COURIER

PUBLICATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL ; SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANISATION

Volume 1.-,,"0. 2. Price : 10 Cents (U. S.), 6 Pence (U. K.), or 12 Francs (in France only). MARCH 194L

amazon Meeting 0 pen

Executive Board

In Peru April 30 th

Delegates to the forthcoming ;

Hylean Amazon Conference in I Own ference
April 30
Peru will probably see scenes of of this year member
interested a Con-Brazil and of Unesco,
the establishment to Internal
of the consider
Convenes similar to one shown be ! ow : nations of Unesco wilt be con- tional Institute of the Hylean
Inca ruins at Macchu Picchu, vened upon the joint invitation Amazon (IIHA). The United Nar
in region of the Source of of the governments of Peru and tions, its Specialised Agencies,
THE the UNESCO
Mexico Executive
City GeneralBoard, meetmg
Conference, for the
took first time
important since
decisions * she Amazon River. and several interested interna-
tional organisations have been
during its four-day sessions at Unesco House, February 12-15. Among
these were approval for top-flight appointments to the Secretariat, invited to participate in the deli
berations of the Conference.
preparations for the Third Session of the General Conference, and
the establishement of priorities for the 1948 world programme of Unesco's activities'in connection
Unesco. with this meeting stem from
resolutions passed by its General
A series of eight meetings was Professor Pierre Auger, eminent
Conference at the recent Second
held under the chairmanship of French scientist and member of
Session in Mexico City.The Direc-
Dr. E. Ronald Wa) ker (Australie). the Atomic Energy Commission,
tor-General was instructed to take
Vice-Chairmen included Sir Sar- will join Unesco as head of the
steps to bring this Institute,
vepalli Radhakrishnan (India) Natural Sciences Section, replac- which was originally proposed by
and Professor Alf Sommerfelt ing Dr. Joseph Needham F. R. S. the Government of Brazil, into
(Norway). (United Kingdom) who is retur-
being m 1948.
Fifteen of the eighteen mem- ning to his work at Cambridge None of the projects sponsored
bers of tie Board were present University after two Years by Unesco has attracted more
at the sessions with three alter- pioneer work with Unesco. interest than this proposed cream
nates for members unable to at- Dr. Hadley Cantril, eminent tion of the IIHA, for behind this
tend. Observers included repres- American social psychologist and designation is a broad programme
entatives of the United Nations, Professor of Social Psychology at for the study oh a huge, but very
the I. L. O., the W. H. O. and the Princeton University, will direct little known area of the world.
F. A. O. Present also at the meet- the important Unesco project of Extending from the Andes to
ings were Dr. Julian Huxley, Dir- Enquiries into the Tensions Af- the Atlantic and from the River
ector-General of Unesco, Mr. Wal- fecting International Understan- Orinoco to the Mountains of Boli-
ter H. C. Laves, Deputy Director- ding. via, the Hylean Amazon-the vast
General, and M. Jean Thomas, Professor Pedro Bosch Gimpera, wooded region of the Amazon Ri-
Assistant Director-General. leading Mexican archeologist and ver basin is some 7,000,000 square
Held in a newly-prepared con- former Dean of the Philosophy kilometres in area. Except for a
ference hall on the ground floor Department of the University of few settlements mainly along
of Unesco House, the sessions were river banks, the only inhabitants
(Continued on Page 2)
regularly attended by visitors, of this region are about three
members of the Unesco Secre- hundred thousand Indians, whose
tariat and representatives of the conditions of life in many cases
French and international press in are extremely primitive. The
Paris.
Huxley Reviews density of population of the re-
Early in the first meeting, Dr. gion is one of the lowest in the
Walker keynoted the purpose of world.
the work ahead when he referred 1948 Progress
to"the absolute necessity of en- Ails of institute
In a report to the Executive
suring that the money which the The purpose of the Institute
tax payers of the Member-States Board on February 12, Dr. Julian
would be to encourage and con-
contribute towards the noble pur- Huxley, Director-General of duct scientific studies in the re-
Unesco, reviewed the progress
pose of Unesco is anent to the gion, directed towards the greater
best advantage..." made by the Organisation in the
understanding of tropical nature
first six weeks of the year to get and of man's relation thereto, the
Yew Secretariat the new programme under way.
practical development of the re-
"Important measures have been
gion by the Governments con-
Appointments taken since the beginning of
cerned and towards the further-
1948,"he declared,"to give effect ance of international co-operation
The Executive Board approved
to the resolutions adopted by the
five important nominations to the and understanding.
Conference in Mexico."The Exe-
Unesco Secretariat. These in- The project for the creation of
cutive Board then heard a state- an international research institute
cluded the creation of a new post,
ment which gave details of several in the Hylean Amazon has been
that of another Assistant Direc-
activities already in progress.
tor-General, to be fuled by Dr. inspired by the past history of
Dr. Huxley referred to the ad- the region. Since the discovery of
Clarence E. Beeby, Director of
vances made this year in the field
Education of the government of Amazonia, it has been continu-
of educational scientific and cul-
New Zealand and twice head of ously explored by scientific mis-
tural reconstruction, deemed most sions of many nationalities with
his nation's delegation to the
urgent of all Unesco's activities. the aim of drawing up its bo-
Unesco General Conference. Dr.
He also stressed the importance of Trn man Addresses
Beebv will have special responsi- tanical and zoological inventory,
the preparatory work for the
bilities in the field of education. of becoming acquainted with the
impending organising meeting for state of social development and
the creation of an International
organisation of its native tribes,
Institute of the Hvlean Amazon National Commission
of determining the essential cha-
Theatre Institute In the field of Exchange of racteristics of its climate and soil,
Persons, thirteen further scholar- the decisions I now have to of carrying out archaelogical ex-
The International Theatre pRESIDENT TRUMAN, ad-
ships ten donated by the French dressing members of the make will never come to this cavations and finally of opening
institute (I. T. !.) W'ZZ hold its
government and three by the U. S. National Commission for desk. You can do that. That up the economic wealth and ex-
Constituent Congress in Mala
American Chemical Society-had Unesco in Washington, declar- will mean peace in the world."
strana, Prague, at the Palace ploring the demographic possibil-
so far been awarded through ities of its vast area.
of the Natzonal CounÔI from ed on February 16 that the Secretary Marshall told the
Unesco itself, is in preparation. These long and difficult tasks
May 31 to June 5, 1948. It is realisation of Unesco's pro- opening session of the meet-
he reported. Moreover, the gov- have too often remained fruitless
expected that distinguished ernment of New Zealand had gramme"will mean peace in ing that the work of Unesco
theatre artists, craftsmen and for want. of a permanent centre
offered a fund of Job15, 000 for the the world." was of"tremendous impor- or body to co-ordinate them.
admi11lstrators from about
financing of further fellowships. Convening at their fourth tance to world peace."He ad- follow them up and pass them On
t!t;eK-/tt ;e; coM
twenty-fzz ?ztr:es M)will
e countries :H ??:meet
eet
The creation of an Educational. meeting, the one hundred ded :"My heart is in what you to succeeding generations. Fur-
under the co-sponsorship of
Unesco and the Czechosloz ; a- Scientific and Cultural'Produc- members of the U. S. National are trying to do." thermore. the materials collected
kian Goz ; ernment. Over fif tion Bureau is well under way, Commission and some 150 ob- Dr. Milton Eisenhower, Pre- b\ various expeditions were often
teen countries are now active- the Director-General continued. servers also heard addresses sident of Kansas State Col lost, and their reports, although
Such a bureau will stimulate the still extremely valuable docu-
sly engaged in fonning Na- by Secretary of State George lege and Chairman of the
t;07!(!CeCentres
tional ?:treandaKd seet : !?
selecting publicising and dramatising of menus, are largely scattered and
Marshall and Howland Sar- U. S. National Commission for
examples of co-operation be : wean forgotten. One it the primary
delegations to attend the First genat, Deputy Assistant Secre- Unesco. appealed to the dele-
nations and make better known tasks is to bring to life all that
InternatIOnal Theatre Con-
the ways of life of peoples to tary of State for Public Af- gates to carry the Unesco pro- exists in archives, libraries and
gress.
their neighbors. Within this fra- fairs. The convention was gramme to the"grass roots" museums concernmg Amazonia,
Tie latter is to be opened
mework, a scheme is shortly to be called to study the 1943 Unesco of the nation and to continue and further to renew, with con-
by J.B. Priestley (United King-
dom), who is Chaznnan of the launched whereby twenty nations world programme and to take to reach as many people as
(Continued on Page 8)
Provisional Executivé Com- vm be invited to participate in I steps to implement it within possible."Unesco's high-level
mittee of the I. T. !. It will preparing a series of 48 special the United States. scholarly attack on the prob-
co7:M'{!er adoption
consider <t(top<!0 ?of
t o/a
a Charter
Charter documentary films. President Truman received lem of peace mus be supple-
and how best to movie forward Concluding his report, the mented by activities in which
the delegates at the White Gandhi
in its purpose, as set forth Director-General stressed that
House and told them :"I sin- great masses of people can
in the Final Draft Clwrter : though the year was but six weeks
cerely hope that you will con- take part. and through which
"to promote international ex- old"I have been able to observe and Unesco
tinue what you have started ; they can make definite con-
charge of knowledge and very encouraging sigrs of a dy-
practice in theatre arts". namic and effective activity in alII that you will work at it hard tributions to peace and inter- See Page 2.
. fields ofthe new programme." enough so that nine-tenths of national understanding."
 2 UNESCO COURIER

Unesco Bep) ores Beath of Gandhi

'Ju)
Julian Huxley
Rad'hakrishnan

Cables Sorrow
Pays Tribute

To Mahatma To Pandit leer.

FOllowing the assassination. oJ

By Prof. Sir Sarvepalli Mahatma Gandhi on FridGy
Radlurkrishnan, January 30, 1948, Dr. Julion
Vice Chairman of Unesco Huxley, Director-General of
Executiv Board Unesco, forwarded the followi1l/1
. telegram toMinister
Nehru, Prime bandit of Jawakarih
India :
On February 13, Professor TVehrM, Pr :mg M :Mtster o/77t< !t<t :
Sir Sarve : palli Radhakrishnan,
PLEASE PERMIT ME CONVEY
Vice-Chairman oj Unesco's
MY PERSONAL PROFOUND
Executive Boord was in-
SYMPATHY WITH YOU AND
vited to address a large
PEOPLES OF INDIA IN TRA-
audience at Unesco House in
GIC DEATH OF MAHATMA
Paris on the subject of Mahat-
GANDHI. STOP. HE WILL SUR-
ttMt Gandhi, whose tragic
VIVE AS AN IMMORTAL SYM-
death shocked the world on
BOL 01'UNDERSTANDING
Friday, January 30. The BETWEEN MEN IN A WORLD
reader will find below signifi.
TORN WITH MISUNDERSTAN-
cattt passages from this mov-
DING. STOP.
ing extempore speech.
Julian HUXLEY.
LADIES
honouredand byGentlemen : I amto
the invitation Director-General-Un2S4.'e Paris.
speak to you en Mahatma Gandhi. tn 1947 Unesco undertook an examination of the philosophical
I know from the tributes that
have been received how much his basis of human rights. It asked a number of thinkers and phMo-
death has been deplored through- sophers all over the world for their thoughts and opinions on the
out the world. subject. We reproduce the original letter which Mahatma Gandhi
sent to Unesco, in reply to this questionnaire, prior to his death
There are many famous men,
many important men, big in their
owt. way, big in their own space
and time, but they are small in
stature compared to Mahatma EXECMDWE BOARED COIVEIES
Gandhi. His mastery over himself,
(Contmued from Page 1) that the most urgent activities
his courage and consistency of
Barcelona, was named to head the should be the subject of"intensive
life, his profound sincerity of
Philosophy and Humanistic Stu- prosecution during 1948,"awhile
spirit, his abounding, all-embra-
dies Section. the remainder should be the sub-
cling charity and that strong
conviction that he hand. and M. Gordon Men ies, an exper- ject of"limited preparatory work,
shared with other great ones of ienced Australian administrator looking towards a more intensive
and former U. N. R. R. A. Director prosecution after 1948."
history, that martyrdom of the
for Manchuria, joined the Sec- On the question of a fourth.
body is nothing compared to the
retariat as head of General Ad- "Pilot Project"in Fundamental
refinement of the souL All these
to remove from their hearts every such battles have achieved. But ministrative Services. Education, the Board agreed that
great qualities shew. if I may say
trace of bitterness, resentment or there is another battle steadily Testifying to the importance of it would be initiated this year if
so. his essentiatiy religious genius :
ill-wI. That is what he was the new appointments, Dr. Hux- Unesco were invited by the Per-
the impact of religion on life, the going on in the hearts of men : a
battle for human decency, for ley said they indicated the great uvian government. It had been
impact
on the of the value
shifting of eternity
problems of the doing. His advice to the new
Governinent was that the propos- human dignity, for the removal strides forward Unesco had al- tentatively considered that such
ed division of the country should of physical strife which constricts a project might be developed
world of time. ready taken that it could attract
not be accepted. Until two days human life, for preparing the to it men of such distinction. among the Indians in the region
When we use the word religion, world for a condition of warless- The Board unanimously voted of Cuzco, ancient capital of the
before it was actuary accepted
many of us in our time are more he was arguing against it, but ness. That is the battle which is that M. Roger Seydoux (France) Incas.
or less sceptical about it. But the the leaders were caught in a mo- replace Professor Auger as mem-
going on, and so far as that battle Third Session of the General
kind of religion Mahatma Gandhi ber of the Executive Board. Pro-
ment of great frustration. They is concerned there has not been
professed is one to which even fessor Auger had resigned from Conference
were tired of communal killings a greater tighter than Gandhi
the most sceptical, even the most which had disgraced the country himself. the Board shortly before the an- Important also during the Exe-
: intellectualhighbrows could pay for the past few months. They nouncement of his appointment cutive Board discussions was the
allegiance to. Fifteen years ago I He tells us again and again : to the Secretariat.
were eager and anxious to give subject of the Third Session of
edited a book on Contemporary "Take care of the darkness in
some kind of relief or security to Considering the programme for the General Conference, to be
Indian Philosophy. 6e sent me a your soul, of the savage intole- 1948, the Board noted that finan- held in Beirut, the Lebanon, next
the harassed multitudes of the
page. and in that page he said : rance, of misunderstanding, of cial and staff considerations limit- October.
country. So against their better
"There are people who ca ! I God fear, suspicion, resentment and ed the rabid, development of all
judgment, against the advice of Presenting a report on condi-
truth. I say truth is God There all such factors which are the the projects simultaneously. It tions and material facilitiesavail-
Gandtu. they accepted the parti-
are men in the world who naVE' breeding ground of wars, and if therefore affirmed the principle able in that city, offered by the
tion of the country.
denied God. but there are no men you have to battle for a world Lebanese government as site for
who have denied truth. I am a ."... or I die." that is to be free from wars, you the Third Session, Dr. Huxley
believer in truth. That is God for must expose the darkness which not."The whole cosmic process is
I met him early in December, spoke highly of the efforts being
me. is there entrenched in your soul. a perpetual struggle between
made there to prepare adequate
and when I was discussing the You must try to bring some light reason and unreason, between love
You may always take it that arrangements for such an inter-
political situation with him, he to bear upon it and make people and hate, between light and dark- national conference.
the prophets of the spirit, by
said :"Either I heal the differen- believe that the world is one in ness, and those who fought for
simply standing outside history, The Lebanese government ; he
ces or I dire in the proc') ss :' He its deepest roots and in its highest light, for love, for reason, have
mould history. They leave the declared,
sarge halls was constructing
for the conference two
ses-
died in the process. to meet with their opposites of
aspirations.
greatest impression on history He was not able to achieve that darkness, of hate, of unreason, sions. Ample hotel accommodar
simply because they have this communal peace and unity. He and they have sometimes, more tion would be available for dele-
quality of detachment from any Unity of Peoples
fought for a free and united often when they are sincere, suc-
kind of allegiance to earthly pos- India. Free, in the political sense gates and Secretariat Members.
Until we are able to liberate cumbed to these forces.
sessions themselves. Gandhi be- Dr. Hux ! ey adc that the local
of the term. India is. but united ourselves from this feeling of We made Socra drink death.
longed to that type. He had no authorities were most anxious that
she is not. That social freedom, resentment and selfishness it wily we nailed Jesus to the cross, we
attraction for the material tings the conference should take place
that communal amity, he has not not be possible for us to establish sighted the faggots which burned
of life so far as his personal life in Beirut, and that it should be
been able to achieve. a world on the lines of peace, the martyrs, and Gandhi has not
was concerned, though he was a success. Distinguished foreign
And yet if there is any message human sanctity and generosity. It escaped that fate. And yet his life
anxious to make the material con- residents in the Lebanon, he con-
that he has left behind, it is the is one thing to bring about chan- has a kind of classical comple- cluded, had emphasized the poli
dittons of life better for large message that we can cure these ges in the social architecture of teness about it. tical importance of holding the
numbers of men. ills only by the methods of peace the world. We can go abou Here he was, laying down his conference there"as it would give
and reconciliation. If communal
Freedom establishing world organisations, life, facmg unreason, hatred. Unesco an opportunity to make
peace is to be established in India, but no world organisation can a very concrete contribution
anger, dissension, and at the last
Freedom for him was not merely the only thing that is open to us thrive unless that spirit is there : moment with the name of God towards international understan-
a political fact, it was a social is to adapt his methods : that is, that spirit, that love is stranger
on his lips, and w ! th love and ding."
reality. He was anxious that India to refrain from anger, to refrain than hate ; that understanding is
forgiveness in his heart. Thus as The Executive Board decided
should be converted from social from any kind of intemperance of much better than lack of under- he crumpled down, with blood that the Third Session of the
corruption and from communal thought, word or deed, and not to standing ; and if Gar. dhi stood our streaming from his lips, he lifted General Conference was tentati-
strife, and that the people raise indulge in any expressions of vio- for any ideal, it was for this ideal
up both his hands and greeted vely scheduled to open on October
themselves in their own esteem, lence or any kind of hatred of developing unity of religion, the murderer who was there 14, 1948 and, was to last about
discover their own dignity in knowmg that it is likely to accen- unity of peoples, unity of cul- facing him. You cannot conceive three weeks and a half.
their own conscience, in the tuate animosity. That is the only tural thought, and for preparing of a death more noble, less The Board also considered prob-
depths of their own souls. way in which we can build up a the world for a world culture, a hateful than that. lems of administration, of finance
He felt that while August 15th true memorial for him. world conscience. This world
Here was Gandhi, who pre- and of Unesco's external relations
was a day of triumph so far as Whatever we may think abüu. conscience is the spiritual coun- sented to this unbelieving world during its four-day meetings.
political problems were concerned, Gandhi's part in the liberation of terpart of the material world
everything good that human na- Special sub-committees of the
it was a day of humiliation be- India, his essential object was not community. These world organi- ture is capable of, the very Executive Board had met for sev-
cause the country was then so much the liberation of India as sations cannot be established
highest ideals which we can pos- eral days prior to the plenary ses-
enslaved by petty communal pas- the liberation of the world. He unless the spirit for which Gan-
sibly possess. He belongs to a type sions. These groups considered
sions. was trying to use India as an dhi stood is t. here to inspire
that redeems the whole human Unesco's relations with non-gov-
He, therefore, kept away from experiment by which he would be them.
race, which invests it with super- emmental organisations, a ten-
the celebrations of political in- able to suggest to the world other
He has met with the fate human glory. tative agenda, for the Third Sea-
dependence and went walking in ways by which differences could which awaits all those who are His body is 5 reduced to ashes, sion of the General Conferenee.
the villages of Bengal, lonely, be adjusted and settled.
ahead of their time ; the victim which are scattered on the Unesco's work in the field of eul-
barefooted, taking his sustenance There are people who tell us : of misunderstanding, reaction, tural reconstruction and questiÒDs
waters, but the spirit in him js
in the homes of small and non-violence is the dream of the hatred and violent death."A a light from above which will of the status and responsabi1itieB
humble peasants, asking their wise, violence is the history of light shineth in the darkness and penetrate far into space and time, of members of the Executive
forgiveness and entreating them man, We know the results which the darkness comprehendeth it and inspire countless generations. Board.
 .
UNESCO C-otfRIEIl

THIS IS A WORLD TRAGEDY

SAVE THE CHILDREN !

Says Report To Unesco on Educational

Problems of Child War Victims

With this note of encourage- lages set up in France, Switzer-

ONE the Secretari
OF the tasks
{J.. t assigned
of Unesco to
in ment, Dr. Marcus turns in her land, Poland, Hungary and else-
report from the ham done by where ; of these, perhaps the
'1947 was a study of the effects of
war to a description of the ef- Pestalozzi Village in Canton Ap-
the late war on children.
forts which are being made by penzell, in Switzerland, is the
As a preliminary measure to
devoted people throughout the most striking example, grouping
this study, Dr. Simone Marcus, a
world to alleviate that harm. as it does some three hundred
Frenchwoman with a distl7lguish- children of ten or more nation-
Two mternational consultative
end record for work amonst child alities-all refugee orphans.
enterprises described by Dr. Mar-
war-utcttms, was invited by the
cus are the International Study
Secretariat to prepare an in- Efforts of War-Hit Nations
Weeks at Zurich and the ad-
terim report.
vanced course in medicine and Hungary, with 200,000 orphans
On the basis oaf this report the
teaching at Lausanne ; the In- is beginning to 'eal with the
Second Session of the General
ternational Weeks at Zurich
Conference voted to izstruct the problem which they present in
have been able to help in France, the same way, and in Yugoslavia
Secretariat to continue its work
Poland. Austria and Greece with
Ott war-handicapped children, villages are being constructed for
gifts of books, etc., and in addi- 88,000 orphans ; the work of this
stressing the importance of spe- tion have held meetings in Ger-
cial emphasis on the educational sort which has been done in
many and Italy, the former hav- Italy since the end of the war
roblems of these children.
ing taken place at Heidelberg. has attracted great attention all
The Director-General was ins- In stressing the need for the over the world.
tructed to"draw up a ! plan of greatest possible help for chil- Dr. Marcus, in her report, re-
study and action on the educatio- dren, Dr. Marcus makes the cords that this idea is not a
nal problems of war-handicapped point that the help almost im- novel one, instancing the"Chil-
children, in collaboration with the mediately begins to give results, dren's Republics"created in Pa-
rational and international orga- as soon as it is forthcoming, so lestine by the Zionist organisa-
tt!Sd :o ?:s
nisations co ?tcerKe<!'' ttTtt
concerned"and"to !"to elastic are the recuperative tions for Jewish orphans arriv- After wandering for a. long time he s ! eeps in a Children's Home.
obtain from experts in different powers, both mental and physic- ing from Europe, the home for
counties information and fac- al, of children. Basque children at Carshalton in
tual reports, and to institute a
"C hildren's Villages" Surrey and the famous experi-
field surve1J of the most sign- ment of Father Flanagan in the
! ìcant experiments made in that "THE BOZO/ OF NEEDY"
Chapter III of this report deals United States ; all these ventures,
yteM." shoe comments have served to
with the effect of the war on
Therefore, new educational show the efficacy of the idea countries of Europe and the Far
schools and education, and the "HE BOOK of account
Needs is
survey will be undertaken this - *-Unesco's first of East.
measures taken to deal with the which, however, is not to be re-
year on this problem and it is post-war educational and cultu- The situation is not, however,
shortage of trained personnel, garded as a"cure all."
hoped that a complete report will As stated above, Dr. Marcus' ral losses and needs. It is a one of unrelieved gloom. The
books and equipment and acco-
be ready for submission to the bird's-eye-view of the preset cri- fifteen countries whose problems
modation, as well as the educa- report is only the first step. This
Third Session of the General tical situation of education, scion- are discussed in the Book of
tion of orphan and homeless year Unesco will extend its work
Conference in Beirut. on war-handicapped children by ce and culture in fifteen war- Needs have not been idle; nor
children. Among the most in-
The interim survey, reported devastated countries." are they passively waiting for
teresting development in this stressing the educational prob-
below, thus constitueS the first field which are described by Dr. lems that must be met to aid With these words Dr. Julian foreign help. Governments and
step in the study of a situation these unfortunate children. national volun : ary organis : 1. tionß
Marcus are the children's vil- Huxley, Director-General of
which will probably require at- Unesco, begins his foreword to are exerting evel'Y possILlp effort
tentzon for many years to come. this book published by the Orga- towards the reconstruction and
It M useful because it shows the nisation at the end of last year. rehabilitation of Lheir own coun-
Á AR-DEYASTATED COUIVTRY
tries. But wiLhout outside hlp
urgency of the problem and the Dr. Huxley goes on to say :
role that Unesco can p ! ay, cs- they'cannot hope to accomp : ish
"There is much repetition in all that still remains to be done.
rpe. ciaZly in the field of education. this report. The same story is
The book closes on a note of
Hungarian Delegate Views told agam and again with only
Quoting the statement of urgency, with the following
some variety in the differed :
Lard Horder :"Let us take care words :
settings. The tragedy presented
of the children, for they are al] Nation's Role in Unesco "Much has been done, much is
is indeed the tragedy of repeti-
tha. t we have for to-morrow", being done to help the war-
tion : in every country there are
Dr. Marcus points out that education, organist leisure, ex- devastated countries in their im-
ruins. lack of equipment, over-
amongst the 20,000,000 people FOR HUNGARY,
- *-in the
work of participation
Unesco does pand libraries, salvage works of mense task of educational, scien-
worked teachers, white faced
who lost their lives during thE not mean quite the same thing as art and build playgrounds. tific and cultural reconstruction.
children.
Second World War, 3,000,00 (' it does for most other countries. It will readily be seen that. Much remains to be done. It is
"It is perhaps through the fUll
were children (more than a mil- For it is not merely a matter under these difficult conditions now two yea. rs since the war
realisation of this repetition tha
hon children perished in Poland of renewing cultural and scientific Hungary's membership in Unesco ended, but so great was the
the enormous extent of the harm
alone), and that the children contacts interrupted by the war. has nothing"idyllic"about it. havoc wrought by the most ter-
done by the invader can best be
who survived had, in countless A country like Hungary, in the rible war in history that no
It is not simply a matter of appreciated and the immensity
cases, been orphaned and had bindmg up, with Unesco's aId, he, process of reconstruction. cannot of the problems which still con- country can yet be said to be
their health permanently affect- look upon internationalism as within sight of real and totf'. 1
smartmg war wounds, so that she front the world."
ed. After a survey of the purely can resume her,. traditional place an end in itself. rehabilitation."
But the Book of Needs is I10t (The Book of Needs. Unesco,
physical harm done by the war, among the civilised nations." Hungary, then, looks for three
Dr. Marcus discusses the psycho- only a survey of the widespread Paris 1947. 112 pp. $1.00 or 5 s.)
No. For Hungary, the war was things from Unesco : destruction of material resources
logical effects, starting with the not just a break in continuity, an I.-The possibility of breaking
in school buildings and scho :) !
dislocation or destruction of fa- unhappy interlude or now for- away from a certain scientific,
equipment. In preparing this re-
mily life, and the social changes gotten nightmare, but the com- cultural and educational isolation
brought about by war. port it was felt that additional School Pamphlet
plete transformation of her social and of maintaining fruitful rela-
In the meanwhile, juvenile data concerning the ravages to
structure and of the elements of tions in these fields with all
the health standards of children
delinquency has increased to an her cultural life-a transforma- Member States, in accordance To Be Reprinted
and adults, as a direct result of
alarming extent. Dr. Marcus is tion for which her best thinkers with the most ancient traditions
the war, were worthy of inclu-
careful to point out that this de- and poets had prepared the way. of our country.
sion. A reprint is being made of th
linquency shows itself in two When the war ended, Hungary n.-An indirect means of mak-
As Br. Huxley says in his booklet"Going to School in War-
forms-one the ordinary variety, found her agricultural and in- ing contact with the United Na- foreword : Devastated Countries", published
which she-'eels is more of a dustrial population eager for tions, of which she is not yet a "I hope that this first attempt jointly by Unesco and the Corm-
concern for the psychiatrist than knowledge, but without teachers, Member, in the conviction, in- to set forth a picture of losses. misszon for International Educa-
. forthe social worker, and the schools or methods. Added to creasingly backed buy experience, achievement and needs in coun- tional Reconstruction (C. !. E. R.).
other, of a different sort, which this was the tragic V 11 a. Lt L1UUe ; i : : 11'y ;.)
By tries still lying in the shadow of The brooklet was written by Mr.
is much more common at pre- and imperious ne- particular
particutarform four m the rum of war will reach a Leonard S. Kenworthy, American
sent and which springs from a Edmond FERENCZI of democracy C9n
cessity of carry- wide public. The reconstruction educator MOM or the Unesco Se-
abate of insecurity to be attribut- ing out, quickly Permanent Delegate strengthen the of educational, scientific and cretariat.
ed to the conditions of the times. and effectively, a of Hungary to Unesco comity of na-
cultural life in these war-devas- First pUblzshed In 1947,"Going
Under enemy occupation that in- big programme of tions.
tated countries makes a world- to School tun War-devastated
security was part of a state of social, economic ana cultural re- III.-Certain forms of material wide call for help which cannot Countrzes"met with immediate
affairs in which it became the form. assistance. for which Hungary
be ignored by anyone who cares success. It shows the difficulties
duty of the individual to do Revolutionary means had to be has urgent need, although she is under
Mftder 7t
:(; :c/t edMca<
education
!o ?tisMbeing
be !Kgr
for the preservation of real va-
what he could to set at nought called upon, since cultural dev- aware of the limited resources
lues in tomorrow's generations." carried out in devastated coun-
whatever laws were imposed by available to. the Organisation.
elopment was the condition of The majority of the schools tries because of the lack of such.
the occupant. In return, Hungary brings to
public safety. Before the war throughout the country are ei- simple tools as pens, pencil,
Budapest had a people's college. Unesco the support of her thou- chalk, notebooks and ink.
Educatin Disrupted ther totally destroyed or only the
the Gyorffy College, where young sand-year-old civilisation, which But the type oaf assistance
shells of the buildings remain.
The physical and psychological peasants found, besides their un- in the three realms of educa- needed ranges far beyond theife
The loss of equipment is almos :
difficulties outlined above, to- iversity studies, lodging, extratui. tion, science and culture, and
total. The report declares : elementary supplies. It includes
gether with the damage done byi tion and teaching in languages. despite the small size of her ter- technical bOOks and equipment
invasion and occupation of the At the liberation this College be- ritory and the barrier of her "There is no reliable evidence
/or science teaching, dental and
war devastated countries of Eu- language, has made note- that there is any village school
came a prototype, and later the agricultural schools, fellowships
rope and Asia, have had as one headquarters of a vast movement worthy contributions to world ci- completely undamaged, with fur-
and study grants for work in less
oj their results, the complete dis- vilisation. niture intact and adequate equip
of people's colleges, which after handicapped nations of the world,
location, if not destruction of She also brings her new ex- ment."
only 3 years now numbers more as well as the need four exchang-
the educational system of the periments. bold and often im- In Greece, for example, the
than 130 institutions and almost ins educational missions with
countries concerned. The effects 18,000 pupils. provised (all the more surprising report states that the country.
other countries.
of this, in turn, on the general in a people crushed by the feel- always poor, is now practicallv
Coupled with this amazing ef- Pointing out that"the verv
behavior and future prospects ing of fatalism and now victim destitute :
fort, are the projects of the Min- basis oaf internatzonal under-
of a"heroic defeat"complex), but In the case of Poland, six mil-
"oaf the children
'easily imagined. concerned
At the canbest,
be istry of Education, which form standing and world peace is edu-
which, outside controversial fields, lion citizens perished and the
part of the"Three Year Plan." cational opportunity"and that
can open new paths to Unesco whole country was devastated.
Yet despite all this, there has This Plan aims, in spite of losses "the heroic teachers and students
and destruction, at giving the and add a certain philosophy of 500,000 children lost both their
been a real hunger for learning in tom countries ravaged by the
men and things almost unrepre- parents. 3,000,000 children are
made manifest by the older stu- Hungarian nation a higher stan- war need your help", the palm-
dard of living and a fuller cul- sented within the Organisation. undernourished ; two-thirds of all
dents, at least, young men and phlet concludes with a plan for
The liberation of Hungary not books in libraries were destroyed
women who during the war ture than in 1938. aid either through contrièutions
only drove out the Nazis, but by and sixty per cent of the coun-
yearns ran great risks and work- Energetic steps are being taken
try's educational structure was of goods, services and money t ()
ed with unbounded energy to try to increase the number of schools overcoming the sense of an in-
wiped out. existing iProjects or though the
and make up for what they of all grades, to swell the ranks escapable doom, has taken on uni-
The same tragic pattern of !a « M<;7t:K6'
launching ofo/KeM act !t)!t:by
new activitis es or-
&.V or-
knew that they were missing as of the teachers and improve their versal significance, since it leads
misery and want is repeated ganisations or schools large
the result of war and occupa- social standing, to standardise towards the liberation of all
mankind. throughout the war-ravaged enough to make this practicable.
tion. teaching methods, develop adult
 UNESCO IN ACTION Tt

V. S. A.

Rational Commission

i
nlgnllgnl
Highlights :

Reconstruction

ON TEE
THE
oaf
of the occasion oafthe Commis-
of
U. S. National
Notional meeting
Commies-
sion in Washington
simon on February
16 the entire
entice membership oaf that
of
body lumbering
numbering approximatly
approximately
100 was
wars received
receive ant.the White
at
Hose,
House, bey President
by Resident Truman, and
latter addressed
later addresses bey Mr
by Mar George
Marshal,
Marshall, the Secretary of oaf State.
Statue.
These two functions
function swerved to
served
marl
mark the important plaice which
place
hand already been
had bees won
worn for
fouritself by
the U. S. National
Notional Commission
during a life
daring lire of
oafa little
tittlemore
morse than.
a year.
yea. The rapid growth of oaf this
body in prestige andant in influence
insthe more
is morse striking
stricking by
bey reason
treason of
the fact
facet that when it was
wars created
"'he
"'she Notional
National Commission wars a.
was a
complete novelty in American
compete America lire,
life,
four a body of
for oaf this
thins sort,
snort,within
which the U.
U, S. government, and
private
primate group
groups ant
and individuals
interested in education, science
ant
and vulture
culture could all
wall work to-
gether, had
ether, hand never
sever before existed.
exited. I
In its official report
retort to tao the
Medico
Mexico Conference, the United
Statues delegation
States relegation observed
observe :
"the
"The Notional Commission
National for
Unesco is insan
ain innovation in Amer-Amber-
scan life.
ican lire. To
Tao have
halve stimulated
simulated the
cremation of
creation oaf the Commission may
bye deemed
be teemed the first significant
achievement oaf Unesco
of in its re-
rye-
'latins with
latins witch the United
Unite Statues.",
States."
Processional
Professional organizations
organisations in
education, science and ant culture
vulture are
wifely represented
widely in the Com-
Corm-
emission, but
mission, bust representation
representatroíÍ is insalso
alto 1947
1947 ;;under
sunder the
the auspices
auspices of oaf the
the National
Notional Commis-
Commies-
gives to
given tao many
manly other
pother groups
group in-sionsion in
in- in Philadelphia
P.philadelphia ; ; it
it was
wars. attended
attended by bey the
th re-
rye-
terested in the objective
objectives oaf
of presentatlVes of
presentatives oaf more
morse than five hundred natIOnal
nationaJ
Uñesco-such
Unesco-such as women's voluntary
organi-yoluntay
organi- organisations
w
oranisatior. and
ant served to tao dissem-
stations, youth
sations, south organizations, la-
organisations, Ja-mateinate widely
Widely information
informatIOn concerning
concermng Unesco.
Unesco. At At
boar unions
bour unisons andant religious
religions groups.
group. the same
ame time,
lie,
tri
! to
taoa certain
pertain : extent,
exit,t, it was
wars possible
possib.le
A Secretariat
Secretarial for four the Commis-
Commis-to to give
gIVe advice
adVIce to tao local
loyal communities
commurntles as totaoways
wars inIII
simon is
sion insfurnished
furnishes by bey the Depart-
Dooart-, . which they
which they might
night best
beset help
help inin the
the carrying
carryin out
out
meant of
ment oaf State
Statue; this
thins is
insknown
knows as of
oafUnesco's
Unesco's programme.
programme.
the Unesco Relation
Relations Stuff and
Staff, ant To
Tao follow
fallow up up ! this
thai meeting,
J meting, to
tao which
which delegate.
delegates !
the Director of, oaf,the Staff
Stuff serves
rves had combe
hand come from
from wall
all rover
over the
the Unite
United Statues,
States, it it was
ways
as Executive Secretary of oaf the Na- decided tao
Na-decided to holed
hold ainan experimental regional meeting
tonal Commission.
tional in
in Denver,
Denier, Colorado
Colorado from
from May
Mary 1515 totao 17
17 ;
; this
this
... bought together approximately
brought together approximately I
The Notional
National Commission personas from the Mountain-
1,900 persons Mountain-A,'''7 RIA
Plains AUS7RIA.
ant Work
at Pains region
legion ofoafthe
the United
Unite States,
Statues, V J
representing organizations, colle-
organisations, collie-
The National Commission, the ges,
?-e
T1 Notional Commission, the gens,schools
school ant and civic
civil groups.
group. The N M b
Chairman of which is Mr Milton Conference organised itself
Chairman oaf which insMar Milton Conference organized itself into
into
S. Eisenhower,
EIsenhower, has, hats, since its insti-
insti-committees
committees dialing
dealing witch
with the
the New ew-em Member er
tuition, advised
tution, advise the Government
Government'various subject
'various subjects on Unesco's
on Unesco's pro-pro-S 1... C. It ail E
oaf the
of th Unite
United Statues on the for-
States for-gramgrammeme eeAS u our. 4
mulation and development of the Seeks Cultural E I
I mulatlOn ant development oaf the Since then,
the, amongst many
manly local
Unesco Programme and on other
unesco Programme ant on pother meeting
meetings herd there
held, there arearse particu-
particu-
important matters concerning the the Austrian educational SYi
Imporn maters cmcerning the early worthy
larly wort-hy of f these held
note those herd ONCE OF the first auctions oaf the the Austrian educational sy
organisation-including the ONE new OF Austrian
the first actions of the
government a Unesco field worker toured.
orglsatIon-mcludmg. the com-
com-at at Milwaukee on
011 April 30, and ant atant sew Austria governmeIt a Unesco flld worked toured
positIOn of
position oaf the delegation to tao the Sawn
San Francisco
Francisco on Jane
on June 10. The
10. The rafter liberation wars the
after liberation was the reconsti- reconstl-country
country ;
durmg
during 1947. tao
to eval
anneal
annual meetmg
meeting oaf the General
of farmer wars plaid four bey a loyal tuition
tution oaf
of the
the wold
old Notional
National Com-theCom- moist pressing
the most pressmg seeds ;
needs ;'pan,
pay
former was paid for by a local
Conference. mittee of the 1948 programme of Un
Conferen.. deportment
department stone, and
store, ant brought mitten oaf Intellectual
Intellectual Co-oper-
Co-oper- !hie 1948 programme oaf Urn.
In addition, the National Com- ation, marking the ofbeginning includes a full survey of
! n. addiction, the NatIOnal Corm-. together one once thousand represen-ation,
represen- marlin :
beginning/ oaf mclues a fall purvey. o.
S.
mLS. (m has
mission hats. assumed,
assume, as a task
tusk natives
tatives oafof carious
various organizations,
organisations, a
a largo
large stale
scale effort
effort tao
to restore
restore thethe tchmcal
technical seeds of
needs f Austria in. m..
particularly its own, the duty of while the latter. was sponsored by cultural relations of Austria with fields of press, film and radK
partlCuarly Its town, the oaf dusty. awhile later, wars bey cultal relate? ins oaf Austria wth field. oaf ress, flm ant. radIc
promoting
romotmg a
a greater
grater understand-
understand-the the San Sawn Francisco Museum of
oafArt.
Ant. foreign countries-relations
countrIes-relations WhICh
which While
Awhile links
lmks with
width foreign
foreign iÅ
mag of
ing oaf the general purposespurpose oaf...
of hand been
had bees completely
completely broke
broken du-international
du- bodiés'Were
international bodices'were
.Unesco
Unesco on the partpant ofoaf the people Educational Reconstruction
Educational'Reconstruction ruing weight yearns oaf Merman occu-refor&commat;d, Austria surveyed
ring eight years of German occu- reforged. Austria surveyed
of the United States, and, with state
Oaf.the. United. statues, ad, witch Participation by bey U. S. voluntary pation
patio and
ant war.
wan. statue of
oaf science
science and
ant educã
educã
thJS aim
this am In view,
in Vie, eslished
established a organizations in Unesco's pro-Indeed, Unesco ins leased within
. within her own borders ;
heir town boarders ; here,
here,
organisations in Unesco's pro- Indeed, Unesco is pleased
Committee of Information. elsewhere, th the wan
war hand
had leftleft m m
Commltt oaf formatlOn. gramme of
oaf educational, scientific tat,
that, spit. of
in spite. oaf material
maternal ant
and elsewhere,.
The Fist National
First NatIOnal ? <&gt;nference'an
<
Conference and cultural reconstruction
cultural reconstruction is co- insco-teChnical. difficulties, Austria hats problem
problems III Its wale..
in its wake.
technical difficulties, Austria has
on Unesco
. on Unesco was
wars held III
herd in Mach,
March, ordmated
ordinated bey a body closely relat-
by relat-taken th"initiative taopublish the In a
In a report
resort on on \'
;
thai
this! subj'
:
< l1h'
taken the initiative to publish the
ed to the Nations1 Commission. first German-language magazine made to Unesco just prior to
This is CIER (Commission In-
fo devoted exclusively to the acti- admission of Austria to mem
ternational Educational Recon- vities and aims of the Organisa- ship of the organisation,
peoples of the world and to contribute to the main- struction). Its functions are to tion. This periodical, entitled from which the details inclu
tenance stimulate action by voluntary
"T HE SUCCESSof peace, will in its
of Unesco, the ability
long runto largely
influence depend
the "Unesco-Bulletin", produced its in this article are taken,
on the efficiency and activity of National Com- organisations in the field of first issue in January of this Austrian government gives
missions. They must interpret the purposes and programme of educational reconstruction, to year, less than a month after account of some of the sbfl
Unesco in terms likely to appeal to their own public opinion. make known needs in that field Austria's application for member- taken, and pays tribute to
They must advise their Governments on every issue relevant to and to serve as a clearing house help received from the relev
ship in Unesco was accepted by
Unesco's functions which interests, or should interest, their in the field. the General Conference in Mexico sections of the Allied Comm'
respective countries. And they should provide Unesco with the American voluntary organisa- at present in the country.
City.
information and national collaboration it requires to fulfil its tions during 1946 contributed Under the auspices of the the tasks successfully undert
rioted tasks. nearly $62,000,000 for educational National Committee a great by the National Committee si
"A further point to emphasize is, that if they are to fulfil reconstruction, and more than the end of the war was i'
many societies have been formed
their function. National Commissions and Co-operatin2'Bodies $42,000,000 during the first six for the maintenance of cultural publication of new books on
must be provided with the secretariat, organisational and finan- months of 1947. Of this amount relations with foreign countries. trian history.'.
cial facilities required to exercize real activity. approximately 80 per cent was Contacts between Austrian
Typical examples, selected from a
"A final point is the part that the National Commissions can contributed to Unesco countries. list of twenty such bodies, are foreign youth have been ea :
play in the execution ;) f Unesco's programme, which is not a Evidence of great growth of the Society for the Maintenance sought ; student exchanges'
series of operations centrally directed and executes by the Secre- interest on the part of the Amer- of Cultural and Economic Rela- already taking place with S
tariat in Paris, but a combined effort to which each country ican public in the educational tions with the U. S.S.R., a Franco- zerland, France and the U.S-
can contribute. It will call for close and regular contact between reconstruction of. war devastated Austrian Society, an Austro- and International Universf
the Secretariat and the National Commissions." countries is provided by the fact British Society, an Austro-Amer- Weeks have been held at 8ft
\
that more than 300 voluntary ican Society, an Austro-Iranian burg and at Alpach in the Tyrf
Dr. Julian HUXLEY,
organisations are now participat- Cultural Federation and an In the exchange of broadest
Director-General.
ing in this,work, as against fewer Austro-Argentine Society. ing material much has been doi
than 40 a year ago. To aid in the reconstruction of foreign stations have relay
THROUGHOUT THE WORLD

FRANCE

Permanen. t Commission

To Broaden Activities

nut only with her awn ipToblems

THE INAUGURAL meeting
the permanent of Na-
French oaf educatianal reconstructian, but
tional Commission for Unesco will throughau ; t 1947,has shewn active
be 7teZftat the Quaid'Orsay on interest iz Uttesco's prpgramme
Thursday, March 4, in the pres- oaf aid to other mar-devastated
ence of Mr. Georges Bidault, countries. Study and research 0
Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. fellawships were placed at the
Edouard Die,
preux, Minister of disposal'of Unesco by the French
Education and Dr. Julian Huxley, Ministry of Natianal Educatian.
Director-General of Unesco. The The University af Paris affered
first programme session of the the Organisation 220,000 francs
permanent Commission is sche- fair the purchase af French books
duled to be held on March 19. ant teaching material. Further-
More, in June 1947, the Divisian
This permanent National Com-
of Cultural Relations af the Min-
mission wilt thus succeed the
istry of Foreign Affairs gave 25,-
present provisional one which, on
000 copies af French classics to.
its establishment in August 1946,
Unesco. for distribution to. war-
was one of the first National
damaged universities and school
Commissions to be set U1J by a
af ather ca.' ! lntries.
Unesco Member State.
The provisional Natianal COln-
In a report decently sMbm : tted
missian fram the first attached
to Unesco'the provisional Na-
considerable impartance to Unes-
tMNCt !
tonal Com77MSS !0rev
Commission ?t i re0 wU s! 0 M S
co's pragramme oaf Education fair
France's participation in the
far Interrz. atianal Understanding.
programme of Unesco for 1947'and Thus the Cammissian cipprooched
tie work of toe Commission.
the Ministry af Educatian to.
"It was inevitable", the report study measures for developing in
begins,"that France, which, at French children and young
the London Conference, gave people,
; a better'knowledge and
fProof of her interest in Unesco by understanding af the rest of the
inviting he Organisation to es- world. In this cannection it is
tabHsh the headquarters of its interesting to note, that the
permanent Secretariat on French M :K :str!/ af
Ministry o/WattONa ! Ed « c<!tto?t
Natianal Educatian
soil, should associate herself ac- has already forwarded a circular
tively with the work of interna- requesting that a special course
tional understanding undertaken oz the United Natians shCíuld be-
by the Organization". made compulsary in all French
universities.
"In spite of the (lestruction the
county has suffered", the re, port The provisianal
MKtThe. prou :s:OMtt!Natianal
NattOKa Carn-
! Com-
continues,"France was determin- mission has also paid particular
ed to share to the full extent of attentian to Unesco's worn in
MEXICO her means in the world-wade Fundamental Educatian. It decid-
campaign undertaken by, Unesco ed to institute surveys and as-
for aid to the war-devastated se) information on the prab-
Commission Stressés counties". lems and resultl1c of fundamental
The provisional French Com- educatian in thè cauntries and
mission consisted of 50 outstand- terrttohes af Overseas France,
Unesco's Education work ing personalities, including mem- and the applicatian thereto of
bers of Parliament, scholars, Unesco's work.

ther with mobile teaching col- educators, artists, senior civZ

Unesco has never flailed to take
rr'HEn FIRST stages of the
government's Mexi-
campaign umns were asked to pay atten- servants and trade unionists. it
advantage af the experience af
tion in particular to the setting was organised into a nutnber of
against illiteracy begun in 1944 French experts in the survey
were followed by the world with up of teaching centres in the programme committees, whose and discussions which organisa-
task it was to study the best ways
great attention, and the re- areas for which they were respon- tians spansored dealing with all
markable result obtained receiv- ;
sible by which France can assist Unesco as, pects of its wark, Especially
ed praise from all quarters. - in the execution of its programme,
in the light of the first part of Moteworthy were thee French cq ? t-
its'surveys and other projects. tributions in the fields af philo. :.
Less attention, however, has the general campaign against illi-
teracy, it was decided that, in the The Arts and Letters Committee, sophy and humanities, the social
been paid to the succeeding
."Follow Up"teáching should pre- for example, of the provisional sciences, the drafting af a De-
: tate stages of the operation which, in
ferably be collective, as experience National Commission met last ctarottOK af Human Rights and
the opinion of the Mexican gov-
had shown that t better results year to study Unesco's proposals the surveying of the technical
ernment itself, presented prob-
: ; èhange were obtained at Fundamental for the creation of the Interna- needs af war-devastated cauntries
- lems even more difficult than
Education Centres where pupils tional Theatre Institute. It brought in the fields af mass cammunica-
those overcome when the cam-
Austrian broadcasts of perform- were taught in groups, rather together some 30 French experts : tions.
paign was first launched and
aces at the Salzburg Festivals, than individually. dramatists, composers, architects
when half the people of Mexico French library services kneep
. at the Vienna Opera and else- could neither read nor write.' A system 0 ; priocities was also and decorators, theatrical produc-
where. ers and actors. Under the chair- canstantly. in tauch with the
drawn up ; those who were to Libraries work af Unesco., and, in
In a report made to Unesco at-
Immediately after the libera- have first claim on the instruc- manship of Mr. François Mauriac,
the time of the Second Session this cannectian, at the Conifer-
tion of the country, the univer- tors'time were children who, for of the"Académie Française", the
of"the General Conference last ence af the International Federa-
sities of Austria began to renew various'reasons were not attend- board a. pproved the broad out-
November, the Mexican govern- tion af Library Associatians, held
their relations abroad, and to do ing school ; then came young per- lines of the Theatre Institute.
ment gave a number of reasons at Oslo. in May 1947, the French
what they could to make easier sons and finally older men and It also proposed that National
why the"follow up"of the origi- re. presentatives secured close ca-
i intellectual interchange with for- women. Theatre Committees be set up in
nal campaign had its own special operattOK between the Federat ! OM
eign countries. The University of each of the Member States of the
vienna has founded"The Inter- difficulties. Among them were It was also recommended that and Unesco., and similar auction
the duration of classes in the re- proPQsed Institute.
the following : was taken with regard to the
national Institute of the Univer- France has shown her interest,
gular Fundamental Education Canference of the International
sity of Vienna,"which will organ- 1.) Because the time had pass- Centres should be one and a half the report soes om to say, in the Federation af Documentatian
ise lectures abroad on Austria ed when learning to read project for the creation of the
hours, though in smaller rural
and invite foreigner to come to and write was novel and Institute for the Hylean Amazon.
communities, served only by tra- heM at BerNe last AUgUst'lØ
Austria to lecture on their own exciting for the people ; In 1947, the French Government Fznally, It lS worth stressing
velling teachers, the length of
countries. lessons could'be longer if required. spent a noted educationalist, Pro- that, in its position as host to
2.) Because a large number of Unesco. the French government
To a certain extent Austrian fessor Erhart, to Brazil to attend
people had already been In, ordto make sure that those has taken the administrative and
professors are already aMe to go t3ie meetings of the Belém Com-
made literate, those illi- who learned to read and write
abroad, and their foreigncol- mission of Experts. legal action which has been ne-
terates who remained were during the first part of the funda-
leagues are able to come to Aus- cessary in order that ! 7Kesco tt-
stubborn cases the teaching mental education campaign retain- France has concerned herself
tria, but it is hoped that much self should functian effectively,
of whom presented special ed and broadened their knowledge,
more of this kind of travel will
difficulties; a special series of advanced
be TMssiMe in the near future.
'J Similar arrangements are begin- 3.) Because it was necessary primers was ordered to be prepar-
ed, a wall newspaper for the same 23 NATIONAL COMMISSIONS
ning to be made four meetings be- to find ways of maintaining
tween Austrian and'foreign stu- and increasing the interest purpose is to be published, and it
is hoped also to produce a Sunday AND COOPERATING BODIES
dents. of those who had recently
been taught to read and supplement to one of the news-
The Austrian League for the OF UNESCO MEMBERS STATES
write. papers published in Mexico City.
United Nations has been active,
notably in its work through A nation wide publicity cam- For the use of those who speak Twenty-three Member Nations have now established National
teachers and through schools. paign, to which the president of up Spanish, a series of primers Commissions or Co-operating Bodies of Unesco. These are :
the Republic, Senor Aleman gave were compiled in such languages
Trough the work which has Austria Denmark Mexico Poland
all the authority of his person, as Maya, Tarasca, Nahua, Otomi,
been described in this article, Australia Dominican Rep. Netherlands U. of Sth Africa
and much more which there is was instituted, Hahuatl and Totenaca. Brazil France New Zealand United Kingdom
no room to mention, Austria is A"Corps of Special Visitors" A system 0 : rewards and punish- Canada Haiti Norway U. S. of America
ments for those taking part in the China India Philippines Venezuela
being'made once again a mem- was created, members of which
Colombia Italy Peru
ber of the comity of peaceful na- after selection were given instruc- campaign, whether students,
tions, able to contribute to, and tion and then sen't to different teachers or municipal officials is In addition, CHILE and IRAN, which are not yet Member
to receive from, the general'store parts of the country to organise being drawn up and a nation wide States have already established Co-operating Bodies to pro-
of the cultural treasure of and guide the campaign. publicity campaign has been mote the aims of Unesco.
mankind. These"Special Visitors", toge- organized.
 5 UNESCO COURIER

OESCO TAKES
"Way of Life"Book Series

PAT II U. N.

Planned by Unesco

P'ESS TALKS
they look upon other peoples,
THE great discovery most people what things they have shown
The principal contrasting views make who move around in
on the status and functions ot the world with open eyes is that themselves ready to die for-set
the press existing today were the other nations have ways of doing out in a manner which illustrates
things which are altogether the peculiar quality of that group
subject of discussion during the
second session of the U. N. Sub- strange-and yet work. To this of human beings, their"national
discovery there are two typical character"as it is sometimes
Commission on Freedom of In-
formation which took place at reactions. One is:"That's dif- called, their hopes, fears, beliefs
ferent ; I don't like it."The other and values, their'way of life.'
Lake Success from 17 January
is:"How interesting ; that's a Moreover, if we are particularly
two 3 February. Unesco was re-
new line on things."Which of interested in education, say, and
presented at these meetings by
these two reactions is forthcom- would like to know how the dif-
the Press chief of the Mass Com-
ferent forms of education are an
munications Section, M. René ing decides in large part whether
A view of Beirut, the Lebanon, where the Third Session of there is to be international fric- outgrowth of the way of life of
Maheu. Unesco's Genera ! Conference is scheduled to take place this October. the different peoples, by reading
tion or international understand-
the twelve experts on the Sub-. the comparable chapter right
ing.
Commission drafted the articles One way of making itmore likely through this small bookshelf and
of the Declaration and Conven- we can have light on the world's
that differences will be seen in
tion on Human Rights dealing an attractive light is to let the idea of education as never before.
with freedom of information. In Unesco Strengthened Who would be likely to use such
traveller into the secrets of the
ttddition they prepared a prelims- a. bookshelf ? First, clearly, men
I foreign people he is visiting. If
nary report on"The Rights, he knows that they have this or and women in universities who
Obligations and Practices on the that peculiarity and then proceeds are studying international rela-
Concept of Freedom of Informar to make the discovery for himself, tions. The very substance of inter-
By Mexico Conference
tion"for the forthcoming World in his own personal contacts, the national relations is understand-
Conference on Freedom of In- chances that he will be saying ing the diverse ways of life of
information and the Press, schedul- The following article is reprint-international conferences involv- the peoples of the world, of ap-
"How interesting..."are greater.
ed to open at Geneva on 23 ;, ! : :. " !., th ;, li ; : aion o. Uh U. S : ing ili ?-ry ecur. i. t. ln ofsp. ite One of Unesco's main tasks is preciating how this diversity
March. Nanonal c.. : ommlsslon,"National a real effort to collaborate, I to pave the way makes for the richness of life,
to international
Commission News" : political alignments affect the and at the same time of perceiv-
Two opposing points of view understanding by every means
attitudes of delegations ; ing the underlving unity upon
were expressed, with no compro- It is difficult to appraise possible. It is accordingly setting 'which a viable world system can
2) The inadequacy of interna- out on a piece of work which has
mise possible between the two, by
realistically the General Con- tional communications. The world never been attempted on a world be built. Second, in the inter-
a. majority of proponents of Li- ference at Mexico City. ceitainly has developed its ability to des- scale before. In the course of the national seminars organised by
beralism and the Russian dele- the Organisation itself emerged
troy understanding far beyond its next two years it hopes to be able Unesco,. these'Way of Life'
gate who advocated collective
stronger ; its program emerged in ability to. preserve it, and its to present to the peoples of the studies would clearly be of the
ownership and State monopoly of
sharper
...-- outline ; and the goal of in- power to incite hostility far utmost value.
the media of information. world a small bookshelf-twelve,
ternationaj col- By A reading of one another's
""YULlU lLéi puwt : rsixteen, I twenty volumes perhaps-
Pertinax (M. Andre Geraud) of laboration in the to inspire confi- 'Way ofa Life'should help to bring
William BENTON handy in size, with a number of about deeper undestanding-
France and M. Sychrava of fields of educa- dence ; illustrations, the titles of which
Czechoslovakia, on the other hand tion, science, and .Chairman
to the Mexicoof S. s. delegation
Conference 3) The natural i will read :"The American Way even if it were no more than an
stressed the importance of both culture emerged 'agreement to differ,'provided
lethargy of men of Life" ;"The Brazilian Way of
as bright as ever.-
responsibility and freedom in who fee ! them- Life" ;"The British Way of Life" ; the that real source of the dif-
news distribution, and pointed out At my sinai press conlerence selves safe from immediate dan- ference is realised. Third, the
"The French Way of Life" ;"The
that a reasonable"equalisation" at Mexico City I said that it ger. It seems to me that only staffs of the United Nations
Norwegian Way of Life" ;"The
of technical facilities and equi1> seems certain Unesco will con- an honest appraisal of the true would undoubtedly make use of
Polish Way of Life","The Swiss
ment should be a necessary pre- tribute something to world under- state of world affairs, coupled these books. When, for instance,
Way of Life", and so on for all
liminary when considering fair standing ; and that it stands with an effective program to dra- the principal peoples of the world. a Brazilian member of the Secre-
international competition. perhaps a 10-pet cent chance to matize the need for better under- tariat of one of the U. N. organisa-
Dipping into one of these books,
live up to the soaring hope of tions or agencies is visiting
standing, can overcome this we should find a number of as-
Although the Unesco represen- its constitution, providing it will Poland for the first time, the
lethargy, which is perhaps the pects of that nation-how the
tative at the conference did not do four or five fundamental volume entitled"The Polfsh Way
greatest danger to the success of people govern themselves, how
take sides in these ideological dif- things. That 10-percent chance of Life"should be of value to
Unesco. they educate themselves, how
ferences, he did point out that seems to me well worth all the him. Hundreds, possibly thou-
the right of the general public to effort we can put into it. This sands, of such cases are likely
.. -
information should take pre- would be true if the chance were to arise every year. Fourth, when
cedence over the individual's only 2-percent. a country appoints a new mem-
Work of Unesco Important
right of expression. By this he Here are some of the things ber of its consular or diplomatic
did not imply in any way the Unesco must do to win this par- service to some foreign country,
denial of individual freedom of ticular one-in-ten bet : the"Way of Life'volume on that
To Latin. American Countries
/enquiry or expression or an at- 1) It must find great leader- country should go in his bag.
tack on property rights of au- ship. It must attract to its ser- Generally, without multiplying
thors. or inventors. If it were vice the ablest men and women Ecuador Executive Board Member Says further instances, all travellers
acknowledged, however, that the in the world ; whether travellers in the flesh or
. rights of the general public were 2) It must develop the means In an interview recently granted travellers in the mind-should
tainly the results achieved in ap-
fundamental, find this series of value.
sible to state it thethenresponsibilities
became pos- by which peoples can talk directly to a correspondent of the"Unesco plying Fundamental Education to
to peoples through the great Courier", Dr Benjamin Carrion, the native problems of the Cuzco A pleasant idea, the critic
of spreading information in'terms modem media of communication, the newest member of Unesco's Indians can be usefully and remarks, but how is it to be done ?
of voluntary self-disciplineinstead so that individuals of each nation Executive Board spoke of the im- In this, Unesco is fortunate that
effectively applied to other area
of in terms of an external and are in the most direct possible portance to Latin America of the and other climates." it can count upon an Organisa-
arbitrary tyranny. intellectual and cultural contact work of the Organi3ation and the At the close of his interview tion built up during the inter-
The representative of Unesco with individuals of other nations ; literature of his country, Ecuador. with the"Unesco Courier"oor- war period. The International
stressed the vital connection bet- 3) Under Unesco's leadership, Studies Conference, for a number
Dr. Carrion, a distinguished respondent, Dr. Carrion touched
standards of popular education of years before the Second World
ween the ideas of freedom and man of letters and diplomat of very briefly on Ecuadorian litera-
must be raised throughout the ture."Ecuadorian writers of to- War, had already brought togeth-
responsibility, pointing out that the Ecuadorian Republic pointed
world as rapidly as possible ; edu- er most of the men and women
"we must find a common ground out that"International teamwork day,"he stated."are particularly
cation offers the most effective concerned with the social prob- in the world engaged in the
between the alternatives of free- in the fields of education, science
resistance to the appeal of war ; scientific study of international
dom without responsibility-the and culture is receiving the full lems of their country. The novel
4) It must deserve as well as relations. In mor-than twenty
taw of the jungle-and responsi- support of all of the countries in 'HuasipungO" (an Indian word
receive an adequate budget. It is countries the International Stu-
bility without freedom-the law Latin America.', meaning'native land'), for exam-
true that Unesco is prepared to dies Conference has National
of the prison". "The spirit of Spanish Amer- ple, written by one of Ecuador's
spend only $7, 700, 000 effectively Sections. which are effective oper-
The Unesco representative also ica,"he added,"is an open one. Hading contemporary writers.
in 1948. But it should be looking ating units. It is these National
It is essentially intellectual, and Jorge Icaza, is a forceful attack
pointed out the danger that cul- toward the time when it can Sections, under the overall super-
ture faced through the"com- rejects violence and brute force." against the exploitation of the
efficiently spend 10 times that native Indian population. In a vision of the International Stud-
mercialisation"of the news in- much. That time will come with "Interest in Latin American ies Conference, that are assuming
sense it reflects the social and
dustries. countries,', Dr. Carrion continued,
strong leadership and with the political evolution of Ecuador responsibility for making the
further development of vital "is at present concentrated on the
Thus, the meetings of the Sub- and the important influence of 'way of life'studies.
Unesco project for the Institute
Commission at Lake Success pro- projects. the ideas of social justice on the theAs means will be seen, this provides
of dealing with the
vided valuable information which In the field of education, Unes- of the Hylean Amazon, since it
younger generation of today.
:
wiMserve as e basis for the co is now prepared to call the directly affects Brazil, Colombia, two main difficulties encountered
Peru, Venezuela, Bolivia and 'Huasipungo'cannot be described
forthcoming ussions at Go,- best teachers of the world to- in an enterprise of this kind. The
as a political book, since it is
neva. Here again Unesco will Ecuador. Unesco is performing an first difficulty is how a country's
gether to consider what are the devoid of political implications.
take up the cause of intel- best teaching methods ; to gather important and necessary task in way of life shall be presented in
Rather it is a realistic work, the
lectual freedom and understand- the best technical information on. summoning representatives to the a fashion that other countries
product of a particular phase in
raising literacy standards ; to de- meetings in Peru and Brazil can understand
ing between the peoples of the the history of our country."
which will establish the Institute. The other major problem is to
world by stressing the need for velop the use of mass communica-
tions for education ; to call Whatever the result of these secure that the studies made are
mutual respect of ideas and cul-
tures. regional study conferences and meetings-and I sincerely hope not flights of fancy, but scientific
adult-education seminars ; to sti- they will be successful-they will objective analyses-which, at the
mulate the schools of the world contribute to the ever increasing same time, are readable, for if
, AfGUANIST AN SffKS to take a positive approach to development of co-operation they are not read there is little
the teaching of international amongst our countries in South punpose in their being made. To
America." deal with this, the National Sec-
understanding. There are projects
now ready for the first time to Turning to Unesco's programme tions will choose an experienced
be put into practical operation. in Fundamental Education, Dr. writer in this field to make the
1 consider the transition from Carrion stated that Ecuador has book, while a small group of
MMKCO MfM8fRSUIP
ambitious proposals to working been active for several years in specially chosen experts in inter-
realities the major achievement a nation-wide campaign in this national relations will review it
The Director-General has re-
of the Mexico Conference. 1 hope field. One publishing house alone for its scientific accuracy.
ceived a setter dated February
tMtt Unesco
that :7 ?tescoisM beginning
&eg'!Kn :7t.
to<)
fat-
to (t<- has already printed more tflan Four National Sections have
14 from the Minister of Educa-
tack in a practical way the qJTob- 200,000 reading primers, he de- voluntereed to be what Dr. Julian
_ilion of Afghanisron, applying for lems which brought it into clared."I can assure you that the Huxley called the"llUinea-pigs,"
admission to Unesco.
existence. Mexico Conference on Fundamen- the first to make the experiment.
As Afghanistan is a member of Some of the obstacles, it seems tal Education was greatly im- It is hoped to bring their spokes-
the United Nations, her admis- to me, to extending this beginning pressed by our results in this men r
togethw
in Unesco House in
man to Unesco is only contingent are : field. The work of education and March and to work out the
011 her signature and acceptance 1) The depth and complexity of culture is difficult and requires broad lines of this first large-
oaf the Constitution, and on the - tioDaI differeDCes. strongrooted time. 1 ! : (mador for example is scale co-operative study of the
deposit of the Instrument of national interests express them- extremely interested in the work Senor Benjamin Carrion, 01 creative diversity of the peoples
ptance wit the British selves as surely in debate in to begin soon on the proposed Ecuador, newest member 01 of the world.
Unesco Conference sessions as in Pilot Protect in Cuzco. Peru. Cer- Uoesee's-Elteeu&h'e Board. Perched W. MAMTtN.
FtWeign Office.
 UNESCO COURIER T

A CHINESE PIONEER

London, Lake Success and Prague

to he Host to Unesco Summer Seminars

Dr. Yen Describes Work

Latin American Seminar also Planned

of Mass Education in China

Sites for three Unesco educa- its Specialised Agencies"will be
tional seminars to be held this held for six weeks during July
summer, bringing together out- and August at Adelphi College, (EDITOR'S NOTE : We reproduce below the abridged t<xt of an
standing educators from all parts in Garden C : tynear Lake Suc- address by Dr. James Yen, one of the pioneers in the Mass Education
of the world, were officially an- cess, New York. Close co-opera- Movement in China, delivered last year at the Unesco sponsored
nounced on Februrary 24 at Unes- t'on in this seminar will be main- Summer Seminar in Education for International Understanding at
co House. tained with the United Nations. Sevres, France.
Unesco has communicated wlth It is planned to have some
its fortv-one Member States, re- sixty educators attend each of by Dr. James YEN,
Questing Ministries of Education the seminar, which are an exten- Director, Collage of Rural Reconstruction, Hsih-
to arrange for representative par- ion of the first such experiment I Ma Chang. ChungkIng, China ; Founder and Dlrector
of the Chinese Movement for Mass Education.
ticipants in the seminars. The by Unesco last year. At that time,
participants are to be key educa- nearly one hundred key world That was the
tional personnel in each country, Z`OR ABOUT
educators attended a six-week twenty-six begmning of the
men and women who will be able seminar on"Education for Inter- years I have be- Chinese Move-
to influence the teaching prac- national Understandmg,"at Sè- longed to the ment for Mass
tices of their home countries on vres, near Paris, and was attended Chmese M o v e- Education.
their return from the seminars. by representatives of thirty-on ment for Mass In China, we
The seminars play an important nations. Education. This worked out our
rle in the programme of Unesco, For the three seminars schedul- methods of
movement ori-
for through them Unesco hopes ed this year, Unesco will pay the teaching more
ginated, not m
not only to raise educational administrative costs and board thoroughly,
China, but III
standard throughout the world, and room expenses of each parti- France during more scientific- forming associations-"FeHcw
but to bring together influential cipant. The governments will be the first world ally. We chose a Scholar Associations''-They
persons in the field of education expected to arrange for the travel war. Chines vocabulary suit- founded a paper called"The
and thus strenRthen the bonds expenses of : heir participants. able for the pur- Farmer", and also introduced
took part in this
of international understanding A fourth seminar is projected war on the poses of aver- radio into the villages. Theatrics !
among all peoples. for 1948 in which Unesco will co- battlefields or ages pupil level. events were organised ; dramas
The first of the seminars, wi1l operate with the Pan American The Chinese and small plays where performed ;
France ; Chmese
concern"Teacher Education"and Union, and which it is hoped will workers shared language com- theatrical compames traveled
will be held for six weeks in or attract representatives from all prises some 40,- from one village to another.
in, the work of
near London during July and the Latin American countries. 000 characters. There is a vast medical problem
military e n g i-
August. The invitation to meet Subject for study at this seminar The current lan- to be solved in China. This prob-
neering corps
in England came from the Brit- will be"Educational Problems in guage of every- lem has a dual aspect. In the
and in war pro-
ish government. South America" day life involves first place, public health in China
duction in Fran-
The second seminal. will con- In all of the seminars, a similar the use of be- is bad because of the poverty of
ce, Great Bri
cern"ChildhoOd. EducatIOn"and programme will be followed. Gen- tween four and the population. In the second
tain and the
is planned for Prague for a eral meetings of the participants five thousand
United States. place, health services, particularly
period of six weeks, alsn this will be held regularly, along with characters. medical personnel, are notoriously
But these Chi-
summer. small s'udy groups to consider A farmer, a
nese combatants inadequate. China has only one
The third seminar on"Teach- specific aspects of the main worker or a ci- doctor per 75,000 or so inhabi-
and workers
ing about the United Nations and subject. tizen must know tants.
were very un-
about 1,300 ba-
happy owing to We established in our"labora-
sic characters.
their ignorance tory county"the following sys-
We have pub-
of the French tem : we mobilised all the good
lished diction-
M. Jean Thomas speaks and English lan- will, all the elements which were
aries and other
guages. They t, nn4e rnrtainina capable of receiving rapid first-
were isolated. aid and medical training.
and received no news of theJr the main characters 1 : 0 i) e Jearneu.
A programme of work has been The health centre was the
of'Unesco and Culture' famines or their country. The
drawn up providing for one hour's county, with its hospital and its
French and British authorities
Prior taohis departure for New lesson each day, except Sundays, complete and perfected equipment.
Thomas stated was that of the asked for volunteers-students-
for a period of four months. This This system permitted the maxi-
York on the 17 February as the participation in cultural life of a to serve as interpreters for these
educational scheme enable the mum protection of public health
Unesco representative to the larger sections of society. RIO men In this way it came abou :
with the very'imited resources
stressed this as a very important that I embarked for France. pupils to read papers, pamphlets
recent session of the Economic and other publications issue for available. It had such satisfactory
aspect of the Orgamsation's It was the opinion in China for
their benefit. results that the Chinese Govern-
and Social Council of the United work."Unesco,"he said,"atta- centuries that scholars alone ment appointed groups of doctors
Nations, M. Jean Thomas. As- ches the highest importance to We have a service of 100.000
should learn to read and write. to the different counties, with
the specalised work of scientists,
sistant Director-General of Unes- That was the exclusive privilege teachers, all of them volunteers, the recommendation that an or-
philosophers and creative artists, who devote several hours of thir
co was invitecl to acldress an au- of the scholars. For centuries'it ganisation similar to that in our
and devotes a large proportion of
had been the view that ordinary time each day, without any remu-
clience of professors and students Us funds to the dissemination "laboratory county"be institute.
folk the people-should not and neration, to the education of he
at the orbonne. He spoke on and''popularisation'of culture...
could not read : the farmer, the masses. These teachers belong to A Table with Three Legs
We must bear in mind, the num-
the subject of"Unesco and the worker could not and should not every educational grade.
ber 0= people who can be reach- We had set on foot an educa-
Problems of Culture"before learn such an art. I decided, how-
ed to-day by the cinema, gfamo- This movement has constitute tional, agricultural and a health
ever. to try, and to undertake the
nembers or the"Groupement phone records, the press and ra- a veritable revolution in China : 11 programme. For these to be effec-
education of my men. It was my
dio. The mfluence of such mod- has brought together coolies and tive they had to be authorised
universitaire pour le, ç Nations idea to form a httle school, where
ern instruments of culture 1ß scholars. The thousard-year-cd and applied. But for the purpose
Unies"and inz ; ited guests. I could teach them to read and
vast. and it cannot be said that barriers between these two social of applying them we had, at the
write.
M. Thomas pointed out that the they are at present fulfilling classes have been broken down, head of the county, only one
United Nations might be thought their true omission of raising the I began with very simple words and a truly democratic movement authority, that of the governor 01
cultural interests of the public." and sentences. I composed pages has been set on foot.
of as the sun, and Unesco as one the county, generally corrupt ;
of the planets revolving round Accordingly, Unesco is encoucag- for reading. At the end of my pro-
The fight against illiteracy was dishonest, and abov all indiff
it, but this did not mean that ing the production of articles. gramme of work 35 out of 40 of rent to social problems.
films and radio programmers of my pupils had entirely succeeded. only the first step in the task to be
Unesco's work was secondary or I sought an interview with
cultural value he declared, and This experiment became known, accomplished. We wanted to estab-
strictly dependent on the United lish a complete range of instruc- General Chang-Kai-Shek and told
Nations. Comparing the disap- is taking positive steps to facil- and I was asked to develop and
him that we possessed a table
itate tAeir distribution in the dif- tion, to found a true educational
pointments met with in the Lea- apply it to the educacion of 200,000 with three legs an educational,
ferent cultural areas of the Chinese workers then in France. system.
gue of Nations with the much an agricultural and a pUb1Ïe
more positive history of the I. L-0. world. We then joined up with Chinese In China 85% of the total popu- health leg-and that we abso-
(International Labour Office), volunteers, like myself, in France, lation of some 400 to 500 I1111líons
"Unesco,"he said,"may not lutely had to have a fourth leg
before the war, M. Thomas indi- Great Britain and the United live in the country provmces, so that the whole structure should
yet be known to
the general
cated that the Specialised Agen- Staes. We organised in Paris a spread out over thousands of be solid. This fourth prop was the
public. But the main thing is
cites were often less vulnerable seminar which lasted for some small villages. We therefore felt,
that its programme should reach support. of the government. I
than the central political organ- the masses through a series of ten days. Together we prepared that the duty of us student, of asked him to entrust us with a
Isation."Unesco, of course is not concrete result. It is actually of and set on foot a programme and us scholars, was not to visit hera-
single county, our"laboratory
entirely unaffected by. politics.'' minor importance whether the scheme of teaching. Classes were ries but to go into the country.
county''of about 400,000 souls ; to
he said,"but on the cultural organised throughout France.
public's collaboration is a con- entrust us with the government
plane, it can achieve agreements scious or unconscious one." Four : \Iain Difficulties of that area. A year and a half
provided it deals with problems later we received a favourable
prom a practical angle." The problems to be solved were
reply.
The Assistant Director-General many and vast. but they were We are a movement of the
connected in a general way wah
thus considered Unesco's work people. Our action has gradually
the following four fundamental
from the practical point of view spread throughout all China. Our
and showed how it was meeting points : (1) illiteracy. (2t poveny,
results were achieved in seven
real problems arising in the mod- (3) disease. (4) bad government.
years, from 1929 to 1936.
ern world on the cultural plane. We applied our system, uhich
The first question to which enabled the people to learn to
A rind Problem
Unesco sought an answer, he read and write in four months
as a result of one hours work a But these problems are not
said, was that of"cultural Isola-
tIonism."Unesco's task was to day. peculiar to mv country. Three-
broaden the horizons of the dif- Six school for demomtra tlon quarters of the inhabitants of the
ferent peoples of the world, to were founded, and verve run enti- world are in like case. I have been
to India, and the problems af-
bring them into touch with rely at the expense of the Chinese
other modes of thought and Movement for Mass Education. By flicting China are the same as
behaviour. This did not mean, those afflicting India. I have been
degrees, hundreds of schools were
he continued, that Unesco was to Cuba, and there the problems
established, with the result thac
seeking to set up a single culture are the same.
every village in the county soon
or to enable one particular cul- had a school, known as the Unesco is a great institution,
ture to dominate the. others but m order to succeed at mu. st
"school of the people".
"Unesco,"said M. Thomas."does work with the object of us :ng the
not wish to impose on the world The result was excellent, for resources of the privileged quarter
ether a single school of art or after three years'work th ; of the world to raise the stand-
a. single school of philosophy. movement had, of itself,developed ards of the non-privileged three-
The very notion of a single cul- to such a point that more than quarters. I know that this will
ture is absurd to-day." 80.000 young people, from 18 to take a certain time and that. it is
25 years of age, had passed only by degrees that we shati sue-
The second problem of direct The 1st Congress of the International Theatre Institute wit !be held
! interestto Unesco, with regard at the Palace of the Xational Council, Prague, shown above. A through them. These young ceed in improving the living con-
to the development of culture, M. seminar on Child Education wild also be held in Prague this SUII1Dler. people Mt the need of ditions of the masses of humanist, .
 8 UNESCO COURIER

Meeting Set for

Hylean Institute

(Continued from Page 1) Among the suggestions for the

future work of the Institute are
tinuny and greater resources, the
admirable efforts of the past. the establishment of regional
Only an international body, research centres in such places as
jomtly maintained by the coun- Iquitos, Peru : Belem, Brazil ; and'
tries of the Amazon forest region Riberalta, Bolivia.
and those which, although not a The proposed Institute wound
part of it, are specially interested work closely with, and, as far as
in the problems of the natural possible, through institutes locat-
and social sciences peculiar to it, ed in the countries of the Hylean
is capable of ensuring lasting Amazon region. The programme
results to such an undertaking. of the Institute would also take
The reception given by Bolivia, cognizance of the research under
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Vene- way on problems closely related to
zuela and the three Guianas to those of this region in research
the project submitted to Unesco institutions in other parts of i. he
world.
by Brazil, is proof of the oppor-
tuneness and possibilitieswhich it It is hoped that, at the forth-
holds. The support and co-opera- coming meeting, representatives
tion which the United States of of the interested Governments
America and India have proposed twillsign the draft Convention and
to give it are further evidence of set up an interim commission to
the international character and serve until the Member States
scientific significance of this plan. have ratified the Convention, and
In close co-operation with the the Institute comes fo : t. lally int<J
different countries and territories existence.
of the Amazon, the proposed It is estimated that during the
IIHA would undertake all work first year of operatior the Ins-
titute could effectively carry out
which, within the framework en-
a programme costing approximat-
visaged by the Convention of the
Institute, would be of direct inter- ely $300,000, excluding the expen-
est to them. The results thus ob- ditures for buildings and per-
tained would, moreover, be of manent equipment.
eventual benefit to all the tro-
pical zones of our planet.
The first meeting of experts Unesco Promotes
held in Belem do Para, Brazil,
in 1947,, with a view to creating
the IIHA, drew up in detail a Development of
plan of work. The many problems
National Book
relating to the natural environ-
ment and conditions of life of
man in the equatorial forest weir
Exchange Centers
examined. The scientific mrveys
The Second General Confe-
and researches recommended
include the subjects of physiogra- rence, Mexico City. November
1947, instructed the Secretariat of
phy, pedology, botany, zoology,
Unesco to"promote the organi-
agriculture, social sciences and
"DISCOVERY" (Great Britain), non as the seat for its Third education. sation, maintenance and develop-
hunting-ground of the'ologists'-
February 1948. General Conference. After Mexi- Among the many projects con- ment of national book exchang :
anthropologists, zoologists, archae-
tained in the general plan of the and distribution centres".
Mr. Ritchie Calder in an article ologists, climatologists, geologists, co, our country will soon be IlOst
to the members of the largest Institute, some can be carried out These book centres are already
entitled"Science is Unesco's mineralogists, etc. That would bg
the Unesco phase of research and cultural organzsation in the immediately, while others will re- operating in such countries as the
Strung Point"writes as follOlCS : United States of America and the
"Without question, the section inquiry. But the plain'-ists' world. The importance thai this quire many years of patient toil.
United Kingdom and have, in the
which proved itself the most mould move in later-the arbor- event takers on for the Lebanon
and the Lebanese need zoot bop past, been able to send important
efficient both in executIOn of its ists, agriculturists. nutritionists,
stressed. EX. ENEMY STATES quantities of books and periodical3
1947 programme and in its pro-' the applied chemIsts and, maybe,
to war-damaged Ji. bra. ries through-
rposals for 1948. lcas the science pilot industrialists under the In this choice one might see DISCUSSED out the world. Most of the ma-
section. Some of the delegations aegis of the Food and Agrzcul-
the fulfillment of the role that terial which has in this manner
Mere suspicious of the amount ture Organisation, to work out Negotiations are under way be-
the Lebanon is filling and must been used for the benefit of edu-
!t)
which
h :c M)as being
was &ei?:(/spent
spe ?:ton
o ?!
science.
sc !S ?tce. methods of sane development. tween Unesco and Occupation Au-
co'nlinue to fIll: that of a bridge thorities in Germany to determme cation, science and culture would
They were dubwus, for example, A pipe-dream, perhaps. But all between the cultures of East and normally have gone to the paper
about the grants-in-aid to the what elements of the Unesco pro-
thatU7 Unesco was being asked to West. 7'he Lebanon can be justly mills and thus been lost.
gramme may be carried out in
Scientific Unions. The experts do wars to endorse a conference proud of this role and should that country. Similar discussions Not only in the U. S. and the
on the forking party were in- o/ international experts which take all steps so that the forth- will be initiated shortly with the U. K. but in many other coun-
structed to examine and curtal, hod already met at Belem and coming Conference is a success." Allied Control Authority of Japan. tries as well, vast and re1atively
They examined and confirmed. had agreed ot she initial steps.
The Executive Board at its first untapped reserve of books exist
The explanation, of course, is U'zesco was to male a contribu-
"THE QUEENSLAND COUN- 1948 session in Paris daring which could be made available
that in science Unesco, as in no t2ozx to the initial expenses, the
February, reviewed negotiations to war-damaged areas provided
other field, took over a'gomg bulk o/ which was to subscribed TRYWOMAN (Australia), Jan-
which have been carried on to appropriate organizations for
concern'. by the government of the ten uary 1948. date between Unesco and the their collection, allocation and
Some dubiety was expressed countries,
"Fundamental EducatIOn has Allied Control Authorities in Ger- distribution can be established.
(and removed) about the Hylean Apart from its sCIentific value, It will be the oftask the book
Amazon project. This was initiat- been part of Unesco's programme many, aimed at the extension of
just think how Hylean Amazon elements of Unesco's world pro- centres which Unesco has been
ed at at fist Unesco Conference might help Unesco to capture front the very beginning. It has
gramme into former enemy states. instructed to promote wherever
in Paris from an offer by Brazil the popular imagination. To received'widespread and en-I
thusiastic support from a score It decided also that similar ne- possible, to collect and distribute
to make available an instlfute, make it so, should be a priority
gotiations should be undertaken these books and to yet them into
as am international centre for Job jor the'Ideas Bureal'for of countries as diverse in back-
the hands of those who actually
the study of tie problems oaf which the British delegation asA :- ground and in standards of edu- immediately with the Control
catIon as Brazil, China, France, Authority of Japan. require them, and to avoid"book
the Amazopt area. That embraces ed half-a-milllOn dollars."
Letters were dispatched by the dumping".
a third of the continent of South Iran, Mexzo, Norway, Nether-
Director-General to the military These Centres will be National
America aid involves seven sov- WASHINGTON STAR" (USA), lands, Poland, the United King-
commanders of the four Occu- Book Centres, and not centres
ereign states and three European January 15, 1948. dom, the United States and the
pation Zones of Germany, and under Unesco's administration,
Union of South Africa !
dependencies
<lep67 :c!e ?!c :es
the the
Guianas.
GMzoms./t
It is !s an answer from General Lucius but Unesco's Clearing House will
"Jungle Venture for the U. N."
largely unexplored aid there zs "If lee turn back to Unesco's D. Clay (U. S.A.) was received cooperate with such centres in
"The project through still in the
little systematic knowledge about definition of tie aim of fun- the allocation of material to the
plannmg stage, promzses to be inviting further discussion on
its natural characteristics. There de/
t!a ?7te?:ta ! educat
education,
:o ;t,lce
?<;e shall
shaH all
aH libraries which are the mosc in
once 01 the most'l1lteresting and the subject.
is the obvious wealth of timber agree it is lcorth while if : t'ena- The Executive Board approved need of It
e : rotzc el'er undertaken on an
a !:<! convertible
and co7 :!jert:be vegetation.
ues'etat!'o?:. bles mar, as am individual, to lIve a resolution that Dr. Huxley and It should be well understood
);:t(Y ?!ct<!0)ta basis.
International bast's.
Its7tsprctct :cf:!
practIcal
Humboldt, tlze German explorer a fuller and
a/MHera happier
;?td'ha ;pp !life in ad-
e''H/e :7: <!t!- Dr. Walker prepare a joint re- that book centres in war-
ralue can'wt bi'measured at
and naturalist, called It'Hylea' justment lcith a changmg en- damaged countries should in the
tillS tune, but lis potentzalitzes port on the overall picture of tille
130 years ago. Since then ex- z ; iromnent', and promotes the frst place servothe needs of its
seem Ç ! reat enough to lCarrallt negotiations for consideration at
plorers haz ; e skirmished in the MorM peace for which Ice all a specially-convened session early home libraries, and only the ma-
co operatire actIOn... Sections of
area. Weird tales hare been lone." in April. teal not actually needed within
tit hare been penetrated by
'Mritten run serIOUS works as well the country will be made availa-
numerous expeditIOns in the past,
as in the'penny-bloods'. Air lines ble to libraries abroad.
but there herds been no sys-
ply cu ; ross it and see only a close- At the same time, these Cen-
tematic exploralory effort com-
ly-knit carpet of green, but Irhere SUBSCRIPTION RATES tres will act as focus points to
is the bulldozer Ichich could dril'e parable to the protected Unesco which gifts will be addressed
underlakmÇ !." The UNESCO COURSER is published monthly in English,
a path trough ? from donors abroad for appro-
French and Spanish by the Public Information Section
Some of us though it e : cczt mg. priate distribution inside the
"lye SOIR" (Lebanon). 20 Jan oj Unesco.
Or it could be mate so and. country. It is also hoped that in
nuaryl948. 6 moth 51Ibocription : 2 s. 6 d. or $0. 50 or Fr. jars. 60.
heaife knows. Unesco needs due course these book centres
In an article entitled"L'Unesco Please write to the Unesco agent indicated below for
something colourful to catch will develop into permanent ex-
ct2cLlban"tins paper states' your country. or directly to Unescó House, 19 Avenue.
the public Imaginatzon. Otllers change centres, used not only in
'Thf cIcstmy of a nation does not Kléber, Paris 16e, France.
thought in too ambitious lot the interest of reconstruction
Unesco with it ; ; limited resources. depend on ; ts territory ;or gfeo- Arg
argentina: Edi:o".a' S : ldamer.
cana S.A.. A : 5111a,) 0) B : \Pil) : ;, A but
: re. s. in the service of perma-
also
Others masked IcilY the cou'I trzes graphzcal size. The e : rample of Australia: H. ;. Godàad Ld 2) oa, Geor ; e St S) dne\. nent library needs, e. g. for the
the Lebanon is proof Of it, The Canada : Tne Ryerson Prb, 299 Queen S'[ \Ve< TH0UtJ.
concerned could not Join up and Cuba : La Casa Belga. R de Smedt ORer'y. Habana. exchange of literature usually
tackle the problems and share Lebanon etneroed into the : nter- Czechoslovakia: Librajne F. Topic. 11 Narodn :. Prasue exchanged intemationaliy.
national u ; orld after a successful Denmark : Einar :.. fllrksgaard.6 Norregade, Ca''Jenl1. 1ben In accordance with the reso-
the cost. Thar leat mzssmg the
France : Editions A Pedone. 13 Rue Souff'ot.Pans 5e
tchote point : it is not just a Pan- straggle and at once ? nade a The ChIef of Publlc3. tDn. s. lution above quoted, Unesco
Great Britain: H.'\1. S : a', : onery OHlce. with
Hylean project but an interna- lace fop 1/seal
! fzttmg ItS cultural, 129 OxfordS.. London W. 1. the cooperation of the Tempo-
spiritual and historzcal past. Greece : Eleftherouaakis.Lrbra. ne : nternatlOnale. \tl1ens
tional one to establish a/zen on rary International Council. for
Unesco has chosen the Leba- Holland : N. \", : \la=-t :.. ns lJhofl'S Boe1. : : hanàel en Ulge\er :.. laa5,
the development oj this area not 9 Lane VoorhouL The Ha ; 5ue. Educational Reconstruction (T I.
merely for he gO'Cernments con-- India: Oxford Book and Stationery Co., Scindia House e- ; \' De : l1 :. C. E.R.) has endeavoured to pro-
cerzed but for the people of the Editor : S. 1\1. KOFFLER.. Iraq: Mackenzie and Mackenzie, Bookseller The Bookshop. Baghdad. mote the creation of a Trench
Lebanon undSytia : L : bra"ne unl\'erseAv. : le.
Fojad ler. Beir.
area aid the benefit of the whole- Sweden : Ab. C. E. Fntzes Fredsgatan 2 Stockholm. National Book Centre ; and it its
I ! lIP RII\IERIE Switzerland: L"bra. nePayot, Lau.-, anne.
M'orM. DU NEW YORK HERALD TRIBUNE hoped that this Centre will stóut
To begin with, it would be the 21 Rue deBern-Paris 8e functioning in the near future.