BTC 215 – Digital Electronics

LESSON 1

AND, OR & INVERTER LOGIC GATES

Introduction

The three primary logic relationships, AND, OR, and NOT (or inversion)

can be used to express any logical relationship between any number of variables.

These simple logic functions

form the basis for all digital

electronic devices—from a

simple microwave oven

controller to a desktop PC.

Pause a moment and think

about this: any digital system,

up to and including a highly

complex computer system, can be built entirely of devices that do no more than

implement these three simple functions. The figure illustrates logic function

notations.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Explain the concepts of AND, OR and NOT logic functions.

2. Identify IC pin configuration of AND, OR and NOT logic functions.
3. Discuss the concept of truth table.
4. Design circuit using AND, OR and NOT logic functions.

1|Page
 BTC 215 – Digital Electronics

ACTIVITY

KWL Chart

Instructions: Based from your experiences and understanding, write brief

statements describing the principles and applications of AND, OR and NOT logic
gates in the first column of the KWL chart. Fill out also the W part of the KWL
chart.

What I Know What I Want to Know What I Learn

ANALYSIS

1. Identify and describe specific uses of AND, OR and NOT logic functions.

2. Why AND, OR and NOT logic functions are important in digital world?

2|Page
 BTC 215 – Digital Electronics

ABSTRACTION

A logic gate is an elementary building block of a digital circuit. Most logic

gates have two inputs and one output. At any given moment, every terminal is in

one of the two binary conditions low (0) or high (1), represented by different

voltage levels. The logic state of a terminal can, and generally does, change often,

as the circuit processes data. In most logic gates, the low state is approximately

zero volts (0 V), while the high state is approximately five volts positive (+5 V). We

are going to discuss the first three common logic functions used in digital system

which are the AND, NOR and NOT gates.

AND GATE

The AND gate is so named because, if 0 is called "false" and 1 is called "true," the
gate acts in the same way as the logical "and" operator. The following illustration and table
show the circuit symbol, Boolean expression and truth table (logic combinations table) for
an AND gate. (In the symbol, the input terminals are at left and the output terminal is at
right.) The output is "true" when both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output is "false."

AND gate symbol

Input A Input B Output
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Boolean Expression

A+B

3|Page
 BTC 215 – Digital Electronics

AND Gate Circuit Design using Circuit Wizard program application following

its truth table.

A B Output
0 0 0

A B Output
0 1 0

A B Output
1 0 0

4|Page
 BTC 215 – Digital Electronics

A B Output
1 1 1

OR GATE

The OR gate gets its name from the fact that it behaves after the fashion of the
logical inclusive "or." The output is "true" if either or both of the inputs are "true." If both
inputs are "false," then the output is "false."

OR gate symbol
Input A Input B Output
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

Boolean Expression

AxB

5|Page
 BTC 215 – Digital Electronics

OR Gate Circuit Design using Circuit Wizard program application following its

truth table.

A B Output
0 0 0

A B Output
0 1 1

A B Output
1 0 1

6|Page
 BTC 215 – Digital Electronics

A B Output
1 1 1

NOT GATE

A logical inverter, sometimes called a NOT gate to differentiate it from other types
of electronic inverter devices, has only one input. It reverses the logic state. The bubble in
the output indicates that the output is active LOW. The input is looking for a high signal to
produce a 0 or active LOW and vice versa.

NOT gate symbol

Input A Output
0 1
1 0

Boolean Expression

A = !A

7|Page
 BTC 215 – Digital Electronics

OR Gate Circuit Design using Circuit Wizard program application following its

truth table.

Input A Output
0 1

Input A Output
1
1 0

The resistor R1 prevents your LED to be damaged since our supply voltage

(9VDC) is higher than the required LED voltage which is only 1.5VDC. The resistor

R2 functions as a pull-down resistor that connects unused input pins to ground,

(0V) to keep the given input LOW.

Note: The AND & OR circuits above don’t have pull-down resistor making their outputs
unstable (blinking). I highly recommend to connect pull-over resistor on your logic circuits.
Pull-over resistor value can range from 100ohms – 1K.

8|Page
 BTC 215 – Digital Electronics

CLASSIFICATION OF IC

Integrated Circuits play a very important part in electronics. Most are

specially made for a specific task and contain up to thousands of transistors, diodes

and resistors.

The LS7400 series is a popular set of logic ICs that can be ordered from

many vendors, and used in many applications. LS7400 chips are generally 14-pin

or 16-pin DIP packages, although other form factors are available as well.

The power supply required is +5V. For most of the LS7400 chips, pin 7 is the

ground (GND) connection and pin 14 is the +5V power supply. There are

exceptions like the LS7490. 2.0V or higher signifies a logical "1"; 0.8V or lower

signifies a logical "0".

Each chip has its name printed on top (for example, "74HC132"), describing

its logic family and digital logic functionality. Common LS7400 series IC’s are the

following;

LS7432, OR Gates
4 gates on this package, each with 2 input pins, 1

output pin. The output pin is high only when either

one, or both, of the input pins are high.

LS7408, AND Gates

4 gates on this package, each with 2 input pins, 1

output pin. The output pin is high only when all

input pins are high at the same time.

9|Page
 BTC 215 – Digital Electronics

LS7404, NOT Gates

It consists of six inverters which perform logical

invert action. The output of an inverter is the

complement of its input logic state, i.e., when input is

high its output is low and vice versa.

Closure

Having been explained the concepts and performed circuit designing on

these basic logic functions, we can now explore the next lesson which is the

continuation of this lesson. The next lesson will let us explore the fundamental

circuits of computers.

NOTE: Complete the KWL chart in the activity portion of this lesson.

References

Anon. n.d. “Learn.Digilentinc | Basic Logic Functions and Truth Tables.”

Retrieved November 30, 2020
(https://learn.digilentinc.com/Documents/311).

10 | P a g e