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Chapter 1: Multivariables
Functions

1.1 Functions of Two Variables

1.1.1 Function representations
1.1.2 3-D Coordinate System
1.1.3 Graph of two variable
functions
1.1.4 Sketching of the function
(3-D
*Level Curves
1.1.5 Domain and Range

1.2 Functions of Three

Variables
1.2.1 Domain and Range
1.2.2 Level Surfaces
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1.1 Functions of Two Variables
z = f ( x, y )

Means that z is a function of x and y

in the sense that a unique value of the
dependent variable z is determined by
specifying values for the independent
variables x and y .
( x, y) ∈ Domain
z ∈ Range

and
x and y : the two different independent
variables
z : the dependent variable

Domain (D) : the set of all possible

inputs ( x, y) of the function
f ( x, y ) that is

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Range (R) : the set of output z that
result when ( x, y ) varies over
the domain D
For example,
Function of
1. f ( x , y ) = x 2
+ y 2
two variables
Substitute 1
f (1,1) = 12 + 12 = 2 for x and 1
for y

2. z = f ( x , y ) = 64 − x 2
+ e xy

f (1, 0) = 64 − 1 + 1 = 8
f (2, −3) = 64 − 4 + e −6 = 60 + e −6

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1.1.1 Function Representation of
z = f ( x, y )
3-D coordinate system

f ( x, y )
is a rule
that assigns a
unique real
number to each
point (x,y) in
same set D in the
xy-plane

Coordinate Planes

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1.1.2 3-D Coordinate system

3D coordinate system has 3 main planes:-

xy plane or z=0 ( x, y, 0)
xz plane or y=0 ( x, 0, z )
yz plane or x=0 (0, y, z )

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The orientation of xyz-axis

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1.1.3 Graph of a Function of Two
Variables
The graph of the function f of two
variables is the set of all points ( x, y , z ) in
three-dimensional space, where the values of
(x, y) lie in the domain of f and z = f (x, y ) .

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The graphs of z = f ( x, y ) is called a surface
in 3D system or three-space (ℜ 3 ).
It looks like a blanket!

Four types of surface in space:

1.1.3.1 Planes

Example 1
z = 0, y = 0, x = 0
x = 3, y = −1, z = 5
Given as a constant equation with one-
variable.

Example 2
y = − x + 6, 2 y = 4 z + 5, z + x = 4
Given as a linear equation with two-
variable.

Example 3 Tetrahedron

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 y + x + y =1
z = 6 − 3y + 2x
Given as a linear equation with three-
variable.

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How to sketch of the given
functions

1) Determine the variables

2) Sketch the trace in coordinate planes
(based on the variables exist)
3) Make the projection onto the trace-
plane which is parallel to the
(variables which is not exists)-axis

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1.1.3.2 Curved surfaces

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How to sketch curved surfaces ?
9 domain and range
9 Level curves

Level Curves
To sketch the graph of two variables, we
need to familiar with the contour maps.

Notice that when the plane z = C intersects

with the surface z = f (x, y ) , the result is
f (x, y) = C
the space curve with the equation ,
so we called these as the level curves.

1.1.4 Sketch of the surface

z = f ( x, y )
* the set of point ( x, y ) in xy-plane that
satisfy f ( x, y ) is called level curves
/contour curves

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Sketching surfaces with level
curves
Let z = f ( x, y ) is a function of two variables

9 Plane z = C intersects with the surface

z = f (x, y ) → f ( x, y ) = C
9 The set of point ( x, y ) in the xy-plane that
satisfy f ( x, y ) = C is called the level
curve of f at C
9 An entire family of level curves is
generated as C varies over the range of f
9 The graph of z = f ( x, y ) is a surface
which can be obtained by sketching the
contour map (set of level curves) on xy-
plane

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Example
Sketch the contour lines/level curves and
the graphs
(i) z = x 2 + y 2 , c = 0,1, 2,3, 4,9
(ii) z = x 2
+ y 2
, c = 0,1, 4, 9
(iii) z = 6 − x 2
− y, c = 0, 2, 4, 6

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1.1.5 Domain and Range of
z = f ( x, y )

Domain :{( x, y ) x ∈ \ , y ∈ \ , ???}

↑
any constraint

??? f ( x, y ) may consist:

*Sometimes we need to sketch the

domain of the function given.

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Range – z-values that results when
(x,y) varies over the domain
(i) z positive ?
(ii) z negative ?
(iii) z zero ?
(iv) z has maximum value ?
(v) z has minimum value ?
Range :{z z ∈ \ , ???}
↑
put the limitation of z here!!

Example
Describe the domain and the range of
z = 64 − 4 x 2 − y 2 .

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1.2 Functions of Three Variables
1.2.1 Domain and Range
Definition
A function f of three variables is a rule
that assigns to each ordered triple ( x, y , z )
in some domain D in space a unique real
number w = f ( x, y , z ) .
The range consists of the output values for w.

Example 1
Identify the domain and range for the
following functions.

a). w = x2 + y 2 + z 2

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≥ 0 for all points in space.

Domain : entire space
Domain :{( x, y, z) x ∈ \ , y ∈ \ , z ∈ \ , x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≥ 0}
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1.2.2 Level Surfaces
The graphs of functions of three variables
consist of points ( x, y, z , f ( x, y, z )) lying
in four-dimensional space.
• Graphs cannot be sketch effectively in
three-dimensional frame of reference.
• Can obtain insight of how function
behaves by looking at its three-
dimensional level surfaces.
The graph of the equation f ( x, y, z ) = k
will generally be a surface in 3-space
which we call the level surface with
constant k.

Remark
The term “level surface” is standard. It
need not be level in the sense being
horizontal; it is simply a surface on which
all values of f are the same.

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 Level surfaces of

f ( x, y, z ) = z 2 − x 2 − y 2

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