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CSU is committed CHAPTER 3: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING CALCULATION
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(Supplementary Problems for Basic Principles and Calculations in
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Chemical Engineering 6th Ed. by Himmelblau)
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In partial fulfilment for the requirements of the course
development,

production and Chemical Engineering Calculations

extension. (CHE211)

By:
Abagat, Kenneth (19-21723)
CSU – IGA Acacio, Desairee (19-21928)
Competence Cammagay, Hezel (19-21829)
Carian, Patrick (19-21848)
Social Responsibility

Unifying Presence
First Semester
A.Y. 2020 – 2021

COE – IGA

Innovative Thinking
Instructor: Engr. Caesar P. Llapitan Date: December 23, 2020
Synthesis
Grade: ________
Personal

Responsibility

Empathy

Research Skill

Entrepreneurial Skill ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Table of Contents ii

Introduction 1

Section 3.3 3-9

Conclusion 10

References 11

ii
 Introduction

Material balances are the basic principles of chemical engineering, it is an

important first step when designing a new process or analyzing an existing one.

They are approximately at all times prerequisite to all other calculations in the

solutions of process engineering problems. They are used in the industry to calculate

mass flow rates of different streams entering or leaving chemical or physical

processes. Material balances are nothing more than the application of the law of the

conservation of mass: “Matter is neither created nor destroyed,” Although the

conservation of mass is a simple concept, detailed explanations are required to

enable you to apply it to a full range of chemical engineering system.

This chapter introduces simple concepts of material balances, and

demonstrates their application to different types of processes. Further, this chapter

introduce students to the types of problems that are encountered by chemical

engineers. Determining and understanding the correct basis is what the answer calls

for. Sometimes, the problem does not relay this information directly and this would

challenge student to solve the problem that is why analyzation and understanding is

needed.

The basic concepts of material and energy balances and their applications to

chemical processes are major objectives of this chapter. The skills developed in

analyzing and solving the balance problems are not only useful for process

technology but also for many other situations in life and career.

1
 SECTION 3.3

Objectives:

1. Select a correct basis in solving mixture problems.

2. Calculate the number of moles of each component in a mixture given the percent

composition, and vice versa.

3. Convert a composition given in mass percent to mole percent.

3.3A Paper pulp is sold on the basis that it contains 12 percent moisture; if

the moisture exceeds this value, the purchaser can deduct any charges for the

excess moisture and also deduct for the freight costs of the excess moisture. A

shipment of pulp became wet and was received with a moisture content of 22

percent. If the original price for the pulp was $40/ton of airdry pulp and if the freight is

$1.00/100 lb shipped, what price should be paid per ton of pulp delivered?

Solution:

Set Up: Find the extra moisture, charge and the freight value to get the price of a ton

of pulp.

GIVEN:

Paper pulp moisture percentage (basis) = 12% moisture

Freight =$1.00/100 lb = 1 lb cos t $1 / 100

1 ton  2000 lb

2
Execute:

Find the freight cost,

 $1.00   2000 lb 
Freight cost     
 100 lb   1 ton 

 $20 ton

Assuming air dried pulp means 12% moisture pulp the mass of allowed water. Then,

 12 lb H 2 O 
Allowed Water   78 lb pulp   
 88 lb pulp 

 10.64

Thus, the total pulp on the basis is:

Pulp on basis  78 lb  10.64 lb

 88.64 lb pulp

We can then solve for the cost,

88.64 lb  $60.00 
Final cost   
100 lb  1 ton 

 $53.19/ ton

Therefore, the price that should be paid is $53.19/ ton

3
 3.3B If 100g of Na2SO4 is dissolved in 200g of H2O and the solution is

cooled until 100 g of Na2SO4·10H2O crystallizes out, find

Solution:

Set Up:

weight of the compound

% of a compound in a mixture   100
Total weight of the mixture

Weight 100g
Number of moles of Na 2 SO 4    0.704mol
Molarmass 142g/mol

Weight 200g
Number of Moles of water    11.11mol
Molarmass 18g/mol

Weight 100g
Number of moles of Na 2 SO 4 10H 2 O    0.311mol
Molarmass 322g/mol

Execute:

(a) The composition of the remaining solution (mother liquor).

Balancing Na 2 SO 4 :
n Na 2 SO 4 (0.704  0.310)  0.394
Balancing H 2 O :
n water  11.10  0.310(10)  8.0

4
 Weight of 0.394 moles Na 2 SO 4 (molar mass of Na 2 SO 4 )(0.394mol )
(142g/mol) (0.394mol)
 55.95g

Weight of 8 moles water (molar mass of water)(8 mol)

(18g/m ol)(8mol)
 144g

 weight of Na 2 SO 4 
Percentage of Na 2 SO 4     100
 weight of Na 2 SO 4  weight of H 2 O 
 55.94 g 
    100
 55.94 g  144 g 
 55.94g 
    100
 199.94g 
 28%

 weight of H 2 O 
percentage of H 2 O     100
 weight of Na 2 SO 4  weight of H 2 O 
 144 g 
    100
 55.94 g  144 g 
 144g 
    100
 199.94g 
 72%

The composition of Na2SO4 and water in the remaining solution is 28% and 72%.

(b) The grams of crystals recovered per 100 g of initial solution.

 100 g crystals 
Mass of crystals in 100 gram of solution     100gsoluti on  33.33 g crystals
 300 g solution 

3.3C The feed to a distillation column is separated into net overhead product

containing nothing with a boiling point higher than isobutane and bottoms containing

nothing with a boiling point below that of propane. See Fig. P3.3C. The composition

of the feed is

5
 Mole %
Ethylene 2.0
Ethane 3.0
Propylene 5.0
Propane 15.0
Isobutane 25.0
n-Butane 35.0
n-Pentane 15.0
Total 100

The concentration of isobutane in the overhead is 5.0 mole percent, and the

concentration of propane in the bottoms is 0.8 mole percent. Calculate the

composition of the overhead and bottoms streams per 100 moles of feed.

Solution:

Set-up: Overhead product contains only isobutane and product having boiling points

lower than isobutane. The bottoms contain propane and product having boiling point

higher than propane.

Execute: Basis: 100 moles

6
Overhead product present: Ethylene, Ethane, Propylene, propane, and Isobutane.

Bottom product present: Propane, Isobutane, n-butane, and n- pentane.

Balance Equations: Distillate

x 0.05

10  x  y 100
20x  10  x  y
y  19x  10

y  19(0.576)  10
y  0.952

Balance Equations: Bottom

15  y 0.8

90  x  y 125
1875  1875y  90  x  y
 1874y  x  90  1875
 1874(19x  10)x  1785
35605x  20525
x  0.576

Distillate Compositio Bottoms Composition

n
Ethylene 2 mol 4.99% Propane
Ethane 3 mol 8.25% Isobutane
Propylene 5 mol 43.37% n-butane
Propane 15 mol 8.25% n-pentane 14 mol 15.87%
Isobutane 0.576 mol 4.99% 24.4 mol 27.60%
n-butane 35 mol 39.56%
n-pentane 15 mol 16.95%
Total 11.528 mol 88.47 mol

7
 Conclusion

In this computational laboratory, a preliminary study about material balance which is

salient to Chemical Engineers are practically analyzed. Solving problems that involve

material balance are somehow challenging. Flow rates, reaction stoichiometry,

balancing equations, conversions, as well as compositions are specified in this lab.

All of the problems contained in this report gave different perception that challenged

students to think for different techniques and solutions.for the problem.

8
 References

1. Felder, R.M. and R.W. Rousseau (2005) Elementary Principles of Chemical

processes, (3rd Edition), John Wiley & Sons, New York.

2. Ghasem, Nayef and Redhouane Henda (2015). Principles of Chemical

Engineering Processes – Material and Energy Balances (2 nd Edition), CRC

Press

3. Himmelblau, D.M. (1996) Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical

Engineering, 7th Edition., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ