UNIT 4

r th nd f r , p pl h v
l d t r p f t r n th n ht
nd f nd p tt rn . h h v v n
names t th n t ll t n nd h v
d th d f r tr v l n l nd
nd .
On f th tr n z bl r p
f t r n th n rth rn ll d Ur
M j r, th "Gr t r." C n
h th n t ll t n ht l l
b r? W th n th n t ll t n n th r
f r p f t r ll d th
Ursa Major, The Great Bear
pp r. h r p r bl l n
h ndl d dr n n p. C n f nd t?
In f t, r br n h lp n f th rld b rt n nf r t n nt nt l
n t r . h n t r r r n z d n p tt rn , nd th p tt rn t
nd r t nd nd r b r h t nd xp r n .
n z n th p tt rn f r n z t n n p rt nt p rt f r d n
pr h n n, n rt r ,t , p tt rn t pr nt th r d n th t
n . On r n z th p tt rn, ll nd r t nd nd f ll th r d r
ff ntl . In th n t, ll l rn t d nt f x n p tt rn th t r ft n f nd
n p r r ph n En l h:
• tn
• S n
• C pr n C ntr t
•
•
• Ext nd d fnt n
 In th l t n p tt rn, th r t r t t th n d n th f r f n r l z t n nd
v l t f d t l r x pl t pp rt th t n r l t t nt.
• K rd phr n th n d : many, several, a number of, a variety of, a few, kinds
of
• S nl rd phr : for example, for instance, first, second, another, also, besides, in
addition, final, last, most important.

Read the paragraph and the information below. Then underline the signal words in the paragraph.

h r r v r l d ff r nt th r b t th r n f th M n. On th r , ll d
th f n th r , t t th t rl n th l f f E rth, p br ff, nd th t p
b th M n. A nd, l l r l t d th r th t th M n p d f
v r lp f E rth th t br fr r pl n t. Y t n th r th r th t th
M nf r d l h r n th l r t nd pt r d b E rth r v t . h
f n l th r t t th t h p f pl n t r r tr E rth nd br p nt
p . On f th p b th M n.
fission: th t f pl tt n nt p rt
gravity: th f r th t bj t t f ll t th r nd

th M n

M n d : h r r b t th r n f th M n.

K rd n th n d :
S pp rt n f t nd d :
S nl rd phr
br ff (f n th r .
S v r lp f E rth b th M n.
th l r t .
The final p f h pl n t r r tr E rth
 •
• first, second, then, next, after, while, since, then, soon, finally, at last,
in 1965, last June, later, over time, the next step, the following week.

A. Series of Events
Read the paragraph and the information below. Then underline the signal words in the paragraph.

Mariner
6
Mariner 9

orbit:
atmosphere:

Topic:
Close-up study of Mars began when rockets were developed that could
send probes into space.

began

Details
1965 The first spacecraft flew near the planet
Four years later More photographs were collected of the planet

during the following It sent back more than 7,000 images.

eleven months
The next major step, in 1976 The landing of two Viking crafts on Mars' surface

Comprehension Skills
B. Steps in a Process
Read the paragraph and the information below. Then underline the signal words in the paragraph.

nebula,

protostar

Topic:
A star is formed in a process during which clumps of gas and dust
form a protostar that becomes large and hot.

Details
begins In a cloud of dust and gas in outer space
Over time Gravity makes clumps of dust and gas
The temperature begins to rise.
Next Several clumps form a protostar
The protostar grows larger.
Nuclear reactions send energy to the surface.
Finally new star begins to shine.

3. Comparison/Contrast

• similarities, differences, both, in common, same,

different, compare, comparison.
• similarly, also, in the same way, as, like, both, in
common.
• however, but, on the other hand, although, while, in
contrast, than, conversely, yet, unlike.

Patterns of Organization
A. Similarities and Differences
Read the paragraph and the information below. Then underline the signal words in the paragraph.

A tr n nd tr l r l r n , b t th d ff r n v r p rt nt
. In b th f ld , th xp rt t d pl n t r t n nd n t ll t n ( r p f
t r , nd th t l p , t bl , nd h rt t d th r r . v r,
tr n r t d th h v nl b d n , nd v r th r p pl h v
d tr n t d v r r b t th n v r . A tr l r , n th th r h nd,
th r n l d f th h v nl b d t dv p pl b t th r l f t t n .
h n t n , b t b l f th t h t h pp n n r l v ff t d b th
p t n f th n, n, nd pl n t .

M n d : Astronomy and astrology are similar in some ways, but they differ in
an important way.

K rd n th n d : i ,
d ff r
S pp rt n f t nd d :
S nl rd phr
both

Astronomers study heavenly bodies as a

science.
on the other hand Astrologers advise people about their lives.

B. Differences Only
Read the paragraph and the information below. Then underline the signal words in the paragraph.

E rth d ff r r tl fr t t l t n hb r n pl n t , n nd M r . h
n n nd M rt n t ph r r p d l t nt r l f rb n d x d ,
h l E rth t ph r nt n v r l ttl . h d n nt t r l n r
t ph r n tr n p r nt . h th r j r p n nt f E rth
t ph r x n (2 p r nt , th t l t n n x t nt n n nd
M r . O r pl n t h n b nd n f t r, h h v r b t 0 p r nt f E rth
rf nd pp rt l f n r pl n t. In ntr t, n nd M r r xtr l dr
pl n t nd n p bl f pp rt n l f .
abundance: l r nt t f th n

How Earth is different from Venus and Mars

M n d :
planets, Venus and Mars.

K rd n th n d :

Comprehension Skills
 S pp rt n f t nd d :
S nl rd phr
The Venusian and Martian atmospheres are
mostly carbon dioxide; Earth's contains little.
Our atmosphere has a lot of oxygen, there's
almost none on Venus and Mars.
Earth has lots of water; Venus and Mars are

4. Cause/Effect

In th p tt rn, th rt r n d th t n v nt r t n d n th r v nt r
t n.
K rd phr n th n d nd th n l rd f r d t l r th nd
ft n n l d :

Read the paragraph and the information below. Then underline the signal words in the paragraph.

In 200 , t r b t r v r l nd d n M r nd b n nd n b d t b t th
p bl x t n f t r n th r d pl n t. h l x n t n fM r th
r lt f n nd pr v d t hn l . f dv n nt l n t n
t , nt t n E rth n nd nd f t r nd r v d t n r t r
nt . ft r n th r v r l d t th r n r d blt t nd p nd nt
d n nd v d d n r nd h z rd n th r n. A r lt f n t hn l
f r v r nv r n nt , th r v r nd th r nt r r p t r r bl t rv v
th xtr ld nd h t nd t n n p nd n M r . And d t th r n
pr v d h l th t n r v r ld v r nd th r M rt n l nd p th

This close examination of Mars is result of new and improved

technology.

K rd n th n d :
C : New and improved technology
Close examination of Mars

Patterns of Organization 139

 S pp rt n f t nd d :
S nl rd phr
because of Advances in telecommunication—send
commands and receive data faster
led to New software—increased abilities of the rovers
New technology—rovers and computers can
survive extreme conditions
due to mproved wheels—the rovers can move around
with ease

In th p tt rn, th n d n pr bl nd nd t th t n r r l t n.
h p r r ph l n t f t p rt : t t nt nd 2 d r pt n nd
xpl n t n f h t lv d. h r r ft n n n l rd f r th d t l .
• K rd phr n th n d : situation, trouble, crisis, dilemma r
• In th b d f th p r r ph, rd n l d :

Read the paragraph and the information below. Then underline the signal words in the paragraph.

nn n n th 600 , tr n r h d r l z d th t th r t l p h d r
l t . h h d n d t b ld tr n r nd b tt r t l p ,b tn tt r h
tr n th n t l p r , th r l th n t f t r . h tr n r r
bl t v bj t nl h n th bj t r nv f E rth. At th t ,
h v r, E rth l ht nd t ph r d t d ff lt t n h v nl bj t .
h n t th bbl l p , th h b n lv d, b th bbl n tj t
t l p . It d t l r n t ll t th t tr v l b t 0 l (600
b v E rth, n pl t rb t v r n nt v n n t .Sn 0, bbl
h b n bl t t d t lp t r f pl n t , l x , t , nd r , nd th
r nt b t bbl h d rt r f r nt t t t d .
Telescopes
M n d : Telescopes were limited, the new Hubble telescope has
problem.

K rd n th n d : , solved

S pp rt n f t nd d :
Problem: Telescopes could view objects only when they were in view of Earth.
A new kind of telescope

Comprehension Skills
 In th p tt rn, th r t r n n pt r pl t d pr th t th p r r ph
ll d f n nd xpl n. U ll , th n d r f r t nt n f th p r r ph t t
d t n r d f n t n f th n pt r pr , f ll d b d r pt n nd r n
xpl n t n. h r r ll n n l rd f r th d t l .
• K rd phr n th n d : consists of, is, seems to be, are.

Read the paragraph and the information below. Then underline the signal words in the paragraph.

A l r lp n tr n l v nt d r n h h th M n t v r th
S n. Wh n th M n p b t n th E rth nd th S n, ll r p rt f th S n
l ht bl tt d t. h M n, n f t, h ll r th n th S n, b t t l
r t d l l r t th E rth. A r lt, b th th S n nd th M n t b b t
th z t . r n t t l l p , th S n, th M n, nd th E rth r ll n
tr ht l n nd th M n pl t l h d th S n fr v . A p rt l l p r
h n th thr b d r n t x tl n tr ht l n . In n nn l r l r l p , th
S n v bl br ht r n r nd th M n b th M n f rth t fr th

M n d : A event during which the Moon

seems to cover the Sun.

S pp rt n f t nd d :
Expl n t n r d r pt n: How and why a solar eclipse occurs. Three different
types of solar eclipses.

Identifying patterns
In th x r th t f ll , ll pr t n rd nd n l rd t d nt f
th p tt rn . b r th t h n th Ext nd d f n t n nd r bl S l t n p tt rn
r d, th r r ll n n l rd f r th d t l .

A. Each paragraph has a different pattern. Working with another student, read the paragraphs and
write the topic, the main idea, the key words in the main idea, and the pattern. Then add the
supporting facts and ideas as shown in the examples.

• Listing, Sequence, Comparison/Contrast or Cause/Effect patterns: Signal words and details

• Problem/Solution pattern: The problem and the solution

• Extended Definition pattern: Explanation and/or description