EMM213

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

TORSION
DR. NORWAHIDA YUSOFF
menorwahida@usm.my
Chapter Objectives

1. To discuss the torsional deformation of a circular shaft – shear strain

2. To determine shear stress distribution within the member under torsional load
3. To determine the angle of twist when material behaves in a linear-elastic
4. To understand gears in torsion assemblies
5. To determine the maximum power that can be transmitted by a shaft
Torsional Deformation of a Circular
Shaft (Objective 1)
■ Torque is a moment that twists a member about its longitudinal axis.
■ In the design of machinery (and some structures), the problem of
transmitting a torque from one plane to a parallel plane is frequently
encountered
■ The simplest device for accomplishing this function is called a shaft –
connecting gears and pulleys are a common application involving torsion
members
Objective 1 (Cont)
■ If the angle of rotation is small, the length of the shaft and its radius remain
unchanged.
– Twisting causes circles to remain circles (cross-section)
– Cross-sections of the end of the shaft remain flat (do not warp or bulge in or out)
Objective 1 (cont)
■ Angle of twist, varies linearly along the length of the shaft ( 0
at x=0, and is max at x=L)
Objective 1 (cont)
■ By definition, shear strain at A is

■ Since,

Note that the shear strain

increases linearly with ρ, and
is max at the outer surface
The Torsion Formula (Objective 2)
■ When material is linear-elastic, Hooke’s Law applies;
■ Therefore, shear stress, , follows same profile as shear strain, .

Shear stress distribution as a

function radial distribution of
the radial position ρ
Objective 2 (cont)
■ The torque produced by stress distribution over the entire cross section must be
equal to the resultant internal torque:
This is represented by J = the
polar moment of inertia of
the shaft’s cross-sectional
area

So,

Tc Tp
 max  or  
J J
Polar moment of inertia, J
■ If the shaft has a solid circular cross section,


J c4
2

■ If a shaft has a tubular cross section,


J
2
c 4
o  ci4 
Review
■ Angle of twist, 𝜙, varies from zero at the fixed support to max at the end length of a
circular shaft.
■ Shear strain, 𝛾, and shear stress, 𝜏, varies from zero at the axis of the shaft to max
at the outer boundary.

Tc Tp
 max  or  
J J

 
J c 4
J
2
c4
o  ci4 
2
Example 1
The shaft is supported by two bearings and is subjected to three torques. Determine the
shear stress developed at points A and B, located at section a–a of the shaft.
Solution:
Angle of Twist (Objective 3)
Recall,
𝜌𝑑𝜙 = 𝛾𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜙 = 𝛾
𝜌
Since 𝛾 = 𝜏/𝐺 and 𝜏 = ,
𝑇(𝑥)
𝑑𝜙 = 𝑑𝑥
𝐽 𝑥 𝐺

Φ = angle of twist
T(x) = internal torque
J(x) = shaft’s polar moment of inertia
G = shear modulus of elasticity for the
material
Objective 3 (cont)
■ Assume material is homogeneous, so G is constant.
■ Also, cross-sectional area and applied torque are constant (J and T are constant)
■ Therefore,
TL

JG
■ If not constant, then,
Objective 3 (cont) Example:

• Sign convention for both torque, angle of twist, and angle of rotation
is determined by right hand rule;
• Positive (+ve) if thumb directs outward from the shaft when
fingers curl to give the tendency for rotation.
• Angle of twist – pertaining to the torsional deformation in shafts of
shaft segment
• Angle of rotation – referring to the angular displacement at specific
point in a torsion system such as pulleys, gears, couplings and
flanges.
Example 2
A hollow circular steel shaft with an outside diameter of 40 mm
and a wall thickness of 3.5 mm is subjected to a pure torque of
210 N.m. The shaft is 2.4 m long. The shear modulus of the steel
is G = 80 GPa. Determine:

(a) The maximum shear stress in the shaft

(b) The magnitude of the angle of twist in the shaft 210 N.m

Polar moment of inertia:

2.4m
= 134 900 mm2

(a) The maximum shear stress: b) Angle of twist:

= 31.1 MPa = 0.0467 rad

Example 3

MecMovie
https://drbuc2jl8158i.cloudfront.net/shared/Engeneering/mecmovies/ch06/m06_06_s000.html
Gears (Objective 4)
■ Gears are used to
– Transmit torque from one shaft to another
– Reduce or increase torque
– Reduce or increase rate of rotation
– Change rotation direction
– Change rotation motion

Basic gear assembly

Gears
■ Gears must satisfy equilibrium

Gear ratio
Gears
■ Circumference of gears A and B:

Radius:

Pitch and N:

■ Tooth pitch must be the same for both gears:

■ Rotation angle and speed

Example 4
Example 4 (cont.)
Power Transmission (Objective 5)
■ Shafts often used to transmit power developed by a machine
■ Power is defined as the work performed per unit of time.
■ For a rotating shaft with a torque T, the power is:

, where shaft angular velocity,

■ Since 1 cycle = 2π rad, and f is the frequency of a shaft’s rotation  𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓;

Torque (N.m)
Power (watts)
1 watts = 1 N.m/s
Angular velocity (rad/s or Hz)
■ For shaft design, the design or geometric parameter is; J T

c  allow
Example 5
Example 6
QUIZ 2
Problem
https://drbuc2jl8158i.cloudfront.net/shared/E
ngeneering/mecmovies/ch06/m06_07_s000.
html

Answer format

&matrix&T1&T2& 1& 2&

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