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nf]ssf] syf nf]ssyf xf] . of] zAbnfO{ cª\u|]hLdf folktale elgG5 . o; ljwfnfO{ nf]s;flxTosf] ;a}eGbf
nf]slk|o ljwf dflgG5 . nf]ssyf eGg / ;'Gg afnsb]lv j[4;Dd ;a}n] Psgf; ?rfpg] x'Fbf o;sf] nf]slk|otf
ct'No x'G5 . ;+;f/df ;a} b]z efiff / ;+:s[lt;Fu ;j{q k|r'/ ;ª\Vofdf nf]ssyfx? kfOG5g\ . k|flKt /
nf]slk|otf klg o; ljwfdf cToGt Jofks 5 . dflgdf nf]ssyf eg] / ;'Ggg] pTs07f k|frLg sfnb]lv
clxn];Dd Psgf; /lx/x]sf] 5 .
nf]ssyf ;fj{b]lzs, ;fj{eflifs Pjd\ ;fj{;f{+:s[lts ljwf xf] . ;+;f/sf ;a} efiff, hft, hflt / If]qdf
nf]ssfysf] cl:tTj ;'/lIft kfOG5 . nf]ssfyf eGg] / ;'Gg] k|rng gePsf] 7fpF / hflt lj/n} xf]nfg\ . o:tf]
sfyf Ps b]zaf6 csf]{ b]zdf ;/]/ uP klg cyjf st}af6 gcfO{ cfˆg} b]zsf] pTklQ eP klg b'j} l:yltdf
nf]ssyfsf] rng ;j{q /x]sf] 5 eGg] 1ft x'G5 . o;df kfOg] sf}t"xn, /f]rstf / pkof]lutfsf sf/0f of]
;j{b]zLo ;j{eflifs Pjd\ ;j{;f+:s[lts nf]slk|o ljwf aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
nf]ssyf nf]s;lfxTosf cGo ljwfeGbf k|frLg ljwf xf] . syf eGg] / ;'Gg] k|rng cflbd dflg;sf] cflbd
k|j[lQsf ?kdf b]vfk5{ . dfgjLo cflbd k|j[lQ;Fu ufFl;P/ ;+/lIft / ;+jl4{t eO{ Jofks x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
eGg] / ;'Gg]sf aLrdf :jtGq ;DaGw /xg] kl/l:yltsf sf/0f o;sf] ultzLntfdf s'g} afwf kg{ guO{ ;'Gg]
;'gfpg] k/Dk/fdf lg/Gt/tf /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ nf]sjft{ljb\ jf k|frLg zf:qLo cWotfx?n] j]beGbf
k"j{jtL{ dfg]sf 5g\ .
nf]ssyfsf] ;bfjxf/ dxTj / ;fj{sflng Pjd\ ;fj{sfnLs dxTj / clj/n k|jfx /x]sf] 5 . nf]ssyf eGg /
;'Gg s'g} cf}krfl/s cj;/, kj{ jf rf8 klv{/xg' kb}{g . s'g} vf; cg'Z7fg rflxFb}g . of] h'g;'s} ;dodf klg
eGg / ;'Gg ;lsP tfklg a9L pko'Qm ;do sfdaf6 kmls{P/ vfgkl5 ;'Tg'cufl8sf] a]n'sfsf] ;do pkof]u
x'g] / ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . kl/>d u/]/ nfu]sf] lbge/sf] ysfO d]6fpg], dgf]/~hg lng], s]6fs]6Lx?sf] pT;'stf
d]6fpg] / ltgnfO{ kmsfP/ ;'tfpg] tyf ;a}sf] al;laofFnf] ug]{ b[li6af6 o;sf] 7"nf] pkof]lutf / dxTj /x]sf]
5 -zdf{ / n'O6]n, _ . nf]s;flxTon] k'vf{sf 1fgx?sf] ;+/If0f, dgf]/~hgsf ;fy} lzIff klg lbg] x'Fbf o;n]
nf]shLjgdf cToGt dxTj kfPsf] / nf]s;flxTos} cGo ljwf eGbf nf]slk|o ePsf] b]lvG5 .
nf]ssyfsf] kl/efiff / :j?k
ljljwtf, Jofkstf, k|frLgtf cflbsf sf/0f nf]ssyfsf] kl/efiff lbg' cToGt sl7g sfo{ xf] . to;}n] cem};Dd
klg o;sf] ;j{dfGo kl/efiff ag]sf] 5}g . o; sl7gfOtkm{ ;ª\s]t ub}{ Standard Dictionary of
Folklore, Mythology and Legend df nf]ssfysf] ;'lglZrt kl/efff lbg] k|of; slxNo} klg ul/Pg
elgPsf] 5 . o; lbzfdf nf]ssyfnfO{ kl/eflit ug]{ k|of; g} gePsf] rflxF xf]Og, t/ k"0f{;|Gtf]ifhgs kl/efiff
lbg] k|of;rflxF gePs} b]lvG5 . cf+lzs rflxF xf]Og, t/ k"0f{ ;Gtf]ifhgs kl/efiff lbg] k|of; rflxF gePs}
b]lvG5 . cf+lzs ?kdfo;nfO{ k/eflift ug]{ k|of;:j?k b]lvPsf s]xL kl/efiffx? tn lbOG5 M
b Go' OG;fOSnf]k]l8of la|6flgsf– pTklQ hxfF eP klg ;do / :yfg b'j} b[li6n] ;fj{ef}d df}lvs
cfVofgfTds syfnfo{ nf]ssyf elgG5 .
b SoflDa|h OG;fOSnf]k]l8of– ljljw k|sf/sf k/Dkl/t cfVofgnfO{ a'emfpg] ;fdfGo zAbnfo{ nf]ssyf elgG5
.
b Go' sf]nlDaof OG;fOsnf]k]l8of– ljljw k|sf/sf k/Dkl/t cfVofgnfO{ a'emfpg] ;fdfGo zAbnfO{ nf]ssyf
elgG5 .
OG;fOSnf]k]l8of h'8fOsf– d'vf]Rfl/t zAbåf/f ;Dk|]lift cfVofgfTds syf, ls+jbGtL, 76\of}nL, r'8\lsnf
cflbnfO{ nf]ssyf elgG5 .
Pd\ Pr\ ca|fD;– /rgfsf/ c1ft /x]sf] df}lvs ?kdf ;Dk|]lift uBfTds 5f]6f] cfVofgnfO{ nf]ssyf elgG5 .
dfl6{g u|]– df}lvs ?kdf ;Dk|]lift a]gfd] /rgfsf/sf] ;+lIfKt / ;f/ule{t syfnfO{ nf]ssyf elgG5 .
h]= P= s8g– df}lvs k/dk/faf6 k|fKt clwsf+z syfx? Nf]ssyf x'g\ .
dfs{ 6\j]g— kz'x? jf:tjdf Ps csf{;Fu s'/f u5{g\ . o; ljifodf s'g} k|Zg 5}g, t/ d s] ;f]R5' eg] oxfF w]/}
sd JolQm dfq 5g\ hf] tL s'/fx? a'em\b5g\ .
n'Th /f]xl/r — kl/syf dfG5]sf] / ;+;f/;Fu p;sf] ;DaGw af/]sf] sfJofNds emNsf] xf]=, Tof] emNsf] h:n]
ztfAbLof}F;Dd kl/syf ;'Gg]x?nfO{ an / cfTdljZjf;k"j{s k|]l/t u/] lsgeg] To;df pgLx?n] To; emNsf]sf
d"ne"t ;Tosf] cg'ej u/] .=== k/Lsyfx? Cjfl:tljs x'g\ t/ tL c;To xf]Ogg\ . ltgLx? dfgjLo cl:tTjsf
ljlzi6 ljsf;x? / cj:yfx?nfO{ k|ltljlDat ub{5g\ .
;To]Gb| — nf]ssyfn] nf]sdfg;sf] d"n efjgfsf ?knfO{ :y'n k|tLsn] cleJoQm ub{5 .
e}/j cof{n–ljZjdf s'g} To:tf] hflt 5}g, h;sxfF s]xL cfkm\g} nf]ssyfx? gx'g\ . t/ h'g;'s} hltsf]
nf]ssyf eP klg o;sf] elgg] / ;'lgg] k/Dk/f k|fo p:t} x'G5 . syfsf kfqx? dfgjLo dfq geO{
cflwj}lbs / kz'kIfL cflb ljleGg x'G5g\ . :ofnsf] 56\6"kg, la/fnfsf] rf]/rfnf,;fdGtsf] dg>L, ;f]emfsf]
;+s6, a"9fa"9Lsf] s/s/ / o'jfo'jtLsf cfsif{0f ljsif{0fx?df k|fo ;a} hfltn] dgf]/~hs syfx? xfn]sf]
kfOG5 . dfG5] syf ;'Gg] lt;{gfdf cfkm\g} afgLa]xf]/f ;'G5, gfnLa]nL ;'G5 / cfkm\g} hLjgsf ;'vb'v,
/dfOnfg/dfOnfx? ;'G5 . cfkm\g} ;+;f/sf /Lltlyltx? ;'G5 .
t'n;L lbj; – Nf]ssyfdf dfgjsf] ctLt dfq xf]Og jt{dfg klg k|ltWjlgt / lglxt x'g] ub{5 .
jf;'b]j lqkf7L– nf]ssyfsf :jlKtntf / sNkgfzLntfsf] sfvdf ;'lt/x]sf cflbd hLjgsf ;+s]tx?nfO{
xfdLn] ljZn]if0ffTds x]/fOn] cfTd;ft\ ug'{k/]sf] 5 .
/d]zs'Gtn d]3– k|fu}ltxfl;s ldys syfnfO{ 5f8]/ k/Lsyf, kz'syf,nf]ssyf / Oltj[Qx? lhNnf, ufpFx? /
ufpFsf ahf/df pTkGg x'G5g\ . logdf tL dWosfnLg juL{o l:yltsf cgf}7f emNsfx? kfOG5g\ . h;sf
ljifodf Oltxf; cGwsf/df 5 .
r"8fdl0f aGw' – nf]shLjgdf df}lvs k/Dk/fdf x:tfGtl/t x'Fb} cfPsf syfx? g} nf]ssyf x'g\ . Pp6fn] eGg]
/ c?n] ;'Gg] rng ePsfn] o:tf syfnfO{ eGg] syf klg elgG5 . -@)%* M@*$_
df]xg/fh zdf{ / vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n — df}lvs jf >'ltk/Dk/fåf/f ;Dk|]lift c1ft /rgfsf/sf] ;+lIfKt
;f/ule{t Pjd\ ;flj{s cfVofgfTds uB ;+/rgfnfo{ nf]ssyf elgG5 .

pQm c+u|]hL lxGbL / g]kfnL ljåfg\sf ;a} kl/efiffx?sf] cWoogaf6 nf]ssyfnfO{ o;/L kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 M
>'ltk/Dk/fdf nf]ssyf o:tf] nf]sfg'ejx?sf] cfVofgfTds 1fg Pjd\ snf k/Dk/fsf] ;+/If0f xf] ls hxfF
dfgjLo, kz'kIfL, j:t' cflbsf] hLjgGt rl/q, nf]sefiff, nf]sljDa cflbsf] /f/e"tt k|:t'lt nf]sljZjf; Pjd\
nf]skl/j]zs} s]lGb|otfdf ePsf] x'G5 .
nf]ssyfsf] :j?k
nf]ssyfsf] :j?k eGgfn] nf]ssyfsf ljz]iftf eGg] a'em\g'k5{ . nf]ssyfsf] :j?knfO{ o; ;DalGw uP
u/]sf kl/efiffcg';f/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lxG5 . cl3Nnf] a'Fbfdf ;d]l6Psf kl/efiffcg';f/ nf]ssyfsf] :j?k
o;k|sf/ 5 M
!_ nf]ssyfsf] ;Dk|]i0f eGg] / ;'Gg] k|lqmofaf6 x'G5 . of] ljwf df}lvs jf >'ltk/Dk/fdf x'ls{Fb} clua9\5 .
o:tf] syf eGg] k|foM cg'ejL a'9fkfsf x'G5g\ eg] ;'Gg]rflxF afnaflnsf,o'jf k':tf jf hf];'s} klg x'g;S5g\ .
@_ nf]ssyf k'/fgf] k':tfaf6 gofF k':tfdf x:tfGtl/t x'G5 . of] k'/fgf] k':tfaf6 qmdzM gofF k':tfdf ;b}{
cBfjlws / ultzLn eO/xG5 .
#_ nf]ssyfsf] /rgfsf/ 1ft geO{ c1ft x'G5 . o;sf] /rgfsfn klg c1ft x'G5 . cf/Dedf s'g}
/rgfsf/ / /rgfsfn eP klg nf]ssyf ;fd"lxs ;DklQ aGb} hfg] qmddf cj}olQms x'g k'U5 .
$_ >'ltk/Dk/faf6 cfpg] x'Fbf nf]ssyf clnlvt x'G5 . s]xL nf]ssyf lnlvt;dt x'g ;S5 eGg]
dflgPsf] klg kfOG5 .
%_s]xL nf]ssyfx? Nfdf cfsf/sf eP klg clwsf+ztM 5f]6f cfsf/sf x'G5g\ . of] /ftsf] ;dodf lgb|f
gnfu'Gh]n elgg] x'Fbf k|foM 5f]6f] ;dodf Ps} a;fOsf qmddf ;lsg] vfnsf] x'G5 . z[ª\vnfa4 nf]ssyf x?
klg gx'g] rflxF xf]Og .
^_ nf]ssyf k|fo ;f/ule{t x'G5 . of] s'g} vf; p2]Zo jf k|of]hgsf] k"lt{sf nflu ;+/lrt l;h{gf xf] . o;df
hLjgsf dxTjk"0f{ kIfsf] ;dfj]z u/]/ hLjgsf] u"9 /x:o vf]lnPsf] x'G5 .
&_ nf]ssyf ;j{sfnLg x'G5 . o;nfO{ eGg] / ;'\Gg] k|rng ljZjsf ;a} hft, hflt, eflifs, wfld{s ;f+:s[lts
;d'bfo cflbdf kfOG5 / ;DalGwt hfltsf] :jefj pxL / p:t} x'g] x'Fbf o;sf] pTklQ :yfgljz]ifdf geO{
;j{q ePsf] kfOG5 .
*_ nf]ssyf cfVofgfTds nf]s ;flxlTos snf xf]. o;df 36gf, k|;ª\u, kfq ;+s]t cflbsf dfWodaf6
j0f{gfTds tyf sfnqmlds k|:t'lt /x]sf] x'G5 .
(_ nf]ssyf uBfTds nf]s ;flxlTos snf xf] . o;sf aLraLrdf kBsf] ;dfj]z eP klg o;sf] d"n dfWod
uB efiff g} xf] .
!)_ nf]ssyfsf] cfˆg} ;+/rgf x'G5 . k|foM cflb, dWo / cGTosf] z[ª\vnfdf /}lvs 9fFrfdf ;+/lrt x'G5 .
o;nfO{ sxLFaf6 k|f/De u/L lj:tf/ ub}{ sxLF nu]/ 6'ª\UofOPsf] x'G5 . 3'dfp/f] eGbf klg af]wuDo x'G5 .
!!_ nf]ssyf kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 . Pp6} JolQmn] PseGbf a9L k6s ;'gfpFbf klg s]xL leGgtfcfpF5 eg]
Pp6f JolQmaf6 ;'g]/ csf]{ Jolqmn] ;'gfpFbf s]xL 5'6]/ / s]xL ylkP/ cem a9L leGg x'g k'U 5 . :yfgLo wd{
;+:s[ltfsf sf/0f klg yk36 eO{ o;df ljljwtf b]vfk5{ . efiff, z}nL, j0f{gsf] 9ª\u cflbdf kl/jt{g eP klg
o;sf] ;f/j:t' / ;Gb]zrflxF kljt{g x'Fb}g pxL g} /xG5 .
!@_ nf]ssyf cflbd hLjg ef]ufO{sf ;+s]t x'g\ . logsf dfwodaf6 cflbd dfgj jf k'vf{sf] Oltxf;nfO{
a'em\g ;lsG5 . ===========
Dflysf a'FbfnfO{ ;f/e"t ?kdf ;d]6\6f nf]ssyf clnlvt, df}lvs k/Dk/fdf x'ls{Psf] 5f]6f] ;+/rgf, :yflgs
kl/j]z / kfq k|of]u x'g] :jtGq ;+/rgf ePsf] kl/jt{gzLn k':tfb/ k':tfdf x:tfGtl/t x'Fb} cfPsf]
nf]s;flxlTos ljwf xf] .
Nf]ssyfsf] pTklQ
Nf]ssyf s;/L pTklQ eof] eGg] ;DaGwL ljleGg b[li6sf]0f /x]sf 5g\ . k"j{ / klZrd b'j} 1fg k/Dk/fdf
o;sf] pTklQut lrGtg ePsf] b]lvG5 . tL b[li6sf]0fdWo] dxTjk"0f{ b[li6sf]0fx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
!_ k|;f/jfbL b[li6sf]0f
k|;f/jfbL b[li6sf]0f ;~rf/ lrGtg lgs6 b]lvG5 . s'g} j:t' jf ljifonfO{ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf lkmFhfO{
;j{q k'¥ofpg] k|lqmof g} k|;f/jfb xf] . o; b[li6sf]0fn] nf]ssfysf] pTklQ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf cyjf
Ps ;d"xaf6 csf]{ ;d"xdf cg'ej / 1fg ;g]{ / lkmFhfpg] k|lqmofaf6 ePsf] xf] eGg] /x]sf] 5 . lj:tf/sf] o;
k|lqmofaf6 lkFhfO{ nf]ssfysf] ;j{q k|;f/ ePjsf] xf] eGg] dt k|;f/jfbLsf] /x]sf] 5 . o; dtssf
;dy{sxx?n] ef/t jf d];f]kf]6fldofaf6 ;j{k|yd nf]ssfysf] k|f/De eO{ qmdzM ;+;f/e/ km}lnPsf] xf] eGg]
b[li6sf]0f /fv]sf 5g\ .
@_ k|s[lt–;ª\s]tjfbL b[li6sf]0f
k|s[ltnfO{ k|tLs agfP/ ;fª\s]lts j0f{g ul/g] k|lmqofnfo{ ks[lt;ª\s]tjfbL b[li6sf]0f elgG5 . nf]ssfysf
;Gbe{df k|tLsn] k|s[ltsf vf; vf; ?ksf] ;ª\s]t lbG5 . o; l;4Gtcg;f/ nf]ssfysf] pTkl"Q k|s[ltsf
ljleGg kIfx?nfo{ k|tLssf ?kdf JoQm ug]{ k|lmqofaf6 ePsf] xf] eGg] /x]sf] 5 . nf]ssyfdf lbgsf] pHofnf],
/ftsf] cFWof/f], rGb|dfsf] zLtntf, ;"o{sf] tfk, kxf8fsf] prfO, gbLsf] hnk|jfx, t/fO{sf] pj{/tf jf efj/,
jghª\unsf] h/La'6L clb k|s[ltsf ljljwf :j?ksf] ktLsfTds k|:t'lt ul/Psf] x\'G5 . o; qmddf 36gfx?sf]
sfNklgs tyf dfgjLs[t k|:t'lt ul/G5 . k|s[ltsf] k|tLsLs/0f, ;ª\s]tLs/0f tyf dfgjLs/0fsf] k|lqmofaf6
nf]ssfysf] pTklQ ePsf] xf] eGg] o; l;4fGtsf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .
#_ dgf]ljZn]if0fjfbL b[li6sf]0f
Nf]ssyf dgf]lj1fgsf ?kdf ePsf] xf] eGg] b[li6sf]0f klg kfOG5 . dfgjsf r]tg, cjr]tg / cr]tg dgsf]
ljZn]if0f ug]{ l;4fGt dgf]ljZn]if0fjfb xf] . o; jfbsf k|jt{s k|fo8 x'Fbf o;}nfO{ k|mfo8jfb klg elgG5 . o;
l;4fGtcg';f/ cr]tg dgdf bldt OR5f jf jf;gfsf] lgsf; jf k"lt{sf nflu nf]ssyfx?sf] pTklQ ePsf] xf]
. of}g, ct[lKt, ck|flKt jf cGo OR5fsf] k"lt{ nf]ssyfsf dfWoa6 x'G5 eGg] o; l;4fGtsf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .
k/Lsyfdf k/Lsf ?k;f]Gbo{sf] j0f{g, cK;t/fsf lbJo ?ksf] j0f{g, /fhs'df/sf ;'8f]ntf / ;f}Gbo{df df]lxt x'g]
/fhs'df/L cyjf /fhs'df/Lsf ;f}Gbo{df df]xlt x'g] /fhs'df/ cflbsf] j0f{gn] of}gt'i6 u/L bldt jf;gfnfO{
lgsf; lbG5 jf s'g} ck"0f{ OR5fsf] k"lt{ u5{ eGg] dfGotf Pjd\ b[li6sf]0f o; l;4fGtn] /fv]sf] 5 . To:t} nf]s
;dfhsf o'jfo'jtL / j[4j[4fsf ct[Kt rfxgfx? Csf{nfO{ ;f+s]tLs ?kdf ;'gfpg] qmddf nf]ssyfsf] pTklQ
eof] eGg] lrGtg dgf]ljZn]if0fjfbLx?n] u/]sf 5g\ .
$_ ljsf;jfbL b[li6sf]0f
;+;f/el/sf dfgj hfltsf] ljsf; p:t} p:t} r/0f kf/ ub}{ ePsf] eGg] b[li6sf]0f ljsf;jfbL b[li6sf]0f xf] .
dfgj hfltsf] ljsf; ljleGg 7fpFdf km/s ;+:s[lt / e"uf]ndf eP klg ;dfg ultdf ePsf] xf] eGg]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljsf;jfbn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . nf]ssyfsf ;Gbe{df o; l;4fGtsf k|ltkfbs cy{/ 6]n/
dflgGg\ . pgsf cg';f/ ;f]rfOut ;dfgtfsf sf/0f dfgj ;fdfhsf] ljsf;;Fu} nf]syf klg ;j{q Psgf;
ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . o;sf] pTklQ s'g} Ps 7fpFaf6 geO{ ;a} 7fpFaf6ePsf] xf] eGg] wf/0ff cl3 ;fb}{ s'g}
Ps 7fpFdf ePsf] xf] eGg] l;4fGtnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug'{ o;jfbsf] wd{ xf] . o; jfbn] dfgjsf] dfgl;s zlQmsf]
ljsf; ;+;f/el/ g} Ps}gf; ePsf] dfGb5 –aGw', @)%* M @**_ .=============
%_oyfy{jfbL b[li6sf]0f
Oyfy{jfbLx?sf b[li6df nf]ssyfsf] pTklQ oyfy{ 36gfx?sf] ;~rf/s} qmddf ePsf] xf] . dfgjn] b}lgs
hLjgsf cg'ej, b'v;'v / ;Demgfof]Uo 36gfx?nfO{ csf]{ JolQmnfO{ bf]xf]/ \ofP/ ;'gfpFbf ;'gfpFb} nf]ssyfsf]
pTklQ / ljsf; ePsf] o; b[li6sf]0fsf] dt 5 . of] dt s]xL xb;Dd ljZjfl;nf] dt b]lvG5 oBlk
nf]ssyfdf ;a} oyfy{ x'G5 eGg] 5}g . nf]sljZjf; / kz'kG5Lsf] dfgjLs/0f Pjd\ j:t'x/sf] dfgjLs/0fn]
nf]ssyfnfO{ oyfy{eGbf klg sNkgfk|wfg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
^_ ;dGjojfbL b[li6sf]0f
;dGjojfb ljljw k/s lrGtgsf] kf/:kl/s d]naf6 pTkGg jfb xf] . nf]sfysf ;Gbe{df o;sf] pTklQ s'g}
Ps l;4fGtaf6 geO{ ;a}vfn] 1fg ;|f]t / cg'j Pjd\ lrGtgsf ;|f]tsf d]naf6 ePsf] xf] eGg] b[li6sf]0fnfO{
;dGjojfbL b[li6sf]0f dflgG5 .
dflysf kfFrj6} / c? klg b[li6sf]0fx? k"0f{ ;To geO{ cf+lzs ;Tosf ?kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ eGg] c8fg o;
jfbn] lnPsf] 5 . k|;f/jfbL l;4fGtn] pNn]v u/]adf]lhd nf]ssfysf] pTklQ s'g} Ps 7fpFdf eO
cGoqfkm}lnPsf] xf] eGg] wf/0ff pko'qm 5}g . o;sf] pTklQ s'g} Ps 7fpFdf ePsf] k|df0f km]nf kb}{g .
k|s[lt;ª\s]tjfbL l;4fGt k|s[lt;DaGwL nf]ssfyfx?sf] dfq pTklQm;Fu ;Da4 /x]sf] x'Fbf of] ckof{Kt 5 .
o;n] k|s[ltOt/ syfx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] b]lvFb}g . dgf]ljZn]if0fjfbL l;4fGtn] bldt OR5fsf] k"lt{ eGb} of}gd"ns
syfx?nfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf] h:tf] b]lvFg] x'Fbf of] klg cf+lzs ;Tosf ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . To:t} ljsf;jfbL
l;4fGtn] klg nf]ssfysf] pTklQ;DaGwL lrQa'‰bf] pQ/ lbPsf] 5}g . ;a} 7fpFsf dflg;sf] dl:tissf] ljsf;
Ps gf; eof] eGg] s'/fdf k"0f{ ljZjf; ug{ g;lsg] x'Fbf of] klg ;j{dfGo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . oyfy{jfbL b[li6sf]0f
klg cfkm}df nf]ssyfsf ;Gbe{df ck"0f{ 5 t/ oL ;a} l;4fGtsf ;dGjoaf6 nf]ssyfsf] pTklQ ePsf] xf]
eGg] b[li6sf]0f ;jn b]lvG5 eGg] ;dGjojfbLx?sf] b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] 5 .
o; ;Gbe{af6 x]bf{ s'g} Ps l;4fGtn] nf]ssyfsf] pTklqaf/] ;d'lrt k|sfz gkf/]sf] x'Fbf oL ;a}sf d]naf6
;dGjojfbL l;4fGt :yflkt ug'{ / ;a}sf ;dGjoaf6 nf]ssyfsf] pTklQ ePsf] xf] eGg] dfGg' pko'Qm b]lvG5
.
nf]ssyfsf tTjx?
nf]ssyf nf]s;flxTosf] Ps ljwf ljz]if xf] . o;sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ cfjZos ;fdu|LnfO{ g} tTj elgG5 . tTjnfO{
pks/0f, cjoj, ;+/rs 36s, :j?k cflb gfdaf6 klg lrgfPsf] kfOG . logsf] cfjZos ;+of]hg /
Joj:Yffkg u/]kl5 dfq syfsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . syfsf] lgdf{0fdf cfjZos x'g] / cefjdf syfsf] ;+/rgf lgld{t
gx'g] x'Fbf o:tf tTjnfO{ clgjfo{ tTj dflgG5 . tTjsf b[li6n] cfw'lgs syf / nf]ssyf b'j}sf clgjfo{
cjojx? ;dfg g} b]lvG5 5g\ . nf]ssyfsf clgjfo{ ttjx? syfgs, rl/q, kl/j]z, efiff, z}nL, pb\b]Zo,
b[li6ljGb' cflb b]lvG5g\ . o;df nf]sflek|fosf] k|of]unfO{ dfq cfw'lgs syfeGbf leGg cjojsf ?kdf lnOG5
. To:tf tTjx? lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
!_ syfgs
Nf]ssyfdf 36gfx?sf] of]hgf tyf Joj:yfkg 9fFrfnfO{ syfgs elgG5 . syfgsdf 36gfx?sf] Joj:yfkg jf
ljGof;, pT;'stf / ;+zo hufpg] 9ª\uaf6 ul/Psf] x'G5 . nf]ssyfdf syfgssf] ;jf]{kl/ dxTj /x]sf] x'G5
eg] cfw'lgs syfdf ;jf]{kl/ dxTj rl/qnfO{ / lhjGt kl/j]znfO{ lbOG5 . nf]ssyfsf] syfgsdf 36gfx?
sfnqmlds ;DaGwaf6 k/:k/ ufFl;Psf x'G5g\ . …clg s]Ú === eGg] ;Gbe{af6 syfgs clu a9\b} hfg] x'Fbf
o;df 36gfx?sf] sfnqmlds ljgof;n] ljz]if dxTTj kfPsf] x'G5 . nf]ssyfsf syfgssf] ljioj:t'sf] If]q
Jofks / h] klg x'g;Sg] b]lvG5 . d'VotM kf}/fl0fs, ls+jbGtLd"ns, sfNklgs, :j}/sfNklg, cltk|fs[lts,
;fdflhs, dfgj]t/ cflb h'g ;|f]taf6 klg syfj:t' u|x0f ul/Psf] x'g ;SG5 . h'g ;|f]taf6 syf lnP klg
o;df k|foM cflb, dWo, cGTosf] z[ª\vnf /xG5 . o;sf] ljsf; Joltqmlds j[Qfsf/Lo geO{ k|fo /]vLo 9ª\udf
clu a9\g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
clwsf+z nf]ssyfsf syfgs zfvfk|zfvf gePsf, pksyf / k6syfx? ghf]l8Psf ;/n sygfs ePsf
b]lvG5g\ . s]xL syfgsdf zfvfk|zfvf ePsf z[ª\vlnt syfgs klg x'G5g\ t/ ltgsf] ;+Vof Hofb} Go'g
kfOPsf] 5 . nf]ssyfssf] 6'\ª\ofpgLdf ldng, ;+of]u / ;'vfGtnfO{ dxTj lbPsf] kfOG5 . o;f] eP tfklg s]xL
syfgs lj5f]8, ljof]u / b'MvfGttfdf 6'ª\luPsf klg kfOG5g\ .
nf]ssyfsf] syfgs 5f]6f], 5l/tf], k|efjsf/L / ;'ul7t x'gfsf ;fy} /f]rs / dfld{s klg x'G5 . rl/qeGbf
syfgsnfO{ a9L dxtj lbP/ l;lh{Psf nf]ssyfnfO{ 36gfk|wfg nf]ssyf elgG5 . clwsf+z nf]ssyfx? rl/q
/ 36gfsf] ;+of]hg;fy nf]sdf hLljt /xG5g\ .
@_ rl/q
nf]ssyfdf dfgjLo / dfgj]Q/ rl/q /xG5g\ . kfOg] JolQm, j:t' jf hLjhGt'nfnfO{ rl/q, kfq jf ;xefuL
sf ?kdf a'em\g'k5{ . syfdf k|To]s kfqsf] cfˆg} ljlzi6 :jefj, k|s[lt / u'0f / pb\b]Zo ljBdfg x'G5 .
kfqx?sf] 3lgi7 ;DaGw syfgssf 36gfx?;Fu x'G5 . 36gfx?nfo{ 3l6t u/fpg] dfWod k|fo kfq g} ePsfn]
syfgs / kfqdf gªdf;'sf] ;DaGw /xG5 . 36gfn] kfqsf] kl/ro lbFb} ;ª\3if{/t kfqsf] hLjGt rl/qlrq0f
u5{ eg] kfqn] 36gfnfO{ ;fsf/ ?k lbO{ syfgsnfO{ ultzLn / sf}t"xnk"0f{ t'NofpF5 . s'g} syfgsdf 36gf
zlQmzfnL eO{ To;n] kfqnfO{ lgolttkm{ 8f]¥ofpF5 eg] s'g} syfgsdf kfq zlQmzfnL eO{ To;n] 36gfnfO{
cfkm\gf rl/qcg's"n 8f]¥ofpF5 . 36gfn] kfqnfO{ 8f]¥ofpg] l:yltdfsyfgs 36gfk|wfg x'G5 eg] kfqn]
36gfnfo{ 8f]¥ofpg] l:yltdf rl/qk|wfg x'G5 / nf]ssyfdf oL b'a} lsl;dsf syfgsx? kfOG5g\ .
nf]ssfydf ljleGg kl|sf/sf kfq k|of]u ePsf x'G5g\ . cfw'lgs syfsf ljZn]if0fdf b]lvg] Gf/L jf k'?if, k|d'v,
;xfos jf uf}0f, cg's"n jf k|lts"n, ultzLn jf ultxLg, ju{ut jf JolQmut kfq nf]ssyfdf klg k|of]u
ePsf x'g5g\ . oL ljljw k|sf/sf kfqdwo] h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] kfq eP klg rl/q k|:t't ug]{ 9ª\unfO{
rl/qlrq0f elgG5 . syfgs ljsf;df rl/qnfo{ k|:t't ug]{ jf b]vfpg] sfo{ syfdf d'VotM p;n] ug]{
sfo{Jofkf/, p;sf s'/fsfgL, ;dfVoftfsf] l6Kk0fL cflbsf dfWodaf6 rl/q lr1of s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 egL
klxNofpg ;lsG5 . rl/qlrq0f hLjGt / :jfefljs 9ª\udf ul/Psf] x'G5 . sltko rl/qsf] lrq0f oyfy{;Fu
ldNbf]h'Nbf] x'G5 eg] sltko rl/qsf] lrq0f cnf}lss / cb\e't k|sf/sf] klg x'g5 . nf]ssyfn] cnf}lss /
cb\e"t rl/q lrq0fnfO{ ;xh ?kdf cfTd;ft u/]sf] x'G5 . syfdf kz' kfq 5g\ eg] ltgsf] rl/q lrq0f
dfgjLs/0fsf sf]0faf6 ul/Psf] x'G5 .
nf]ssyfdf cnf}ls kfqsf] t pkl:ylt x'G5 g} cem j:t'x? klg kfq eP/ b]vfk/]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf j:t'sf]
rl/qlrq0f klg hLjGt / ;zQm agfOPsf] x'G5 . syfgseGbf r/qnfO{ k|wfgtf lbP/ l;lh{Psf nf]syfnfo{
lzNksf b[li6n] rl/qk|wfg nf]ssyf elgG5 . o:tf syfx? a9L ?rfOPsf kfOG5g\ .
#_ kl/j]z
Kl/j]z b]z, sfn / jftfj/0f xf] . nf]ssyfdf kfqn] lqmofsnfk ug]{ b]z sfn jftfj/0f, 36gx? 3l6t x'g]
7fpF, ;do / kl/l:yltnfO{ kl/j]z elgG5 . 7fpF / ;dosf ;fy} :yfg jf ;doljz]ifsf] /Lltlylt, rfnrng,
cfr/0f, Jojxf/, /xg;xg, ljzjf;, dfGotf, wd{, k|fs[lts k[i7e"ld, ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, hLjg:t/ / ;f]rfO,
36gfhGo kfqsf dgl:ylt, b}jL Pjd\ k|fs[lts k|sf]k clb klg k/jz]leq} cfpF5g\ . nf]ssyfdf k|foM :yfgLo
/ df}lns kl/j]zsf] ljz]if dxTj /x]sf] x'G5 . kl/j]zn] syfgs / kfqnfO{ rndnfpg] cfwf/:yn k|bfg ub}{
lj:tf/} ltgnfO{ ;lqmo t'NofpF5 .
sygfs / kfqsf t'ngfdf kl/j]znfO{ a9L dxTj lbP/ l;h{gf ul/Psf nf]ssyf lzNksf b[li6n] kl/j]zk|wfg
x'G5g\ . nf]ssyfsf] kl/j]zcGtu{t ;fdfGo / ljlzi6 -P]ltxfl;s_ b'j} k|sf/sf kl/j]zsf] k|of]u ulPsf] kfOG5 .
Psfb]zdf, 3/, v]t, b}nf], cfFug, uf]7, agkfvf, b/af/, s'6L cflb ;fdfGo syf:yn x'g\ eg] afª\u] ;fn,
rf}tf/L, a/lkknsf] km]b, kf]v/L, tfn, gbL, :ju{nf]s, wtL{nf]s, g/snf]s, kftfn cflb ljlzi6 :yfg:j?k
lrq0f ePsf x'g\ . k/fk"j{sfn, laxfg, lbpF;f], ;fFem, /ftL, eftvfg] a]nf, vfhf vfg] a]nf, ;Gh] eGg] a]nf
cflbnfO{ ;dfGo syf;do dflgPsf] x'G5 . To:t} s'g} 36gf 36]sf] ;fn h:t} gAa] ;fn, /ftsf] af/ ah],
dWo/ft, Psflzxfg}, emdSs} ;fFem k/]sf a]nf cflb ljlzi6 syf ;do x'g\ .
nf]ssyfn] 3/leqsf kl/j]znfO{ hLjGt?kdf p7fPsf] x'G5 . k"hfsf]7f, efG;fsf]7f, vf]kL, ;og sIf cflbnfO{
dxTj ;fy k|:t't u/]s]f x'G5 . 8/nfUbf] cfjfh, xltof/, ?k, :jefj, ;f}tf ;f}tfsf] e]6, hf/ hf/sf] e]6
cflbsf 36gfhGo kl/j]z l;h{gfsf dfWodaf6 klg sf}t"xnk"0f{ kl/j]z l;h{gf ul/Psf] x'G5 . cnf}lss kIfnfO{
:yfg lbObf lbOb} klg nf]ssyfn] ef}lts hut\sf] ljljw b[Zo pkl:yt u5{ / nf]ssyfnfO{ ljZj;gLo
t'NofpF5 .
$_ p2]Zo
nf]ssyf eGg' jf ;'Gg'sf] k|of]hgnfO{ g} o;sf] p2]Zo elgG5 . k|of]hgsf b[li6n] h'g;'s} j:t' klg lg/y{s /
;fy{s x'G5 . nf]s;flxTo snfsf] k|of]hg nf]sfg'ejaf6 /fd|fs'/fnfO{ lzIffsf ?kdf lj:tf/ ug'{x'G5 .
nf]ssyfnfO{ ;fy{s t'Nofpg] o;sf] clgjfo{ tTj g} p2]Zo xf] . nf]ssysf pb\b]Zox? dgf]/~hg, afnb]lv
j[4;Dd ;a} pd]/;d"xsf dflg;nfO{ dgf]ljgf]b , gLlt, pkb]z / lzIff lbg] pb\b]Zo /fv]sf] kfOG5 . lzIff
lbP/ klg dgf]/~hg k|bfg ug]{ nf]ssyfx?nfO{ ;a}n] Hofb} ?rfpF5g\ .
kz'kIfLsf nf]ssyfx? lzIff / dgf]/~hg b'j} lbg] vfnsf x'G5g\ . ;fdflhs k|sf/sf s]xL nf]syfn] hLjgsf
:j}/sfNklgssf ;fy} oyfy{ kIfsf] kl/ro klg lbPsf] kfOG5 . of] tTj syfgs, kfq, kl/j]zem}F :y"n ?kdf
gb]lvO{ syfdf cGtlg{lxt eO{ /xg] ;"Id tTj xf] . o;n] syfnfO{ hLjGt t'NofpF5 / syf eGg] ;'Gg] kfq
;d"x cflbsf] lgwf{/0fdf klg an k'/\ofpF5 .
==============
%_ efiff
Nf]ssyf df}lvs efiffsf dfWodaf6 cleJoQm x'G5 . nf]ssyfdf k|o'Qm efiff :yflgs, ;/n, ;xh / af]wuDo
x'G5 . o;df cfw'lgs syfdf h:tf] / nf]ssfJodf h:tf] cy{sf] b'?xtf x'Fb}g . afnsb]lv a[4;Dd ;a}n] ;lhn}
a'‰g ;S5g\ . jfSox? 5f]6f5f]6f, chl6n, lgkft / 6'Ssf;lxtsf t/ cgnª\s[t x'g5g\ . o;df d'VotM
efiffsf] uB ?k / df}lvs kb kbfjlnnfO{ cFuflnPsf] x'G5 .
nf]ssyfsf] >'ltk/Dk/fdf o;sf] kf7}lkR5] efiff kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . pxL syf k6sk6s ;'gfpFbf efiffdf
s]xL kl/jt{g x'G5 eg] ljleGg 7fpFdf ;'gfpFbf klg efiffut kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . ;do / ;yfgsf e]bn] efifdf
kl/jt{g ePem}F nf]ssyfsf kf7df klg kl/jt{gsf] qmd rln/xG5 . nf]ssyfsf efiffdf :yfgLo eflifsf, aYo
?k / nf]s k|rlnt ;f+:s[lts Pjd\ ;fDk|bflos efiffsf] k|antf /xg] x'Fbf ;f]xLcg'?k kl/jlt{t ?kdf k|of]u
eO/xG5 .
^_ z}nL
syf k|:t't ug]{ 9ª\u g} z}nL xf] . nf]ssyfdf ljifoj:t' eGg] JolQmcg';f/ z}nL km/skm/s x'g k'u] klg
o;df d'VotM j0f{gfTds z}nLsf] pkof]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . k|foM ;/n / k|jfxk"0f{ z}nLdf syfsf] syg /f]rs /
s"t"xnj4{s 9ª\un] ul/G5 . nf]ssyfsf] z}nLdf cfw'lgs cfVofgdf h:tf] cy{sf] hl6ntf tyf ljDa, k|tLssf]
k|wfgtf x'Fb}g . o;sf] z}nL ;fbf x'g5 . o;sf] k|f/De / cGTo ug]{ cfˆg} 9k / 9fFrf ;lxbsf] ;/n z}nL x'G5
. o;sf] k|f/De / cGTo ug]{ cfˆg} 9fFrf x'G5 . o;df ;+jfbfTds z}nLn] vf;} dxTj geP klg 36gfx?sf]
cfsl:ds df]8sf sf/0f gf6sLo z}nL klg pkof]u ePs} x'G5 . aLrjLrdf ljZn]if0ffTds / cGtlqmofTds
z}nL klg g;d]l6g] xf]Og . >f]tfdf lg/Gt/ …clg s] x'G5Ú === eGg] s"t"xn / ;+zo hufO/fVg' o;sf z}nLsf]
dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] .

b[li6ljGb', ;+jfb, clek|fo M

nf]ssyfdf b[li6ljGb' k|fo t[tLo k'?if /xG5 . ;+jfb nf]ssyfdf cf+lzs ?kdf x'G5 . nf]sflek|fo nf]ssyfsf
tTjs} ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . oL tTjx? dflysf e"n tTjem}F clgjfo{ ttTj geP/ P]lR5s tTjsf ?kdf
nf]ssyfdf /xG5g\ . nf]sflek|fo k|fo syfdf clgjfo{ h:t} k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 .
nf]ssyfsf ljz]iftfx?
nf]ssyf nf]s;flxTosf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ / ;j{lk|o ljwf ljz]if ePsfn] nf]s;flxTosf ;fdfGo ljz]iftf
nf]ssyfdf klg kfOG5g\ . nf]s;flxtosf cGo ljwfem}F c1ft /rgfsf/, df}lvs k/Dk/f, d"nkf7sf]
cefj, :yfgLotfsf] k|r'/tf, ;fdflhs ;DklQ, cj}olQmstf cflb nf]ssyfsf klg ;femf ljz]iftf x'g\ .
nf]ssyfsf] klxrfg u/fpg] ljwf;fk]If lghL ljz]iftfx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
!_ cfVofgsf] k|wfgtf M cfVofg nf]ssyfsf] ;j{k|d'v tTj xf] / o;sf cefjdf syfsf] :j?k lgdf{0f
x'g ;Sb}g . nf]ssyf cfvofgfTds pkljwf ePsfn] o;df cfvofgsf ;+/rgfTds 36gf, k|;ª\u cflbaf6
o;sf] k"/f 9fFrf g} 36gfx?sf] sfnqmlds k|:t'ltdf cl8Psf] x'G5 . 36gfx?sf] e"tsflns 9fFrfdf j0f{g
ug'{ cfVofgfTstf xf] / of] g} nf]ssyfsf] d'Vo klxrfg klg x'Fb} xf] . ;doqmddf Pskl5 csf]{ eO{ 3l6t
ePsf 36gfx?sf] ;+of]hg g} nf]syfsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf xf] .
@_ ljifout Jofkstf M nf]ssyfdf ljifoj:t'sf] ;Ldf /xFb}g o;df dflg;sf ;'v–b'Mv, xfF;f]–cfF;', k|]d–
3[0ff, cfzf–lg/fzf, w}o{–qmf]w, df]x–O{iof{, cfif{0f–ljsif{0f, zq'tf–ldqtf, cg'/fu–å]if, cf;lQm–cjf;lQm, 3ft–
k|lt3ft cflb ;a} ljifox? ;d]l6P/ cfPsf x'G5g\ . o;sf] ljifoj:t' nf}lss jf cnf}lss h] klgx'g;S5 .
b]jLb]jtf, /fIf;, e"tk|]t, wfdLemfFs|L, 6'gfd'gfh:tf cnf}lss, dflg;, kz'kIfL, sL6 h:tf nf}lss, xfjf,
kfgL, ;"o{ df6f], lxdfn, kxf8 h:tf k|fs[lts cflb h'g;'s} ljifoj:t'nfO{ klg cFufNg ;S5 . nf]shLjgsf
h'g;'s} ljifonfO{ ;d]6\g] x'Fbf o;sf ljifo:t'sf] s'g} ;Ldf /xFb}g . Oltxf;, wd{, gLlt, k'/f0f cflbnfO{ klg
nf]ssyfn] ule{t u/]sf] x'G5 .
#_ ;'vb ;dfkg M nf]ssyf dgf]/~hgs} pb\b]Zon] afFr]sf] x'Fbf k|foM nf]ssyfx? ;'vfTds x'G5g\ .
nf]ssyfdf hLjgsf h:tf;'s} / hlt;'s} b'Mv, kL8f, lj/x, Joyf, cfkt\ljkt\, xf/, nfrf/L,si6s/ ;ª\3if{,
ljgfz, ljiffb, xflg, gf]S;fgL, k/fho, 3[0ff cflbsf] lrq0f ul/P klg o;jf] cGTorflxF k|foM ;'vb kl/0ffddf
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;+of]u, ldng, k|flTkt, ljho, ;kmntf cflb b]vfP/ nf]ssyfdf 6'ª\UofOG5 . k|fo nf]ssyfsf]
of] ;femf ljz]iftf /xFbf /xFb} klg s]xL nf]ssyfrflxF b'vfGt klg x'G5g\ .
$_ clek|fosf] k|of]u M nf]ssyfdf ljleGg clek|fox?sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . clek|fo nf]vsyf / cGo
nf]s;flxlTos ljwfsf] klg vf; ljz]iftf xf] . clek|ofn] tGt'sf ?kdf sfo{ u/L nf]ssyfsf] l;ª\uf] ;+/rgf
lgdf{0f u/]sf] x'G5 . clek|on] syfleq /f]rstfsf] clej[l4 ug]{ / ljZjf;sf ;fy syf ;'Gg / eGg clek|]l/t
ug]{ sfo{ u5{ . nf]sljZjf;, /Lltlylt, tTsfnLg kl/l:ylt, d"Nodfgotf, wd{, ljZjf;, j|t, k"hfcfhf, efsn
cflbnfO{ hgfpg] sfo{ oxL clek|fon] u5{ . ;femf ljz]iftf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg nf]s;flxjTosf cGo ljwfdf eGbf
nf]ssyfdf clekfosf] ljz]if dxTj /xG5 . clek|foljgf nf]ssyf aGb}g eGg] dGotf klg sltko
nf]sjftf{ljw / nf]s;flxtoljb\x?sf] /x]s]f 5 .
%_ s"t"xn k|wfgtf M nf]ssyfdf s"t"xnsf] k|antf /xG5 . nf]sfyf jfrgsf qmdddf >f]tfsf dgdf
v'Nb'nL jf s't"xn k}bf ul//xg] x'Fbf syf ;Fu;Fu} p;sf] pT;'stf klg a9\b} hfG5 . p;sf dgdf …clg s]
eof]Ú …clg s] eof]Ú === eGg] lh1f;f jf s't"xn k}bf eO/xG5 . oxL pT;'stfsf sf/0f p;df syfk|lts] rfv
slxNo} db}{g / Psfu| eP/ ;'Gg tTk/ eO/xG5 . o;n] syf jfrsnfO{ yk pT;fx;fy jfrgsf nflu
clek|]l/t ul//xG5 . pT;'stfsf] efj g/x]s] nf]ssyf nf]slk|o / hLjGt x'Fb}g .
^_ sNkgfsf] cflwSo M nf]s;flxTo sNkgfs} ;flxTo xf] oBlk cGo ljwfegbf nf]ssfydf sNkgff]
cflwSo /xG5 . h'g;'s} nf]ssyfdf sNkgfsf] k|r'/tf kfOP klg cnf}lss, cb\e't, /x:o, /f]dfGr cflb ePsf
syf ;dfhdf ?rfOPsf kfOPsf 5g\. b]jLb]jtf, /fIf;, e"tk|]t, lkrf;, k/L, cK;/f, jL/tf, ;fx;,
hfb'6'gfd'gf;dagwL nf]ssyfdf cg]s sNkgfsf] k|of]u clek|fo / sNkgfs} ?kdf klg ePsf] kfOG5 .
cltdfgjLo jf cltk|fs[lts cyjf ck|fs[lts ju{sf ;a} syfdf of] ljz] iftf cTolws dfqfdf /xg] u/]sf]
b]lvG5
&_ dgf]/~hgfTdstf M clwsf+z nf]ssyfdf dgf]/~hgsf] k|wfgtf /xG5 . s]xL nf]ssyfx? ctL{, pkb]z
lbg] vfnsf lzIf jf gLltk|wfg klg x'G5g\ . t/ ltgsf dfWodaf6 klg dgf]/~hgs} p2]Zo k"/f
ul/Vg5 . ;Tosf] j0f{g ug]{ 9fFrfdf k|:t't k'/fsyfx?skf] p2]Zo klg ;Tosf] pb\3fa6fg b}{ dgf]/~hg ug'{ g}
/x]sf] kfOG5 . nf]ssyfdf ;t\c;t\ tyf cgo ljljw kfqsf] l;h{gf klg pkb]zsf ;fy} a9L dgf]/~hgs}
x]t'n] ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
*_ ljz]if cflb–cGTo M nf]ssyfsf] k|f/De …Psfb]zdfÚ === jf …k/fk"j{sfndf Ú ==== jf …plxNo}Ú === …w]/} klxn]Ú ===
plxn] g}, afsf klg afsf kfnfdf==cflb zAbfjnLaf6 ul/jG5 eg] cGTorflxF …;'Gg]nfO{ ;'gsf] ddfnf,
eGg]nfO{ km"ns]f dfnf, of] syf a}s'07 hfnf, eGg] a]nf t'?Gt cfpnÚ jf o:t} s'g} ;'vaf]ws jfSoaf6 ul/G5 .
o; k|sf/sf] ;dfg zAbfjnLut p7fg / a}7ffg nf]ssyfsf] ljz]if klxrfg xf] .
(_ eflifs ;/ntf M nf]ssfysf] efiff cToGt, ;/n, ;xh / af]wuDo x'g5 . ;/ntfs} sf/0f nf]ssyf
a'‰g afnsb]lv j[4;Dd ;a} >f]tfnfO{ lk|o x'G5 . cnª\s/0f / hl6ntfsf] cefj tyf :yfgLo efiff /
eflifsfsf] cTolws k|efj o;df kfOG5 . o;df hl6n jfSoegbf ;/n ;+/rgfsf 5f]6f5l/tf jfSox? K|o'qm
x'G5g\ . ;doqmdf efiffsf] kl/jt{g;FU} nf]ssyfsfsf] kf7df klg kl/jt{g eO/xg] x'Fbf o;sf] efiffcBfjlws /
ultzLn x'G5 . o;sf ljk/Lt kB efiffdf k|frLgtf /x/xg] x'Fbf Tof] b"af]{Wo klg x'g;S5 , t/ eflifs
kl/jt{gzLntfsf sf/0f nf]ssyf b'af]{W klg x'g;S5, t/ eflifs kl/jt{gzLntfsf sf/0f nf]ssyf b'af]{Wo
x'Fb}g . o;sf] efiffdf kfOg] k|jfxk"0f{tf, k|efjsfl/tfh:tf u'0fn] o;nfo{ Hofb} nf]slk|o ljwf t'NofPsf] 5 .
!)_ uBsf] k|wfgtf M nf]ssyfx? d'VotM uBdf /lrPsf x'G5g\ . sltko nf]ssyfsf aLraLrdf s]xL
kBf+zx? k|of]u ul/P klg o;s] vf; ljz]iftafrflxF uBfTds x'G5 . sltko nf]syfx?nfo{ kBdf n]lvPsf
syf dflgP klg syf / ufyfsf] ljwfut ;+/rgf leGg5 x'G5 . kBfTdstfsf sf/0f ufyfsf] ;+/rgf ;"Id x'G5
eg] uBfTdstfs s/0f syfsf] ;+/rgf :y"n x'G5 . aLraLrdf kBsf] k|of]u ePsf s]xL g]kfnL nf]syfx? ;ft
efO / Ps alxgL, xf}l;of u'G6\of, sfG5LrflxF efph"n] gª}l;tf lkng\ cflb x'g\ .
!!_ j0f{gfTds z}nL M Ps hgfn] eGg] / csf]{n] ;'Gg] x'Fbf nf]ssyfsf] z}nL d'VotM j0f{gftds x'G5 .
/f]rs tyf :jefljs j0f{gnfO{ nf]ssyfsf] k|f0f dflgG5 . s]xL nf]ssyfsf aLraLrdf ;+jfbfTss z}nL klg
k|of]u} gx'g] eg] xf]Og . o:tf ;+jfbn] nf]ssyfdf gf6sLotfsf] kj4{g ub{5g\ . nf]ssynfO{ /l;nf] t'Nofpg
kB jf uLtsf] k|of]u klg x'g ;S5 . oL ;a x'Fbfx'Fb} klg j0f{gsf]
/f]rstf, :jfefljstf, ;xhtf, ;/ntf, ;f]emf]kg g} o;sf] ljlzi6 z}nLo ljz]iftf xf] .
aLraLrdf ;+jfbsf] k|of]u ul/Psf s]xL g]kfnL nf]sfyx?df ;'gs];/L d}ofF, 6'x'/f] efO, jifL{o 5f]/f], /lthª\u
/fhf, cflb x'g\ .
nf]ssyf / cfw'lgs syfdf leGgtf
nf]ssyf / cfw'lgs syf b'j} cfVofgfTds pkljwf cGtu{t kg]{ syf ljfwf ePsfn] logdf s]xL ;dfgtf
kfOg' :jfefljs xf] . oL b'j}df d'VotM tTjut / Ps a;fOdf k9L jf ;'lg;lsg] cfsf/ut ;dfgtf kfOG5 .
nf]ssyf / cfw'lgs syf b'j}sf] lgdf{0f syfgs, rl/q, kl/j]z, p2]Zo, efiffz}nL, b[li6ljGb' cflb ;dfg
tTjx?af6 ePsf] x'G5 . s]xL nf]ssyf / s]xL cfw'lgs syf z[ª\vnfa4tf jf cGo sf/0fn] nfdf b]lvP klg
of] ljwf d"ntM n3' cfsf/s} ?kdf l:y/ ag]sf] x'G5 . oL b'j}df ;+jfb uf}0f /xG5 .
nf]ssyf / cfw'lgs syfdf tTjut / cfsf/ut ;dfgtfafx]s c? ;a} s'/fdf leGgtf kfOG5 . logdf kfOg]
k|d'v leGtfx? lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
nf]ssyf cfw'lgs syf
!=nf]ssyf >Jo ljwf ePsfn] eGg] / ;'Gg] ul/G5 . != cfw'lgs syf kf7\o ljwf ePsfn] kl9G5 .
@= o;sf] /rgfsf/ c1ft x'G5 . @= o;sf] /rgfsf/ 1ft x'G5 .
#= of] ;fdflhs ;DklQ xf] . #= of] j}olQms ;DklQ xf] .
$= df}lvs k/Dk/fdf afFFRg] ePsfn] nuftf/ yk36 $= lnlvt ?kdf /xg] ePsfn] kf7 kl/jt{g x'Fb}g .
eO{ kf7 kl/jlt{t eO/xG5 .
%= o;df cfbz{jfbsL cGtj{:t'sf] k|wfgtf /xG5 . %= o;df ofy{jfbsf] k|wfgtf /xG5 .
^= o;df cflbd hLjg / efjgfsf] cleJolQm x'G5 ^= o;df cfw'lgs hLjg / efjgfsf] cleJolQm x'G5 .
&= o;odf sNkgfsf] k|wfgtf x'G5 . &= o;df jf:tljstfs} k|wfgtf k|ltljlDat x'G5 .
*= o;sf] lgdf{0fdf syfl;4fGt / lzNkkIfsf] cefj *= o;sf] lgdf{0fdf syfl;4fGt / lzNkkIfsf] ck]Iff
x'G5 . /xG5 .
(= ;'Gg]nfO{ ;'gsf] dfnfdf 6'ª\UofOg] of] k|foM ;'vfGt (= of] ;'vfGt / b'MvfGt b'j} x'G5 . ;'vb'vfGt klg
x'G5 . x'g ;S5 .
!)= o;df cflb, dWo / cGTosf] /]vLo qmd ljGo:t !)= o;df qmlds jf Joltqmlds syfgs x'G5 .
syfgs x'G5 .
!!= o;df cnf}lss kfqsf] klg ;dfj]z x'G5 . !!= o;df cnf}lss kfqsf] ;dfj]z eP klg uf}0f
dxTj x'G5 .
!@= of] dgf]/~hgk|wfg÷gLltk|wfg x'G5 . !@= of] d"ntm oyfy{k|wfg÷ ax'd'vL ;d:of af]wk|wfg
 x'G5 .
!#= o;df ;/n, ;xh efiffz}nLsf] k|of]u x'G5 . !#= o;df ljlzi6 / cnª\s[t efiffz}nLsf] k|of]u
x'G5 .
!$= of] j0f{gfTds x'G5 . !$= of] j0f{gfTds, ljZn]if0ffTds,
cGtlqmofTds ;DjfbfTds h'g;'s} z}nLsf] x'G5 .
!%= o;sf] cf/De …Psfb]zdfÚ jf …k/fk"j{sfndfÚ !%= o;sf] cf/De / cGTo h'g;'s} jfSo, jfSof+zåf/f
plxn] g} h:tf ;dfg jfSof+zaf6 x'G5 . ljljwtfk"0f{ 9ª\uaf6 x'G5 .
!^= o;df t[tLo k'?if b[li6ljGb'sf] k|wfgtf x'G5 . !^= o;df k|yd / t[tLo k'?if b[li6ljGb'sf] k|wfgtf
x'G5 .
!&= o;sf] aLraLrdf uLt klg cfpg ;S5 . !&= o;sf] aLrdf uLt ;dfj]z ul/b}g .
k|of]usf ?kdf uLt / sljtfsf] k|of]u x'g klg ;S5
t/ Tolt k|efjsf/L dflgFb}g .

-kl/dfh{g afFsL_