"Nofª\sg ug{ . lgwf{/0f
$= kf7\ok':ts
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
OGb|axfb'/ /fO{, g]kfnL pkGof;sf cfwf/x¿, bflh{lnª Mg]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\
s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfg, g]kfnL pkGof; / pkGof;sf/, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
uf]ljGb/fh e6\6/fO{, cfVofgsf] pQ/ cfw'lgs kof{jnf]sg, sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/
k|tfkrGb| k|wfg, g]kfnL pkGof;M k/Dk/f / k[i7e"ld, bfhL{lnª M bLkf k|sfzg
o'js pk|]tL -;Dkf=_, ;+jfbdf w|'jrGb| uf}td,sf7df8f}F MtGg]/L k|sfzg
/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, g]kfnL pkGof; M k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ,nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
106
————, ;[hgljwfsf kl/lwleq w'|jrGb| uf}td, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
!=kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd= P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . ljBfyL{x¿n] g]kfnL
efiff, ;flxTo jf nf]s;flxTo;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ljifodf cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgsf] n]vg sfo{af6 of]
kf7\of+z k"/f ug]{5g\ .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt ;Lk / Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
zf]wljlw / k|lj|mofsf] k|of]u ug{
g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / nf]s ;flxTo;Fu ;Da4 zf]wsfo{sf] cEof; ug{
pko{'Qm ljwf If]qsf s'g} gofF ljifodf tYosf] vf]hL, k'/fg} ;fdu|Lsf] k'g/\zf]wg jf k'/fg} tYosf]
gofF ;+of]hg, JofVof, ljZn]if0f / ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{
k|fKt ;fdu|Lsf] zf]wk/s ;+of]hg, JofVof, ljZn]if0f / ;fdfGoLs/0f u/L ts{;ª\ut, qmda4,
;Gt'lnt, k|fdfl0fs tyf :ki6 ¿kn] z'4 g]kfnL efiffdf zf]w k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug{
107
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / zf]wkqn]vg sfo{
ljlzi6 p2]Zo zf]wkqn]vg sfo{
PsfO Ps Mzf]wIf]qsf] 5gf]6 tyf k|f/lDes ;j]{If0f /
cWoog
g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo jf nf]s;flxTodWo] s'g} Ps
If]qsf] 5gf]6 ug{, !=! zf]wIf]qsf] 5gf]6
pko{'Qm If]qaf6 s'g} Ps pko'Qm ljifo 5fGg, g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo jf nf]s;flxTodWo] s'g}
Ps If]qsf]5gf]6
5gf]6 ul/Psf] If]qleqaf6 s'g} Ps pko'Qm
ljifosf] rog
;Da4 ljifoaf/] tTsfn k|fKt ;fdu|Lsf] k|f/lDes
ljj/0f tof/ ug{, !=@ k|f/lDes ;j]{If0f / cWoog
ljj/0fcg';f/sf] ;fdu|L a6'n]/ ltgsf] cWoog ;DalGwt If]qsf] ;Da4 kIfsf tTsfn k|fKt
ug{, ;fdu|Lsf] k|f/lDes ljj/0fsf] tof/L
ljj/0fcg';f/ ;ª\slnt ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog
109
PsfO rf/ M;fdu|Lsf] ljZn]if0f, lgisif{0f÷
cWoog—dgg ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf cfwf/df ;fdfGoLs/0f / zf]w k|ltj]bgsf] ¿k/]vf
;'Jojl:yt lsl;dn] a'Fbf l6Kg, ltgsf] ;+of]hg /
$=! ;fdu|Lsf] ljZn]if0f / a'Fbf l6kf]6
dgg ug{,
cWoog tyf dgg ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf cfwf/df
pknAw tYo / ltgsf cGtM;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f
sf8{df ;'Jojl:yt ¿kdf a'Fbf l6kf]6, ltgsf]
ug{, ;+of]hg tyf dgg,
tYosf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg / k|fKt tYosf] juL{s/0f
k|fKt tYo / ltgsf cGtM;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f,
To;sf] kl/isf/ ug{,
zf]wk|ltj]bgsf] lj:t[t ¿k/]vf tof/ kfg{ / $=@ lgisif{0f, ;fdfGoLs/0f / zf]wk|ltj]bgsf] ¿k/]vf
lgwf{/0f
To;sf] kl/dfh{g ug{,
;fdfGo lgisif{ / To;sf] kl/isf/
zf]wk|ltj]bgsf] lj:t[t ¿k/]vf tof/L /
To;sf] kl/dfh{g
-*_ afXo d"NofÍg M zf]wfyL{n] ljefudf zf]wkq k|:t't u/]kl5 afXo d"NofÍgsf nflu;DalGwt zf]wlgb]{zsn]
sDtLdf tLg hgf afXo k/LIfssf] gfdfjnL ljefu;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{5g\ / tLdWo] ljefuLo k|d'vn]
tf]s]adf]lhd Ps hgf afXo k/LIfsaf6 zf]wkqsf] uf]Ko d"NofÍg / df}lvs k/LIff lnOg]5 . o;sf]
cª\sljefhg lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 M
-s_ afXo k/LIfsåf/f zf]wkqsf] d"NofÍg $)
-3_ afXo k/LIfsåf/f df}lvsk/LIffsf cfwf/df d"NofÍg !)
-ª_ ljefuLo k|d'våf/f df}lvs k/LIffsf cfwf/df d"NofÍg !)
-(_ d"NofÍg k"/f ePkl5 zf]wkqsf] Ps k|lt g]kfnL ljifo ;ldlt -g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, lq=lj=sLlt{k'/_ df
klg k7fpg' kg]{5 .
$;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts M kf7\of+z %^( sf lglDt k|:tfljt ;a} ;xfos / ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿,
111
kf7\of+z zLif{s M;[hgfkq n]vg
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %&* kf7\of+z k|s[lt M k|fof]lus
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd= P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . uLt, uhn, sljtf,
syf, lgaGwsf ;fy} gf6s, pkGof;, v08sfJo dxfsfJo h:tf ;flxlTos ljwfdf ljwfut cª\u /
;+/rgfut j}lzi6\ox¿sf] pkof]u;lxt tof/ kfl/Psf] ;[hgfTds n]vgsf dfWodaf6 of] kf7\of+z k"/f x'g]5
.
@=;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7of+zaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt ;Lk / Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M
l;h{gfTds n]vgsf] ljlw / k|lqmofsf] k|of]ufTds hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{
g]kfnL efiffdf ;DalGwt ;flxlTos ljwfsf lgb]{lzt l;h{gfTds n]vgsf] cEof; ug{
;DalGwt ljwfdf l;h{gfTds cleJolQm Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{
lgb]{lzt ljwfut ;flxTo n]vgsf k|ls|ofdf cfwfl/t l;h{gfkq -ljwfut s[lt_ sf] /rgf ug{
113
sljtf tyf uBtkm{ syf, n3'gf6s -Psfª\sL_, lgaGw,
;+:d/0f h:tf cfkm"n] n]v]sf kfFrj6f /rgfx¿sf] k|:t'lt -
tLdWo] sDtLdf b'O{j6f /rgf kqklqsfdf k|sflzt
eO;s]sf] x'g'kg]{_
-v_ kBtkm{ v08sfJo÷ nfdf]sljtf, dxfsfJo, uLltgf6s Pjd\
uBtkm{ gf6s -Psfª\sL_, pkGof;, hLjgL, ;+:d/0f h:tf
demf}nf / a[xt\ cfofdsf /rgf ;[hgf ug{sf nflu ;Da4
ljwfsf] k|sflzt s[lt Go"gtd Pp6f jf v08sfJo÷nfdf]
sljtf tyf dxfsfJosf lglDt km'6s/ sljtf, uLlt gf6ssf
lglDt uLt, gf6ssf lglDt n3' gf6s -Psfª\sL_,
pkGof;sf lglDt syf / hLjgLsf lglDt lgaGwh:tf dfly
-s_ df pNn]v ePadf]lhd k|sflzt / ck|sflzt km'6s/
/rgfx¿sf] k|:t'lt
@=% pko'{Qm ;[hgfkq n]vgsf] k|:tfj / lgwf{l/t ;ª\Vof
cg';f/sf ck|sflzt s[ltx¿ tyf k|sflzt s[ltx¿sf d"n
k|lt -k':ts÷klqsf_ g} l;h{gfkq lng] cg'dltsf nflu
ljefuåf/f tf]lsPsf] k"j{of]Uotfsf] k|df0f;lxt ljefudf
k|:t'lt
l;h{hfTds kq n]vgsf lglDt rog PsfO tLg Ml;h{gfkq n]vgsf lglDt ljifoj:t'sf] Joj:yfkg
ul/Psf] ljwf÷pkljwfsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ / cEof;
#=! ljifoj:t'sf] ;ª\sng / cWoog l;h{hfTds kq n]vgsf
cfkm"n] 5fg]sf] ljifoj:t'sf] uDeL/ cWoog,
lrGtg dgg / ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{, lglDt rog ul/Psf] ljwf÷pkljwf, ljifo If]qcg';f/
/fli6«o–cGt//fli6«o;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, kf}/fl0fs,
;fdfGoLs[t ljifoj:t'sf cfjZos v08, bfz{lgs -kf}/:To kfZrfTo_, dgf]j}1flgs, ef}uf]lns,
kl/R5]b, efu jf ;u{, sf08 Pjd\ plQmk4lt k|fs[lts cflb hLjg hut\;Fu ;Da4 cfkm"n] 5fg]sf]
nufotsf afXo cfGtl/s ;+/rgfsf] ljifoj:t'sf] ;ª\sng, ltgsf] uDeL/ cWoog, lrGtg, dgg
/ ;fdfGoLs/0fsf] cEof;
kl/sNkgfsf ;fy} ltgsf] ;+of]hg /
Joj:yfkg ug{, #=@;fdfGoLs/0f ul/Psf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ nfdf 5f]6f ljleGg v08,
kl/R5]b, efu, cWofo, ;u{, sf08 Pjd\ plQm k4lt
nufotsf afXo cfGtl/s ;+/rgfsf] kl/sNkgf, ;+of]hg /
Joj:yfkgsf] cEof;
PsfO rf/ M ljwfut ;}4flGts, P]ltxfl;s tyf s[ltsf] ;+/rgf
;[hgfTds n]vgsf lglDt 5flgPsf] ljwfsf] ljZn]if0f
;}4flGts hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, $=! l;h{gfTds n]vgsf lglDt 5flgPsf] ;DalGwt ;flxlTos
ljwfsf] ljwfut ;}4flGts cWoog / ljwfut :j¿ksf]
klxrfg
g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;Da4 ljwfsf] ljsf;qmd,
d'Vo df]8x¿, ljwfut cBfjlws l:ylt tyf $=@ ;flxTosf k|d'v wf/fx¿sf ;Gbe{df g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;f]
ljwfsf] ljsf;qmdsf d'Vo df]8x¿ / cBfjlws l:ylt tyf
pknlAw, sdhf]/L / r'gf}tLx¿sf] klxrfg
pknlAw, sdhf]/L / r'gf}tLx¿sf] klxrfg
ug{,
$=# ;[hgfTds n]vgsf nflu rog ul/Psf] ljwfsf ljleGg
114
5flgPsf] ljwfsf ljleGg wf/fsf sDtLdf wf/fsf sDtLdf kfFrhgf k|d'v g]kfnL s[ltsf/ / ltgsf
kfFrhgf s[ltsf/ / ltgsf 5flgPsf 5flgPsf sDtLdf kfFrj6f u|Gyfsf/ jf bzj6f ljlzi6
km'6s/ s[ltx¿sf] k7g, cf:jfbg / cWoog—dgg -o;
sDtLdf kfFrj6f u|Gyfsf/ jf bzj6f s|ddf hLljt k|l;4 ;flxTosf/af6 cfkm\gf] /rgf k|ls|ofaf/]
km'6s/ s[ltx¿sf] k7g, cf:jfbg / cWoog JofVofg / ;Da4 ljwfsf ljlzi6 ;dfnf]rssf dGtJosf]
dgg ug{, hfgsf/L u/fpg klg ;lsg]_
o;/L cWoog dgg ul/Psf ;flxlTos $=$ o;/L 5flgPsf g]kfnL ;flxlTos s[ltx¿sf] ljwfut
s[ltx¿sf] ljwfut ;+/rgfsf] gd'gf ;+/rgfsf] gd'gf ljZn]if0f / ljifout ;dLIff -o;s|ddf
n]vsLo ljwfut ;kmntf / ljkmntfsf vf; vf;
ljZn]if0f / ljifout ;dLIff ug{,
sf/stkm{ cfjZos Wofg lbg]_
PsfO kfFr M ;[hgfTds s[ltsf] k|f/lDes n]vg, kl/dfh{g /
k|:tfljt l;h{g–of]hgfcg';f/ s[lt jf clGtd ¿k tyf k|:t'lt
s[ltx¿sf] k|f/lDes n]vg lgb]{zssf] ;'emfj %=! k|:tfljt ;[hgf of]hgf cg';f/ s[lt jf s[ltx¿sf] k|fylds
cg';f/ ;[lht s[ltx¿sf] kl/dfh{g, clGtd n]vg
;+zf]wg u/L ltgnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg, %=@ lgb]{zssf] /fo;'emfj cg';f/ ;[lht s[ltx¿sf] kl/dfh{g /
;fkmL n]vg
%=# s[ltsf] ;[hgfTds 6ª\sg / 5kfO z'l4
;[hgfkq tof/Lsf] k|ls|of k"/f u/L To;sf]
%=$;[hgfkqsf] df}lvs k/LIffsf lglDt ljefudf ca4 -
6ª\sg, 5kfO z'l4 / df}lvs k/LIffsf lglDt uftfaGbL gul/Psf]_ k|:t'lt
ljefudf ca4 k|:t'lt tyf df}lvs k/LIffsf]
s|ddf k|fKt ;'emfjx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L
clGtd ¿k lbg / uftfaGbL;lxt ;[hgfkq %=% df}lvs k/LIffkl5 cfjZos ePdf clGtd ;+zf]wg,
kl/dfh{g / uftfaGbL u/L ljefudf ;[hgfkqsf] k|:t'lt
ljefudf Kf|:t't ug{ .
b|i6JoM
-!_ l;h{gfTds k|ltef ePsf tyf l;h{gfTds n]vgdf k"j{ cle?lr / pT;'stf ePsf ljBfyL{x¿n] ljefuaf6
lgwf{l/t z'Ns lt/L of] kf7\of+z lng ;Sg]5g\ . ;DalGwt ljwfsf k"j{;[lht s[ltsf ;fy}
cfjZostfg';f/ df}lvs k/LIff;d]t lnO{ ljefun] ;[hgfkqsf nflu :jLs[lt lbg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ ;[hgfTds n]vgsf nflu :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf ljBfyL{sf lglDt ;DalGwt ljefun] Ps lzIfsnfO{
lgb]{zssf ¿kdf tf]Sg]5 / lghsf lgb]{zgdf /xL ;[hgfTds kq n]vsn] o; kf7\of+zdf lgb]{z
ul/Pcg';f/ ;[hgfTds n]vg sfo{ ug{'kg]{ 5 . k|To]s ;[hgfkq n]vssf] ;DalGwt z}lIfs ;qsf]
lgb]{zg u/]afkt lzIfssf] sfo{ef/sf] u0fgf k|ltxKtf ! sIff;/x x'g]5 .
-#_ljBfyL{sf] l;h{gf k|:tfj / k"j{k|sflzt tyf ck|sflzt lgwf{l/t gd'gf s[ltsf ;fy} cfjZos k/]df df}lvs
cGtjf{tf{;d]t lnO{ cle?lr / Ifdtfsf] d"Nofª\g ul/g]5 .
-$_ ;[hgfkq g]kfnL efiffdf z'4 ¿kdf 6lÍt u/L To;sf % k|lt cyjf ljefun] tf]s]cg';f/sf k|lt
ljefuåf/f ;do ;dodf lgw{fl/t z'Ns;lxt d"NofÍgsf lglDt ;DalGwt ljefudf a'´fpg' kg]{5 .
115
ljefun] ca4 -uftfaGbL gul/Psf]_ ;[hgfkqsf] sYo ljifo, plQm9fFrf / ;+/rgfut k|:t'lt Pjd\
efiffz'l4sf] d"NofÍg tyf df}lvs k/LIff u/L u/fO{ :jLs[lt lbPkl5 clGtd kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/;lxt
uftfaGbL ul/Psf] ;[hgfkq ljefudf k|:t't ug{'kg]{5 .
-%_o; kf7\of+z cGtu{t ;[hgf ul/Psf] s[ltdf lgDg cg';f/sf s'/fx¿ /xg' kg]{5 M
-s_ ;DalGwt ljwfsf] kl/efiff / :j¿k tyf k|sf/ Pj+ wf/fsf ;Gbe{df ;f] ;[hgfkqsf] cjl:ylt
-v_g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;f] ljwfsf] ;fdfGo ljsf; / jt{dfg l:yltsf ;Gbe{df cfˆgf] l;h{gfkqsf]
cjl:ylt
-u_ l;h{gfkqdf ul/Psf ljifoj:t'ut / ljwfut :j¿k;DaGwL rogsf k[i7e"ld / sf/0f,
-3_ cfˆgf] l;h{gfTds s[ltsf] wf/fut :j¿k, /rgf k|ls|of;DaGwL cfkm\gf] ljZn]if0ffTds cfTdsYo
-ª_ l;h{gfkq ljwfut ;ª\sng ePdf uB /rgftkm{ Go"gtd !) j6f / kB/rgftkm{ @) j6f x'g'kg]{ /
k|aGwfTds s[lt eP 6fOk ul/Psf] Go"gtd $) k[i7sf] Pp6f k"0f{ s[lt x'g'kg]{
-^_g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu jf ;Da4 ljefuåf/f cg'df]lbt ;[hgfk|ljlwsf] kl/kfng ;[hgfkqdf x'g'kg]{5.
-&_ d"NofÍg k|lj|mof M ;[hgkqsf] d"NofÍg ;DalGwt ljefun] g} ug]{5 . o;sf lglDt lgwf{l/t !)) cÍsf]
ljt/0f cfGtl/stkm{ $) / afXotkm{ ^) cÍsf cfwf/df ul/g]5 .
-*_ cfGtl/s d"NofÍg M cfGtl/s d"NofÍgsf nflu bz hgf;Dd ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x agfO{ ;[hgfkqdf pNn]v
ul/Psf ljifo 5gf]6, zLif{s lgwf{/0f, ljwfut tyf ;+/rgfut ¿k/]vf cflbaf/] sIffut ljdz{, 5nkmn,
cGtlqm{of cflbsf ;fy} ;DalGwt sIfflzIfsaf6 cfjZos k/fdz{ / lbzflgb]{z k|fKt u/L ljBfyL{x¿n]
;[hgfkq k|:tfj, ;[hgfkqsf] ¿k/]vf / ;DalGwt ljwfsf ljleGg wf/fsf sDtLdf kfFrj6f k|d'v g]kfnL
s[ltsf/ / ltgsf 5flgPsf sDtLdf kfFrj6f u|Gyfsf/ jf b;j6f ljlzi6 km'6s/ s[ltx¿sf] k7g
cf:jfbg / cWoog—dgg u/L k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug]{5g\ . ljBfyL{n] ljefudf ;[hgfkqsf] zLif{s btf{
ul/;s]kl5 ;[hgfTds n]vgsf] k|ltj]bg a'emfpGh]n;Ddsf ;[hgfkq n]vssf k|fl1s lqmofsnfk /
;[hgfkq n]vgsf cfwf/df lgb]{zsn] ljBfyL{sf] cfGtl/s d"NofÍg ug]{5g\ . o;sf lglDt lgwf{l/t $)
cÍsf] ljefhg lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 M
-s_ ;[hgfkqsf] k|:tfjn]vg / k|:t'lt !)
-v_ ljifout lj:t[t ¿k/]vf lgdf{0f / ;f]sf] k|:t'lt !)
-u_ 5flgPsf s[ltx¿sf] cWoog tyf lrGtg dggsf] k|ltj]bg tof/L / k|:t'lt !)
-3_ ;[hgfkq n]vg lgb]{zssf] cfGtl/s d"NofÍg !)
-(_afXo d"NofÍg M afXo d"NofÍgsf nflu ljBfyL{n] ljefudf ;[hgfkq k|:t't u/]kl5 ;DalGwt lgb]{zsn]
sDtLdf tLg hgf afXo k/LIfssf] gfdfjnL ljefu;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{5g\ / tLdWo] ljefuLo k|d'vn]
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116
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118