NUST School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

ME-311 Machine Design

Lecture 2

Instructor: Dr. Jawad Aslam

Stress analysis
Shear Force and Bending Moments in Beams
Stress
Cartesian Stress Components
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
General Three-Dimensional Stress
Torsion
Stress Concentration

Page 2
• Shear Force and Bending Moments in Beams

Free-body diagram of simply

supported beam with V and M
shown in the positive direction

Sign conventions for bending

and shear

Distribute load beam

Page 3
• Example
Cantilever Beam

Page 4
• Stress
Internal resistance of the material
The force distribution acting at a point on the surface is
unique and will have components in the normal and
tangential directions called normal stress and tangential
shear stress, respectively

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 – Axial Loading: Normal Stress
The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis

The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress
F P
  lim  ave 
A0 A A
The normal stress at a particular point may not
be equal to the average stress but the resultant
of the stress distribution must satisfy
P   ave  A   dF     dA
A
The detailed distribution of stress is statically
indeterminate, i.e., cannot be found from statics
alone
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– Shearing Stress Examples

P F P F
 ave    ave  
A A A 2 A
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– Maximum Stress
Normal and shearing stress on an oblique
plane
P
P
  cos 
2
  sin  cos 
Ao Ao
The maximum normal stress occurs when
the reference plane is perpendicular to
the member axis
P
m    0
Ao

The maximum shear stress occurs for a

plane at + 45° with respect to the axis
P P
 m  sin 45 cos 45  
Ao 2  Ao Page 8
 • Cartesian Stress Components
Stress components are defined for the plane
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes
The combination of forces generated by
the stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
F  F  F
x y z 0

M  My  Mz  0
x
Consider the moments about the z-axis:
M x  0   xy  A a 2   xy  A a 2   yx  A a 2   yx  A a 2

M x  0   xy  A a   yx  A a  xy   yx

Similarly,  yz   zy  zx   xz

It follows that only 6 components of stress

are required to define the complete state Page 9
of stress
• Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
By summing the forces caused by all
the stress components to zero, the
stresses σ and τ are found to be:
 x  y  x  y
  cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
 x  y
  sin 2   xy cos 2
2

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• Modulus of resilience and toughness
Modulus of resilience is the
area up to the yield point
defined as the energy that can
be absorbed per unit volume
without creating a permanent
distortion (or elastic limit)
The total are up to fracture is
the modulus of toughness

Page 11
• Hooke’s law: Modulus of Elasticity
Stress is directly proportional to
strain
Below the yield stress
  E
E = Young’s Modulus or Modulus
of Elasticity

Strength is affected by alloying,

heat treating and manufacturing
processes

Page 12
• Elastic vs. Plastic Behaviour
If the strain disappears when the
stress is removed, the material is
said to behave elastically
The largest stress for which this
occurs is called the elastic limit
When the strain does not return
to zero after the stress is
removed, the material is said to
behave plastically

Page 13
• Fatigue
A member may fail due to fatigue (repeated loading) at stress levels
significantly below the ultimate strength if subjected to many
loading cycles
When the stress is reduced below the endurance limit, fatigue
failures do not occur for any number of cycles
Fatigue properties are shown on S-N diagrams

Page 14
• Topics of interest
Deformation under axial loading
Thermal Stresses
Torsion
Net torque due to internal stresses
Shaft deformation
Shearing strain
Angle of twist in elastic range
Stress concentrations

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Thank you

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