A SPE 30514 ‘Society of Petroleum Engineers Plug Cementing: Horizontal to Vertical Conditions David G. Calvert, SPE, Mobil Exploration and Producing Technical Center, James F. Heathman, SPE, Halliburton Energy Services, James E. Grif, SPE Halliburton Energy Services ‘mia pagar war scar preset 9 SPE Porn Compatefowag row o ‘lomaten crane no saat subete yhe ets, Coens ‘Decne pave ctv ye Sec Pele Enis Si ye sa aa rr na cay ey [SRE mowings aw nh pute won by Ester Conmieat oe Sone ‘rota uate nantes capee Tresor sho conan consleour aceowac eulunon eayuren Pumaren Wg ton, SPO Bx Abstract ‘This paper presents an in-depth study of cement plug placement that was conducted with large-scale models for the improve- ment of plug cementing practices and plug integrity. Common hole and workstring geometries were examined with various rheology and density ratios between the drilling fluid and ‘cement. The critical conditions dictating the difference between ‘success and failure for various wellbore angles and conditions were explored, and the mechanisms controlling slurry move- ‘ment before and after placement are now better understood. An understanding of these mechanisms allows the engineerto better tailor a design to specific hole conditions. Controversial conceptsregarding plug-seting practiceshave been examined and resolved. The cumulative effects of density, theology, and hole angle are major factors affecting plug suc- cess. While the Boycott effect and an extrusion effect were observed tobe predominant in inclined wellbores,a spiraling or ‘roping” effect controls slurry movement in vertical wellbores. Ultimate success of acement plug can be obtained if allowances are made for these effects inthe job design, provided all other previously published recommended placement practices are followed Results of this work an be applied to many sidetracking and plug-to-abandon operations. Additionally, the understanding of the fluid movement (creep) mechanisms holds potential for use in primary and remedial cementing work, and in controlling the placement of noncementitious fluids in the wellbore. References at the end of the paper. 667 Problem Definition ‘Works published by Smith, etal." and Heathman, etal provide general recommendations but do not provide enough details concerning the requirements for maintaining a stable plug under various conditions. In the 2 years since the recommended plug procedures cited in Reference 2 have been implemented, anear- perfect record of successful kickoff plugs has been achieved. However, many near-misses and inconsistencies exist that have ‘beenunexplained based on the current understanding of downhole flow mechanics. For example, plug tops have varied with no apparent pattern, and some plugs have drilled softer than de- 1d. Although large excess volumes of cement have been ‘commonly recommended to improve the chances of success in such obs, these volumes can pose other problems. For example, the plug top may be extremely high, which would result in ‘excessive rig time for drilling new formation, and larger vol- umes of cement-contaminated mud will likely result. Concerns are also commonly raised about the capability of successfully pulling a workstring out of the resulting long slurry columns before the onset of cement gelation and/or hydration. In light of the regulatory issues discussed by Calvert and Smith,’ long-term plug stability based on accepted industry standards“ ishighly debatable. The authors found many casesin internal records and from personal interviews where abandon- ‘ment plugs failed, despite the fact that they were thought tohave been properly set according to all regulatory guidelines. Theissues and/orrelationshipsinvestigated under this project dealt with plug stability as a function of ‘+ Wellbore angle including vertical, deviated, and horizontal + Hole size + The spotting fluid and wellbore fluid rheologies and densi- ties + Workstring/hole diameter annulus Finally, assumptions historically made about plug stability ‘asa function of compatible and incompatible fluid interfaces and. density swapping were broughtto light by Heathman, etal, but were not resolved. In fact, many recommendations made in recent publications appear to contradict what some operators report when tagging the location of a plug top.2 PLUG CEMENTING: HORIZONTAL TO VERTICAL CONDITIONS, SPE 30514 ‘Model Description and Fluids ‘The first phase of testing was carried out with 18- and 30-ft plexiglass models (Fig. 1). Model diameters were 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5 in. Tailpipe lengths were 7 ft forthe 18-ft models and 11 ft for the 30-ft models, resulting in an average rathole length of 11 and 18 fi, respectively. The tailpipe OD was held constant at 2.34in. through most ofthe testing. However, 4 tests compared the 2.34-in. tailpipe tothe use of a 1.564-in. OD tailpipe. Unless noted otherwise, all cement placement was carried out with a flow diverter on the end ofthe tailpipe to prevent the slurry from being jetted downhole. The latter phase of testing was per- formed with steel casings. These destructive tests were per- formed to verify the visual observations of the plexiglass work ‘and to examine cross sections of set plugs. Models with 4.5-,6.5-,and 8.5-in. diameters were attached tomovable skids. To obtain the desired hole angle, the end of the skid with the open end ofthe model was placed on elevated work platforms of different heights. To simplify testing and reduce project cos, all tests were conducted at atmospheric tempera- ture and pressure. Therefore all rheological properties must be simulated at BHCT for actual applications. Drilling fluids used during testing were grouped by density, theology, and gel strength development. Materials used 0 achieve these properties consisted of off-the-shelf drilling fluid base and complementary additives. All drilling fluids were mixed in a 10-bbl tank by a jet mixer. Once the mud was prepared, it was pumped to the models and allowed to remain static up to 1 hour to develop gel strength. Drilling fluid density and rheology were measured with an atmospheric mud balance and a rotational viscometer. Most of the testing was performed witha 16.4-Ib/gal cement slurry. Limited tests were conducted with a 12.4-Ib/gal prehydrated bentonite slurry. All cement slurries were mixed in ‘conventional recirculating mixer equipped with a radioactive densometer. The slurry density was verified in the laboratory and the theology was checked witha rotational viscometer. All fluids were placed in the model with a centrifugal pump. The average annular velocity ofthe cement as it was being placed in the models is shown in Table 1. Test Results—Horizontal Wellbore Testing A detailed tabulation of all testing cartied out is provided in the ‘Appendix. Photographs ofthe destructive testsae also included to supplement this data. The original intent of this project had primarily been to examine horizontal plug-setting conditions. ‘To supplement this work and to provide baseline data, vertical and deviated conditions were also examined. Based on test results, setting plugs under horizontal conditions proved to be the least challenging, regardless of hole diameter. Initial tests, ‘were performed with water in the model, followed by successive. tests with higher yield-point muds until a successful plug was, achieved. A successful plug was defined as one in which the ‘cement did not progress the full length of the model. 668 For the 4.5- and 6.0-in, models, a yield point of 30 1b/100 ft for an 8.7-Ib/gal mud appears to be adequate to prevent severe slumping and subsequent mud channeling across the top of a 16.4-Ib/gal cement plug. In the case of the 8.5-in. ‘model, a yield point approaching 40 16/100 ft? may be more appropriate. If the density differential between the mud and ccementis ess (witha corresponding increasein the cement slurry yield point for free-water control), the yield point ofthe mud may ‘be somewhat lower. Additional testing would be required to verify this effect. Additional horizontal testing was performed (Test Sets 9148 and 914C) with the samecement slurry and mud densities, but the gel strength of the mud was lowered. As expected, the slump profiles were slightly longer, but stable plugs were achieved with no mud channeling across the topof the ‘cement plug. The destructive test section shown in Fig. 2 pro- Vides a typical result ofthe horizontal wellbore testing. Test Results—Deviated Wellbore Testing Angles of 76°, 60°, and 45° (off vertical) were used during deviated wellbore testing. Much like the results reported by Smith, etal. Test Set 82B showed that mud rheology typical of ‘normal drilling operations cannot support a cement slurry hav- ing a significantly greater density. An apparently successful plug was achieved in these tests (Test Set 82A) in the two different tailpipe sizes with a8.7-Ib/gal mud having a yieldpoint Cf 76 Ib/100 fi. The noticeable exception was withthe smaller tailpipe in the 6-in. model. In this model, the slurry fell to the bottom of the model when the tailpipe was pulled. In compari- son to the 128-in, slump of the 8.5-in. model, the 76-Ib/100 f yield point is considered the minimum to support the cement plugin larger wellbores. Upon close examination ofthe slurry's flow mechanism through the mud, it was interesting to note that, while the Boycott effect (Fig. 3) previously mentioned in the literature was obvious inthe tests with the thin mud, it did not ‘occur with the thicker mud. Instead of sliding down the bottom ‘of the model as with a Boycott effect, the slurry had a stationary layer against the bottom of the model that would form a crust at the cement/mud interface. This crust was constantly extruded from within, which continuously formed a new interface as the ‘mass of the slurry progressed down as shown in Fig. 4. To support the cement slurry with the thin, lightweight mud, attempts were made to increase the degree of incompatibility between the mud and cement. A reactive 8.7-Ib/gal mud with a 10-Ib/100 fe yield point was designed with sodium silicate. Even though laboratory tests showed extreme gelation when the ‘mud and cement were mixed together, the cement plug fell 0 bottom in all models with a combination of sliding and extru- ‘Toexamine the effects of an ungelled reactive spacer before contact with a cement, sodium silicate spacer was spotted above the 8.7-Ib/gal mud. However, without benefit of immediate reactions with a calcium or magnesium source, the sodium silicate slid under the mud to the bottom of the test model, regardless of the whether the mud was thick or thin, The mudSPE 0514 D.G. CALVERT, J. F. HEATHMAN, J. E. GRIFFITH 3 density was then increased to 11.9 Ib/gal with the yield point ‘maintained at 616/100 f. Now that the mud could support the unreacted sodium silicate, successful cement plugs could be placed above the thin, lightweight mud. ‘The last set of tests conducted at the 76° angle involved @ 14,1-lb/gal mud with a yield point of 5 Ib/100 ft? and a 14.6- Ib/gal mud with yield point of 22 Ib/100 ft, respectively. With 1 density differential of only 2.3 Ib/gal, stable plugs were obtained in all models. ‘The next series of tests was conducted at 60° off vertical. ‘The results of the tests involving lightweight, thin muds at this angle were primarily a duplication of those tests carried out at 76°, with the slurry movement getting progressively slower as the yield point and gel strength ofthe mud was increased. Only in the 4.5-in, model was a stable plug achieved with the 50-Ib/100 ft yield point mud. The mud density was then increased to 9.7 Ib/gal (32-1b/100 fE* yield point), for which similar results were observed. When the two sets of tests are compared, itappears thatthe higher yield point ofthe 8.5 Ib/gal contributed more tothe stability ofthe plug in the 4.5-in. model than did the increase in density to9.7Ib/gal. Increasing the mud density to 14 Ibvgal did not have the effect of supporting the cement slurry as effectively as it did with the 76° models, regardless of the rheology. Even though four of the six tests provided stable plugs the slurry progressed further down the ‘models than it did with the 76° models. ‘As with the horizontal models, various mud systems were run in steel models at 60° so that cross sections could be made. ‘Again, as a result ofthe high density differentials between the 8.9-Ib/gal mud and cement, the mud could not prevent the slurry from sliding to the bottom of the model except for the 4.5-in ‘model. Fig. 5 shows acloseup ofthe resulting ereep flow pattern, When the mud weight was raised to 11.7 Ib/gal, and the yield point was increased (0 155 Ib/100 fit, successful plugs were achieved in the two smaller models, but the increasing stump lengths as the wellbore diameter increased again showed a definite relationship between plug stability and hote size. When tested with a 14.1 Ib/gal mud, a successful plug was achieved as expected ‘The ests conducted at a 45° hole angle resulted in no stable cement plugs until @ 14-Ib/gal mud with a 81-Ib/100 ft yield point was used. Even an 8.5-Ib/gal mud witha yield point of 103 16/100 f? could not support a 12.4-Ib/gal slury at a 45° hol angle, Experiments with various mud and cement densities did reveal an interesting trend: stable plugs were sometimes achieved ‘during cement placement, but as soon asthe tailpipe was moved, slurry movement was initiated downhole. The movement mecha- nism was a mixture of sliding on the bottom, extrusion from within, and channeling, Inshort, the cement moved by whatever path and/or mechanism gave it the least resistance. ‘The tests conducted at hole angles from 45° to75° show that the best chances of cement plug stability can be obtained by the following: + Reducing the density difference between the drilling fluid and cement. If the spotting fluid is about 3 Ib/gal heavier than the mud in place, itis difficult to get plug support in an angled wellbore regardless of the mud theology. + Increasing the yield point of the drilling fluid below the intended cement plug. This practice will improve support of the cement plug, but only to a point. The weight difference is still a major controlling factor in cement plug stability downhole. + Placing a reactive spacer between cement and mud. Incom- patibility between the cement and the mud or fluid in the rathole is not always sufficient to support a cement plug; however, a properly placed reactive spacer did increase the stability of the plug at the angle tested. Test Results—Vertical Wellbore Testing Because ofthe problems in setting plugsin deviated models and to confirm published data, plexiglass models were run in the vertical position. An 8.5-Ib/gal mud was used in all tests, andthe yield point was varied from 17 to 89 Ib/100 ft. Both the 16.4- and the 12.4-Ib/gal cement slurries were evaluated. Inall cases, the cement plug fell to bottom in all three model diameters. ‘As expected, the vertical tests conducted in this phase of testing confirmed data that has been published. However, the flow or swapping mechanism observed in these models was completely different than any yet observed. Rather than the sliding and extrusion movement down one side of the wellbore typical ofthe Boycott effect, the slurry unwound or roped from the bottom of the plug in a clockwise circular pattern as depicted in Fig. 6. This movement would continue until the leading edge of the slurry was at the bottom of the model. For the thinner ‘muds, the slurry would then begin to pile up inthe bottom until a state of equilibrium was reached. Because of this movement ‘mechanism, the resulting cement plug would consist ofa double helix of cement from the bottom of the model upward, with a small but competent cap of cement on top. The longer the rathole, the shorter the competent plug would be. Likewise, smaller cement volumes yielded little oF no competent cement plugs in the top. The number of revolutions or wraps per linear foot tended to be greater for models having smaller IDs. The only apparent factor stopping the slurry movement in tests involving thin muds was when the cement encountered the bottom of the model and beganstacking. Astthe yield point of the ‘mud was increased, the stacking effect appeared to be less pronounced. It was also possible thatthe equivalent density of the resulting mud/cement mixture in the rathole mighthave been approaching a critical point sufficient to slow down or stop further reduction in the volume of competent cement slurry above, ‘The confirmation tests run in the steel casings (Figs. 7a through 7h) revealed more detail about the characteristics ofthe plugs set in vertical wells. The yield point of the mud used in these tests was increased to 98 1b/100 ft for the 8.5-Ib/gal mud. Not only was the roping effect still evident, but the resulting4 PLUG CEMENTING: HORIZONTAL TO VERTICAL CONDITIONS SPE 30514 cement plug in the bottom of the model was layered in such a ‘way that no competent seal could have been achieved. This layering of mud and cement could provide paths for gas and/or water influx from formations below. Even though the resulting ‘cement in this zone was hard-set, its layering and resulting contamination would result ina cement plug that would be very ‘easy to drill out should it have been a kickoff plug. ‘When tested with a 14.2-tb/gal mud having a yield point of 50 16/100 ft, a stable plug resulted witha flat cross section on the bottom of the plug (Fig. 7e). Asa last attempt to find a yield point for a lightweight mud capable of supporting a normal- density cement slury, a 11.8-Ib/gal mud was prepared with a yield point of 140 tb/100 and a high gel strength. In this last test, the roping flow pattern was not observed. Instead, a thin cement channel moved down one side of the model and stopped when the leading edge reached the bottom. This plug was only marginal success, but a success nonetheless. Test Results—Determination of Critical Angles In this unique part ofthe project, cement slurry was pumped the plexiglass models tthe horizontal position. The head of the skid was then lifted with a crane until plug movement was initiated. The purpose of this exercise was to attempt to deter- ‘mine more accurately the critical angle at which the system of heavy cement slurry on top of a lighter mud would become unstable and begin to flow. With the exception of Test Sets 1116B and 1116C, open-ended tailpipe was used to mimic the processesused.inthe field when adiverter tool was notused. The data (Table Al} for this set shows the initial slump profile when. ‘pumping was stopped, followed by the model angle at which the ‘cement slurry began to slide down the model. Once movement started, the slurry progressed tothe bottom of the model in all cases. The first such test replicating previous test conditions (ecorded as 9140) was based on Test Sets 914C and 829. This set indicated that the plugs became unstable soon after the wellbore conditions were off horizontal. The next set of tests (915A) came closest to replicating the conditions of Test Set, 82A and then to a lesser degree, the vertical test sets of 11168. and 1026B. The critical angles of 76° and 80° correlated closely to the observations made in Test Set 824, Test Set 915B was run to examine a lower density differen- tial with the rheology lowered. Previous tests had no comparable sheology comparison atthe range of densities used for this test, ‘but based on the density differential alone for tests with compa- rable rheological data, Test Sets 817A, 817B, 830B, and 1025A, appear to support the critical angle findings of 915B. Test Set 915C, a repeat of Test Set 915B with the yield point increased, indicated that no significant gains resulted from increasing the yield point to the level tested. Test Set 1116B again showed the telationship between critical angle and hole diameter, as the ‘cement began to move at 76° inthe 8.5-in. model. This test used a 2.L-Ib/gal density differential. Repeat testing with a higher yield point mud rectified the problem with the 8.5-in. model. 670 Discussion tthe outset of this project, multiple tailpipe diameters were to bbeexamined, but itsoon became apparent that tailpipe diameter related only to annular displacement efficiency and had no bearing on plug stability, provided the tailpipe ID was large enough to allow the slurry to fall out as it was pulled from the balanced cement slurry. To offset occasional problems with displacement efficiency caused by high gel-strength muds, slurry was pumped until clean cement returns were obtained ‘with no traces of mud contamination, at which point pumping was ceased and the tailpipe would be pulled. The 1.564-in tailpipe had to be pulled very slowly to allow proper fallout {As previously published, cement slurry movement after plug placement under balanced conditions appears tobe strong, function of density differential. However, this work shows that, ‘coupled withthe yield point and gel strength development of the fluid below the heavier cement slurry, the critical angle at which, plug instability occurs is governed by the cumulative effects of notonly rheology and density differential, bt hole diameter, as, well. Obviously, a stronger relationship exists with the yield point and/or gel strength than with plastic viscosity. ‘As with creep flow (N,, S 1), the shear rates cannot be adequately described with aplastic viscosity measurement. For conditions described by 1 1 empirically determined friction factors must be used. In'an attempt to correlate the flow characterisites of different tests to the observed critical angles, several functions were examined to relate the cross-sectional flow areaof the model displaced by the cement tothe density differential andthe yield point of the mud. However, the best fit was found by dividing the density differ- ence between the mud and cement by the mud density andSPE 90514 .G.CALVERT, J. F, HEATHMAN, J. €. GRIFFITH 5 ‘multiplying this term by the yield point of the mud as follows: (Pe Pm * Pm) Ym o ‘This function was plotted vs. the critical hole angle ob- served foreach test. Figure & provides a“safe zone” encompass ing these variables within the limitations ofthe data generated during this project. When plotted as separate curves for each hole size, polynomial functions were found to have the best fit. ‘The proposed methodology suggests that for a given hole size (curve), the solution set forthe greatest probability of a stable plug isthe area above that curve. In practice, the hole size and mud density are usually governed by drilling operations with very litle if any room for change. Although the cement density is flexible, it must have a certain minimum density to provide a set material with adequate compressive strength to ‘meet either drilling or regulatory needs. These situations will often leave the yield point of the mud asthe only variable with significant operational variability. Knowing the hole angle and the minimum density differential allowable by hole conditions permits entry into the chart on the Y-axis. Intersection with the critical angle curve forthe chosen hole size provides a value on the X-axis thatis then used to solve for the minimum yield point. The closer to the critical angle curve the X-Y intersection is chosen, the higher the probability of an unstable plug. To a certain degree, Fig. 8 appears to correlate with the previous testing and limited field data, The chart does suggest a very large area for a high probability of failure, In situations such as this, practices such as first setting lightweight “sacri cial” cement plugs, spotting reactive fluid pills, or some me- chanical means of plug support is advised, ‘This large envelope of poor success probability suggested by Fig. 8 may seem to contradict what is often seen in practice. Further correlation with field cases is being conducted at this writing. Obviously, exceptions will always exist. A limit ap- pears to exist in that no fit has yet been found forthe range of the density term from 0.137 to 0.41. This envelope corresponds roughly to a density differential of 25 to 48 Ibvgal. Fig. 8 initiates a satisfactory solution set below 0.137 on the left side and above 0.41 on the right side. Finally, even though Fig. 8 indicates that extremely low yield points will suffice under certain conditions, the authors believe the rskis greatly reduced by maintaining a minimum yield point of approximately 30 Ib/ fi for the supporting fluid. Therefore, Fig. 8 provides @ mini- ‘mum yield point region that should be entered through the manipulation of the density differential ‘The knowledge gained during this project regarding the interactions of the variables contributing to plug stability pro- vides a better explanation of what has seemed in the past to be random successes and failures. For example, some operators have reported the top ofthe plug being lower than anticipated even when they have used excess slurry volumes. The testing carried out in this project duplicated this effect and revealed the in-situ circulation of cement into the rathole with mud up into the cement plug during pumping, as well a fluid swapping after 671 pumping has ceased. The final result is a shorter section of ‘competent plug with most often, a significantly longer lower section of contaminated, poor-quality cement. However, there ‘would be no surface indication during the job of anything amiss by way of pump pressure or observed fluid returns. Conclusions + Successful cement plugs depend on the interrelationship between the hole angle, hole size, yield point and gel sirength of the supporting mud as well as the density difference between the cement and supporting mud. + Cement plug placement in horizontal wellbores is easily obtained as compared to vertical or deviated wellbores. + Cement plug instability is caused by the Boycott effectand/ ‘or extrusion in deviated wellbores and the roping or spiral- ing of slurry through the mud in vertical wells. + Guidelines in the form of empirical relationships have been developed to identify conditions of plug stability or instability + Additional field case studies are required to further develop the empirical relationships needed to prove or disprove this, scale laboratory study. Acknowledgments ‘The authors thank Mobil and Halliburton Energy Services for permission to publish this work. Nomenclature Ny. = Reynold’s number Density of cement Density of mud ‘Yield point of mud Bibliography 1. Smith, R.C, Beirate, RM,, and Holman, GB. “Improved Method of Setting Successful Cement Plugs," JPT, 1897-1908 (overber, 1984) 2. Heathman, LF. Carpenter, RB., Marcel, KP., Rimes, C, and Badalamenti, AM. “Quality Management Alliance Eliminates Plug Failures,” paper SPE 28321, presented atthe 65th Annual ‘Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Sept. 25-28, 1994, 3. Calvert, D.G., and Smith, D.K: “Issues and Techniques of Plugging and Abandonment of Oil and Gas Wels,” paper SPE 28349, presented at the 69th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Sept. 25-28, 1994, 4. Worldwide Cementing Practices, Fist Edition, copyright 1991, American Petroleum Institute. 5. Smith, D.K: Cementing, Henry L. Doherty Series Monograph Volume 4, revised edition, 1990, Society of Petroleum Engineers 6. Kaviany, M: Principles of Heat Transfer in Porous Media, Mechanical Engineering Series, copyright 1991, Springer-Verlag, New York, 7. Bourgoyne,A.T.,Chevenevert,M.E..Millhelm, K.K.,and Young, ES: Applied Drilling Engineering, SPE Textbook Series, Vo. 2, copyright 1986, Society of Petroleum Engineers.6 PLUG CEMENTING: HORIZONTAL TO VERTICAL CONDITIONS. SPE 30814 Side Vow Fig. 1—Model schematic. Fig. 4—Circulationvextrusion effect, thick ui, Fig. 2-Boycott effect, thin uid, Fig, 5—60" deviation showing creep-flow pattern.SPE 30514 D.G. CALVERT, J. F, HEATHMAN, J. E. GRIFFITH 7 Fig. 7a—Results of circular flow pattern. Fig. 7e—Flow pattern, .5-in. model. Fig, 7>—Segments from Fig, 7a with mud washed of. Note coment pattern. 6738 PLUG CEMENTING: HORIZONTAL TO VERTICAL CONDITIONS. SPE 0514 Fig. 76—Mud-cut quartered section (upper), bottom of plug (lett), ‘and rathole cement (lower right) Fig. 71-6.5-in. model show Fig. 79—~4.5-in. model showing same effect as in Fig. 7. ofplug, no cementin the mi * * * 674SPE 20514 D..G, CALVERT, J. F. HEATHMAN, J. . GRIFFITH. 8 Appendix A ‘Table IA on Pages 10 through 13 provides details conce tests run in support of this paper. all Fig. 7h—8.5-in, model showing same effect as in Figs. 71and7. ° tev — Point Region | >| ly = -0.007% + 0.5887x + 74.112) Fe 20.5834 85 b personas s+ sand 8 8 RP = 0.7886 a 3 Critical Angle & y= 0.022108 + 2.0400 + 92.552 | RRa1 8 50 + 45 0 10 2 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 {(Cement Density - Mud Density)/Mud Density} x Mud Yield Point Poly. (cra 8.5) — —Poly. (cra 6) Fig, &Plug stability probability chart, The highest probability region exists above curves for individual hole sizes. 675PLUG CEMENTING: HORIZONTAL TO VERTICAL CONDITIONS. SPE 30514 Table Ai Tent Rese wos] gts] ana | Wed Set Tomer! 1 comant | coment remarks in| Seasty] puree | Seam, | Dans | Sim | routomin| eS dnote No Samp) Teat Sat 720 “Foren 7s [a = ea [19m [WF | Sposa 65 water | = tea] 1909 [Nt Somped Ful cog [war L se Contnunon at Sa 720 Ualng 1564 OD Tale oar [= = tea | 10m _[__NT| nS 75 [ater = ea] 1988 [nT re sum Feat Bo 721 Fria a5] 87 | 3080 = v24__[_ 1067 NT No Sump ear | a080 = Tea] 1087 [NT [NS thn gto poo agar] ane ea] 187 | Nt <6 Sa Continunon ot Sat 721 Ualng 1564 OD Talipe [arse = ea | 087_|_ NT | eh Sa [Car] 3080 = Tea [10957 | NTS, Sore raratg es 87] sno = Tea [1987 | nT 8. Sevre charting Tait Sot 726A Ferien CT ce a ET a Contnuntion ot Sat 726K Vang 1.56400 Tlbipe ear nea] tea am | am a ae] 87] wee [eer [16 || 200 [an St Ce Tan 57265 ona ee tec | Si ear [es] 900 | 6a |v | 2188 | an Sa 3s [87 [az | —wa0 | re 082 [at [ren Sump CConinuton ot Sa 7268 Vang 188400 Tlpe Ce as [87] xz | 020 [re | se | aire [96 Simp anon te] 67] ase 020] 16 | 082 [a8 [er Bp eat So 614ml Ca OT es [| ars | — eae [tea | aan | 2088 | 2eon Saro oe ars] —ei20 | 164 | a9 | 20 [at Sum Test Sot S145 Reza ae [ar ame ete] ay Pa es [ 87] 886 [ance [tea | nN 9 Hat by ato ce Tei et 3140 vom wea sm te | | a a es] er | es it] t68 [rn cn por a Test Set 245 “Horizon Set Rodale ae ae es te | es | ee es | 88 | zane | — swe | 04 | —az0 | 03 as Sop as] as [zoe | — swe | 164 [azn] 1903 | ann Sur 676‘SPE 90514 D.G. CALVERT, J. F. HEATHMAN, J. GRIFFITH 1" “Tost Set SOA 76" OH Verical a7] 2076 ae 164 | _ «0/6 [205 | Bein Sump 7 | 3076 7159 164 | 4254_| 20725 | on. sump a7] 2076 7159 164 | <2] 205 | atin. Sump ‘onlinvaion of Set 2A Using 7.564 OD Talpipe a3_[ 87 [sore 4753 te4_[ 4266 [2025] in Sump as_|_e7_| a076 a7 164 | «ase 2025 | t2b:n, Sune Brn. Stump, 6 87 3076 ‘47153 16.4 4254 20/25 ‘Then TD ‘on Pullout “Tost So 25 76° OM Vertical o [a7 [aim wis 164 | 40m [1023] FulLengin 16m) 3s [ 87 [aie ene 164 | aoe | 19729 | Fulltength 16.) as [ 67 [ain ais 164 [aoe | 10729 | Fu engin 16 “Tost Set 3 - 76° Off Vertical, Sodium Siieate-Contaminatod Mud 8 a | o7 [aio zie 164 | _o5e1_| 1424 _| Fullegh (6) 35_| a7 [1910 21 164 [9601 | —1are6 [Fu Logit (6 0) 6 87 13/10 21/84 16.4 35/41 14/24 Full Length (16 ft) ‘Test Set 616A - 76% Of Verical, Dyed Sodium Seat Above Mud as a7 [ar NT [Sexum Seat se under mud fo boom of pode 45 [97 | Tee Tek lsccium Silicate sid under mud to bottom of modal Test Set 8168-76 OM Vera! Dyed Sodium Silicate Above 11. ilgal Mud a [we] ie 4 164 [soi | NT __| Nomovenentot Pua [os [re | “re we 164 | a6 | NT | No movernent of Pug 3s [19 | 166 wa 164 | 361 | _NT__| No movement of Pug Tost Set 17A- 75° OF Vertical as aa | a a 64 id Mt _[ 36min: Sump 5 | aa | ove 35 164 NT NT | sin, slump oe | ae 35 164 nT NT [ son: Stump “oat Set 178 - 76° OF Vertical a5 ae] 2am SONA 64 Nr AT [ Wo Simp 5 [46] 2ame 20NA, 164 NT NT [No Stump 3 [68 | 22 SONA 164 NT NT [No Stump Test Set 629-60" OF Vertical a5 [85 | ane we 164 NT__[__NT__] 28 fen fo Batom 5 _[ as | ano rm 164 nT NT | Cementto Botom 6 [es] eae 46 164 NT NT__|Comentte Bator Tost Set 30A 60" OF Vertical a5_[ 88] sao wt 168 NT Tr Good Pug. No Sump 35 | es | asso NT 16 NT NT | To Botom @ 0.85 see Ce a ES NT 16 NT NT | To Botom @ 0.4 see “Tost Set 8308 - 60" OF Vertical a. [ana 8 1a [357 [ont | 10 Stamp 5 | | owe 38 164 | 3507 | 1011 | 10 Sump Cs ETD 39 164 | _asc7| 10/11 | cement ic Bato “Teal Set 631A 60° OH Vertical a5] [7080 Tare 164 NT Wr] Sh Sune 85 14 71/80, 10/13 16.4 NT NT 12-ft Siump (TD) 6 [4 | 710 ane 164 NT nt ensump Test Set 6515 60" OM Verieal, Plug Flow Test as_[ 07 | eae a 164 NT nt [or 6 [97 | 2006 ai 164 NT NT__| Coment on Baton 3s [97 | 2ane a 164 NT NT | Cement on Baton 677PLUG CEMENTING: HORIZONTAL TO VERTICAL CONDITIONS. SPE 30514 ‘Test Set 425 -60° Stool Models aa_[ aor [roars [tea | aoe [8] Bogs tec 3a [sar00 | roars [tea] aa | tars [tye efecto Soto 3a-[-swvioo | —osrss —[ ve | a8 | tars [Boye eto Botiom Tel St 28-6 Bes Model a ee ate at a] eg es [et [ans [ane tea [et | rate] a as [141 | anes [ae [tee [art a] cr Pg ToS -6F Sta model ies as [nz [eos | vvoreo | ise | owt | wr | etal es | [cones | rroneo | vee [nv | wr | SR Walsimo, ae [ were | rare | rae | sino ‘Test Set 9T4D - Horizontal Pumping, Variable Angie After Placement (CRA= Critical Angle), Open-Ended Tailpipe war eee | oR tsar] est tent 0 eT Tet Gof TGA- Honzoral Pumping, arable Argle Aw Pacman, Oper ded Tape FT ober ewes | 04 | 64 rr aaa “est et 168 -Horizoal Pumping, Veable Angle Afr Paco’, Opemended Talpipe ee aa a | es oes] eae | 2 Ora as [87 [om | aoa | 23 | 9 87] 2099 | — 20a —] 123] 90 Tes uf 6G - Honora Pumping, Varabe Angle Aw Place as er as | een 3s [o8s | et [aves] [nr a Test ST 168 oro Poplin, on Variable Anglo ee 163 [Wt Tovar hoed wp oa aso [is a a RA = 8 ase [ios] 8] 83] over Mave pO aE eat Sot 166 Foal Pup Then Va oer ee ees ten Ta a ove a as} oa | 109m [sas [es [nr Tid at Moved a4 as] tet —t90e | —e0s [63] Had a Moved a 4 Tan et 02s aS Fogle 6 84 19/10 We 124 9/30, 26/28. Ratty Full Length oC faa [990 [aes [ray Fungi a [ a4 [iano] 18 24 [900 | aan [ty Ft coin Tes 510258 “45 gle a a Ca A Ce Tam Sa 0280-4 gle Goad Pasar © [#8 | emm | ome | ve [ ow | mourn wees aes | ane ea tie Par 4s | 85 | zzmos | sre 124 Nt wr | Good Placement, slugs fell on pullout 678SPE 30514 0.6 CALVERT, J. F. HEATHMAN, J. E. GRIFFITH a Test Sot 1026-45" Angl TTowside Channel, then fe 6 | « | 2000 a8 164 NT nt] ke Std down on ow do as | 1 | azo 38 164 NT wr | Siemon a3 [a |e wa 88 7 Tat | Stato TO ater pumping Test Sot 10268 - 45" Angle é Ta] 5083 ean 164 [NT NT] Good Pug 35 [14] sor] esa 164 NT NT] Good Pig 45 | 4] ser | 65na 16 NT NT | Good Pig "eat Sat 10266 - Vertical 33s [a7 a ea nT Tat | Roping Efea to batom as_[ es] aon any zy id NT Repng Efecto boom 43] 8s] 2097 ant 2a NT NT_| Roping Efecto botom Test So 10260 Vertical Sas] ar] aa 2 NT Tit] Sia en sow crop as [ es | tae [ee ry NT NT Roping fect to botiom a5] 05 | vase [seu zy NT Nt__| Roping ecto botom "eat So 0268 -Vorical os [sass] ane 6a id TT Reping 0 TO when PULTE 35] es] 1268 [san 164 NT ‘Nt | Roping to TO when Pu. 43] es] 1268 | 2008 16 NT Nat Roping to TD when Pu "Test Set 115A Vertical Sa [eee] air zy id Nat Roping Eft to botom 3s _[ a7] 1560 | — aver 164 NT ot_| Roping Efecto bot as} er} 1800 ever 16a NT NT] Roping Efecto batom Test Set 11160 - Vera, 6 Fishin Hole 1 Sas] 56 asrer 164 NT Wat oping Efecto baton 3s] ~es | 1800 [2007 16a NT NT__| Roping Efecto botom a5] 8s | 1500 [aver 164 NT NT | Fish Stopped Cement Test Set 116A Verieal A 163 [4055 | 1920 | Roping Efecto botom as_| a5] 1989 [as 163 | 4685 | 1020 Roping Efecto botom 4525 | 1689 [6006 163 [40105 [1720 | OK, hen same as above est Set 424A- Verical Stel Models as] es | mms | suee [tea [same | 1900 | Poping fea oto a5] 88 | zane | sacs 16a | aaa | — 123 | Roning efecto Botom as] as] zane | sae 164 | ane | — 1928 | Roping Efecto Bote Test So 27 Vera Stel Models 73 ae _| ae 7a) 165 | _saea_] 1000] Good Pg 6s [42 | —ostco [720 165 | saa] 1628 | Good Pup as] 142 | 2850] 1728 165 | saa 1920 | Good Pug Test Set SH7 Vertical Stel Models Din. coment channol on 45] ne | como | toas: | 164 Nt wt | Bam coment chap Ten thick cement Chana 65 | ne | como | wars: | 164 NT wr | Win te 85 18 60/140 100/151 16.4 NT NT {72 thick cement channel to bottom 679