Continuity

The function f(x) when x approches a is continuous if this 3 condition are satisfied
1. f(a) is exist
2. lim(𝑓𝑥) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝑥 𝑎

3. lim(𝑓𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥 𝑎

Example: At x=2, f(x)=𝑥 2 + 1

For Condition 1 f(a) is exist
F(2)= (22 ) + 1 = 5
For condition 2 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 𝑎

We have lim(𝑥 2 + 1) = lim 𝑥 . lim 𝑥 + lim 1 = 2.2 + 1 = 5

𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑥 2

Then the last condition w/c is f(a)=lim(𝑥 2 + 1)

𝑥 2

5=5 so the problem i continuous because it satisfy all the 3 condition

If any of the condition is not satisfied then the problem is discontinuous
2 kind of Discontinuity
1st Kind if Left and Right hand Limit exist
If lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) is called removable discontinuity
𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎

If lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) is called jump discontinuity (Finite Jumps)

𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎

2nd Kind is called non removable or essential discontinuity(Infinite Discontinuities)

If one of the one side limit does not exist of infinite
Example: Investigate continuity of the function
𝑥
y= 31−𝑥2
if we let x=±1 the function will be undefine so the function has discontinuity at x=±1
we have to find the left and right hand limit at the point of discontinuity to define what kind of
discontinuity is the function
at right hand limit @ 1
 lim 𝑥
𝑥 1+
𝑥 lim 1− lim 𝑥. lim 𝑥 1 1
lim+ 3 1−𝑥2 =3𝑥 1+ 𝑥 1+ 𝑥 1+ = 31−1.1 = 30 = 3∞ = 0
𝑥 1

Left hand limit @ x=1

lim 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 1− 1 1
lim− 1− lim− 𝑥. lim− 𝑥 1
lim− 3 1−𝑥2 =3𝑥 1 𝑥 1 𝑥 1 = 31−1.1 = 3−0 = 3−∞ = 3∞ = ∞
𝑥 1

It is essential discontinuity because one of the one side limit is infinite

1
Example: as x approches to 1, y= (𝑥−1)2

Solution:

1 lim 1 1 1
𝑥 1
lim 2
= 2
= 2
= =∞
𝑥 1 (𝑥 − 1) ((lim 𝑥 − lim 1) (1 − 1) 0
𝑥 1 𝑥 1

At x = 1 the function has Infinite Discontinuities

Function with a Approches Infinity

𝑥 2 −1
Example : lim 𝑥 2 +1
𝑥 ∞

Solution:
𝑥2 1 1
2
𝑥 −1 2 − 2 lim 1 − lim 2 1 − 0
𝑥
lim = lim 𝑥 2 𝑥 = 𝑥 ∞ 𝑥 ∞
= =1
𝑥 ∞ 𝑥2 + 1 𝑥 ∞𝑥 1 1 1+0
+ lim 1 + lim
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥 ∞ 𝑥 ∞ 𝑥2

𝑥2
Example: lim 𝑥−2
𝑥 ∞

Solution:
𝑥2
𝑥2 lim 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 ∞
lim 𝑥−2 = lim 𝑥 2 = 2=0
𝑥 ∞ 𝑥 ∞ − lim 1−lim
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 ∞ 𝑥 ∞𝑥
Problem Exercise 3
Find the points of discontinuity
𝑥 2 +3
1. 𝑥 2 −16
3𝑥+2
2. 𝑥 2 −6𝑥+9

Evaluate the limit

4
3. lim 2𝑥 2 −3
𝑥 ∞
𝑥2
4. lim
𝑥 −∞ 3𝑥 2 −4𝑥+1
1
5. lim 1
𝑥 ∞ 1+2𝑥