UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING

ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LAPORAN MAKMAL / LABORATORY
REPORT BDA 27501 ENGINEERING LABORATORY
IV
FRONT COVER FULL REPORT
THERMODYNAMIC I

TAJUK UJIKAJI
CLAUSIUS CLAYPERON EQUATION
EXPERIMENT TITLE

SEKSYEN 2 KUMPULAN 2B
SECTION GROUP

PENSYARAH / TUTOR / PENGAJAR MISS NURUL ELYNA ASYIQEN BT MOHD ZAKI

LECTURER / TUTOR / INSTRUCTOR

NAMA PELAJAR : MUHAMMAD AFHAM AN”AM B HADDENIE NO. MATRIK: AD180031

AHLI KUMPULAN NO. MATRIK PENILAIAN

GROUP MEMBERS MATRIC NO. ASSESSMENT
LOW CHUNG TEIK AD180211 PENGENALAN
10%
INTRODUCTION
1
TEORI
THEORY 10%
MOHAMAD FARIS B MOHD ALI CD180219
2 PROSEDUR
10%
PROCEDURE
MUHAMMAD ABDUL NAIM B CD180114 KEPUTUSAN
15%
ZURHANA RESULTS
3
PEMERHATIAN
OBSERVATION 15%
MUHAMMAD AL-FATAH B AD170289
4 AHMAD PERBINCANGAN
20%
DISCUSSION
MUHAMMAD AFHAM AN’AM AD180031 KESIMPULAN
10%
B HADDENIE CONCLUSION
5
CADANGAN
RECOMMENDATION
5%

RUJUKAN
5%
REFERENCES

TARIKH UJIKAJI JUMLAH

100%
DATE OF EXPERIMENT TOTAL
 ULASAN
COMMENTS

INTRODUCTION

Clausius Clapeyron equation is the equilibrium between water and water vapor
depends upon the temperature of the system. If the temperature increase, the saturation
pressure of the water vapor also increases. Change in phase, for example, conversion
of liquid water to steam, shows that the system in which the system has large change
in internal energy with volume at constant temperature. Vapor pressure simply relies
on the amount of pressure being applied, in boiling points, boiling point is directly
influenced by the vapor pressure. For instance, the vapor pressure has different boiling
point from an area or a city, carbon dioxide is lower than one at the sea level due to
decreased atmospheric pressure.

It determines the saturation vapor pressure for water, it provides the physical basis
of the hydrological cycle and becomes a principal equation in many fields. Saturation
vapor pressure is also known as equilibrium vapor pressure, is an upper limit of the
quantity of vapour that the atmosphere can contain. As the limit is reached, no
additional liquid water is evaporated, while below the limit more water evaporates.

Theory

The Clausius- Clapeyron equation is derived from entropy maximization, which

mentioned earlier determines the equilibrium between two phases of a substance.On
the other hand, in mathematically terms it is expressed as the relationship between
temperature, T, and pressure, p at the equilibrium.

 L
pCT1exp  
 RT 
This equation is expressed in differential form. CT1 is an integration constant which
is generally used to denote integration constants, L is the latent heat of vaporization
and R is the specific gas constant. This is supposed to be the integration of the
differential form under the assumption that L is constant.

PROCEDURE

1. The nut of feed-water port was opened up with a spanner.

2. The discharge valve was opened and boiler was filled up with water until water
drapes through the discharge valve.
3. The nut is then closed back to the feed-water port with a spanner until tide.
4. A thermometer was place into the hole of the nut.
5. The heating process was started by switching on the boiler.
6. The discharge valve was closed back when the reading of temperature stop rising
and remain constant.
7. The reading of temperature was recorded for each 0.5 bar of pressure increase start
from 0 bar until 6 bar.

RESULTS

Gauge Absolut Pressure Temperature Temperatu P

Pressure, e Difference re T
P (bar) Pressure Difference,
, P (bar) ∆T (K)
∆P ∆P T T (K) Experiment Calculation
(bar) (kPa) (℃) al
0.0 1.01325 - - 96 369 - - 3.6565
1.0 2.01325 0.5 50 110 383 14 3.5714 6.5319
1.5 2.51325 0.5 50 120 393 10 5.0000 7.7672
2.0 3.01325 0.5 50 126 399 6 8.3333 8.9995
2.5 3.51325 0.5 50 132 405 6 8.3333 10.1687
3.0 4.01325 0.5 50 138 411 6 8.3333 11.2827
3.5 4.51325 0.5 50 142 415 4 12.5000 12.4051
4.0 5.01325 0.5 50 146 419 4 12.5000 13.4897
4.5 5.51325 0.5 50 150 423 4 12.5000 14.5416
5.0 6.01325 0.5 50 154 427 4 12.5000 15.5593
5.5 6.51325 0.5 50 158 431 4 12.5000 16.5459
6.0 7.01325 0.5 50 160 433 2 25.0000 17.5901

Absolute Temperature Specific Volume, V (m3/ kg) Enthalpy, P

Pressure, P , T (K) vf vg vfg h (kJ/kg) T
(bar)
1.01325 369 0.001043 1.6734 1.6724 2256.5 3.6565
2.01325 383 0.001061 0.8809 0.8798 2201.0 6.5319
2.51325 393 0.001067 0.7155 0.7144 2180.7 7.7672
3.01325 399 0.001073 0.6035 0.6024 2163.1 8.9995
3.51325 405 0.001079 0.5225 0.5214 2147.3 10.1687
4.01325 411 0.001084 0.4611 0.4600 2133.1 11.2827
4.51325 415 0.001088 0.4129 0.4118 2120.0 12.4051
5.01325 419 0.001093 0.3740 0.3729 2107.7 13.4897
5.51325 423 0.001097 0.3419 0.3408 2096.3 14.5416
6.01325 427 0.001101 0.3150 0.3139 2085.5 15.5593
6.51325 431 0.001104 0.2921 0.2910 2075.2 16.5459
7.01325 433 0.001108 0.2723 0.2712 2065.6 17.5901
Gauge Pressure, P Experimental Calculation Slope Percentage of error,
 (bar) Slope %
0.0 - 3.6565 -
1.0 3.5714 6.5319 -45.32
1.5 5.0000 7.7672 -35.63
2.0 8.3333 8.9995 -7.40
2.5 8.3333 10.1687 -18.05
3.0 8.3333 11.2827 -26.14
3.5 12.5000 12.4051 0.77
4.0 12.5000 13.4897 -7.34
4.5 12.5000 14.5416 -14.04
5.0 12.5000 15.5593 -19.66
5.5 12.5000 16.5459 -24.45
6.0 25.0000 17.5901 42.13
OBSERVATION

In this experiment , the aim is for students to understand the use of Clausius
Clapeyron Equation and allows us to estimate the vapour pressure at another
temperature, if the vapour pressure is known at some temperature, and if the enthalpy
of vaporization is known. After studying the results and plotting the diagram we find
that the relation in between pressure and temperature is directly proportional. The
difference between the theoretical values and the actual values is caused by errors with
certain calculated percentages. In this experiment, the relationship between pressure
and temperature is found to be directly proportional. When compared to the theoretical
slope, the experiment slope shows a small deviation between them because of certain
error.

1. The air is to be removed from the boiler to avoid the air from affecting the
accuracy of the the experimental result.
2. No error percentage should not across or exceed 10% as the experiment was
done in enclosed surface.
3. There are no volume of experimenting samples are allowed to escaped from
the system which will cause the error to occur during the experiment.
4. When the water in boiler is heated up, all of the molecules start becoming gas,
as the liquid absorbed enough heat energy, it changes from liquid state to water
vapour.
5. Which causing the temperature rises, water undergoes evaporation and become
gas.
6. The water temperature increase which resulted the pressure also increase in
value.
Based on the experiment graph it is directly proportional to the Clausius
Clapeyron Equation.

The relationship between the water vapor pressure and temperature.

 The linear relationship between ln(P) vs 1/T comes from the Clausius-Clapeyron
Equation.
DISCUSSION

The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation stated that the relationship between the

temperature of a liquid and its vapor pressure is not a straight line.If the temperature
increases the saturation pressure of the water vapor increases.
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation for the equilibrium between liquid and vapor is,
u

Where L is the latent heat of evaporation (enthalpy of vaporization: ΔHvap), T is the

temperature and V is the specific volume of gas (as the volume of gas is greater than
volume of condensed phase).
Since the volume of gas is greater compared to volume of condensed phase. So,
‴㤲 MinM

‴㤲

Applies the ideal gas equation,

u ‴㤲 u

Where R is universal gas constant. Thus,

u
Integrate both sides,

lnu h

Where C is constant.

Based on the data we obtained from the experiment, it is corresponding to the

Clausius- Clapeyron equation theory. The data indicates the pressure of the water
vapor will increase as the temperature rise. In order to understand the experiment in
depth, the graphs were plotted below. This approach is highly recommended when
there are several pairs of vapor pressure and temperature measurements.
The relationship between the water vapor pressure and temperature.
 The linear relationship between ln(P) vs 1/T comes from the Clausius-Clapeyron
Equation.

CONCLUSIONANDRECOMMENDATIONS

In conclusion, the vapor pressures of water were used to describe the relationship

between vapor pressure and temperature, which was found to be directly proportional.

The experiment also showed that water have different inter-molecular forces at work
and different vapor pressures. The amount of inter-molecular forces and the forces

they exhibit affects the vapor pressure. After conducting this experiment, we know the

Clausius Clapeyron Equation, where it shows us the change of vapour pressure at

different temperature. On the other hand, the result obtained by theoretical and

experimental, there are some slight difference in value which may at some point had

several errors that contributed to parallax errors during the experiment. Such as the

influence of pressure from the surrounding as we are not conducting in vacuum place,

it also involve some systematic errors when we conduct the experiment as we take the

temperature reading too early as water not fully vaporize, the eyes of the reader was

not meniscus to the reading of thermometer.

For recommendation , we would recommend to do some improvement during

conducting the experiment such as the reader must have a clear sight and put eyes

meniscus to the reading apparatus when taking the data, the experiment should be

done in vacuum condition to prevent the influence of surrounding, the experiment

should be done by follow the steps of procedures so that the estimated value data from

experiment can be corresponding or equivalent to the theoretical value.

REFERENCES

1) Yunus A. Cengel and Micheal A. Boles; Thermodynamics: An

Engineering Approach, 8th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2015. TJ265

.C46 2015

2) Michael J Moran and Howard N Shapiro; Fundamentals of

Engineering Thermodynamics, 2nd Edition, New York: John

Wiley, 2006. TJ265 .R37 2006

3) Wijeysundera, Nihal E; Engineering Thermodynamics with

Worked Examples, World Scientific, 2010. TJ265 .W54 2011

4) Rathakrishnan, E. (2006). Fundamentals of engineering

thermodynamics. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall. Call number:

TJ265 .R37 2006