BNA41203 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS | 2020/21

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

BNA41203 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

SECTION 1 | 2020/2021

GROUP 1
SURFACE WATER SAMPLING

LECTURER:
DR MIMI SULIZA BINTI MUHAMAD

GROUP MEMBERS:

AHMAD IZZUL FIKRI BIN AHMAD NIZAM AN170129

ALIA FARHANA BINTI MALIK AN170145
NUR IZZMIRZA BINTI MOHSIN CN170013
PUSHPA LATHA A/P SUBRAMANIAM CN170062
MOHD DANIEL BIN ZULKIFLI CN170070

SUBMISSION DATE:
10 JANUARY 2021
 BNA41203 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS | 2020/21

Project Assessment Rubrics

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
BNA
ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
BNA 41203
GROUP MEMBERS: 1 AHMAD IZZUL FIKRI Section : 1
2 ALIA FARHANA
3 NUR IZZMIRZA
4 PUSHPA LATHA
5 MOHD DANIEL

CLO 4: Implement a correct working procedure and manage the environment sample analysis determination in a group effectively (PLO5, A5)
Assessment Criteria Subcriteria Level 1 2 3 4 5 Weight Score

Not follow the Minimum Average Excellent

Follow the format of report A1 Good formatting 0.1
given format formatting formatting formatting
Describe the project in Lack of Minimum Average Excellent
A1 Good description 0.1
introduction description description description description

Ability to Lack and poor Minimum Average Excellent

Content of methodology A2 Good content 0.2
manage and content content content content
analyze results Discussion related to Excellent
to produce a Lack of Minimum Average Good
Project environmental sampling and A2 discussion and 0.2
report in a discussions discussions discussions discussions
report analysis informative
group
Explain details of
Lack and poor Minimum Average Good Excellent
environmental sampling and A3 0.3
explanation explanation explanation explanation explanation
analysis
Lack and poor Minimum Average Good Excellent
Justify the results obtain A3 0.3
justification justification justification justification justification
Ability to Relate technology in
Minimum Average Excellent
implement environmental sampling and A4 Lack of relation Good relation 0.4
relation relation relation
correct working analysis
 BNA41203 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS | 2020/21

procedure in Adhere to the correct Not follow the Minimum Average

Excellent
group procedure in environmental A4 correct correct correct Good procedure 0.4
procedure
sampling procedure procedure procedure
Wrong data Minimum Average data Good data Excellent data
Display correct data analysis A5 0.5
analysis data analysis analysis analysis analysis
Propose improvement to the
Lack of Minimum Average Excellent
environmental sampling and A5 Good suggestion 0.5
suggestion suggestion suggestion suggestion
analysis
Total 3
/15%
 BNA41203 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS | 2020/21

TABLE OF CONTENT

NO CONTENT PAGES
1.0 Introduction to Surface Water Sampling 1
2.0 Methodology 2
2.1 Sampling Location 2
2.2 Method of Sampling 3
2.3 Sampling Test 3
3.0 Result and Discussion 8
3.1 Result 8
3.2 Discussion 11
3.3 Advanced Technology 13
4.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 16
4.1 Conclusion 16
4.2 Recommendation 16
5.0 References 17
6.0 Appendices 18
 BNA41203 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS | 2020/21

PROJECT REPORT

WATER SURFACE SAMPLING IN

SUNGAI PAGOH, PAGOH, JOHOR
Ahmad Izzul Fikri bin Ahmad Nizam, Alia Farhana binti Malik, Mohd Daniel bin Zulkifli,
Nur Izzmirza binti Mohsin, Pushpa Latha A/P Subramaniam

Engineering Technology (Environment)

1
Faculty of Engineering Technology,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Campus,
86400 Panchor, Johor.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Sg. Pagoh is a landform that has flat soil causing water flow is not smooth and often
stagnant. Becomes a condensed sediment area that flows from upland areas and causes
more grass easy to grow. The area of Sg. Pagoh has a growing agricultural area rapidly
and is the focus of small industry growth. Besides, floods often occur in the area of Sg.
Pagoh has caused a loss of property and crops of farmers as well as affecting the
economy.
Heavy rain and tides Sg. Muar can cause Sg. Pagoh floods due to the capacity
of rivers that can not cope with surface runoff, the majority of which are from upland
areas. Rapid agricultural areas are one of the sources of grass that grows easily as a
result of excess fertilizer used for farmers' crops. Residents of the area around Sg. Pagoh
carries out activities in the agricultural sector such as oil palm plantations, vegetable
crops, fruit crops, and others else. This contributes to the pollution of water quality
because of the river containing a quantity of excess agricultural fertilizer.
As it comes mostly from industrial estates, poultry farms, and wastewater. Sg
Pagoh is considered to have a high rate of chemical water contamination. The oil palm
plantation developed chemicals such as ammonia, NH3, and flowed down into the river,
thereby impacting the river's standard water quality. The content of surface water is
impaired by pollution from point and non-point sources. Sewage, industrial effluent,
and so on are the point source, while urban and rural runoff from residential areas is a
non-point source, and it is making river water unsuitable for human activity. If the river
is spared from pollution, high-quality water is very suitable for activities and social
activities.

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2.0 METHODS AND MATERIALS

In this subtopic, elaborate in detail on the sampling location, sampling method,

sampling test – equipment, and procedure for the field and laboratory test taken.

2.1 SAMPLING LOCATION

The study area was located at Taman Sri Pagoh where consists of a residential area,
school, shop lots, and agricultural and plantation production (Figure 2.1). Sg. Pagoh is
connected to the Muar River and is found at the southwest of Peninsular Malaysia with
longitude 2.1421° N, 102.7747° E. A total of 5 sampling points have been selected. The
distance from each sampling station was within 100-200m, depending on the
accessibility. The fieldwork started and was done on 19 December 2020, with a total of
five water samplings. Water samples were collected at five points (K1, K2, K3, K4,
K5) along its length, extending from the center to lower reaches of the most Sg Pagoh.
Figure 2.2 illustrates the map of Sg Pagoh in this study.

Figure 1: Taman Sri Pagoh the nearest location to Sungai Pagoh

POINT 1
POINT 2
POINT 3
POINT 4
POINT 5

Figure 2: Map of Sg Pagoh.

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2.2 SAMPLING METHOD

For this project, the sampling method used was the grab sampling method. Water
samples were collected near the surface of rivers and stored in 10L of High-Density
Polyethylene (HDPE) bottles that were pre-washed and deionized water. The surface
water source is accessible by wading, a sample may be collected directly into the sample
container. If there is a current, the sampler can face upstream and gather the sample
without disrupting the bottom sediment.

Figure 3: Store water sample in HDPE bottles.

2.3 SAMPLING TEST

There are two types of the test involved which are field sampling and laboratories
sampling to check the quality of the water sampling, Field sampling was tested on the
pH value and turbidity. While for laboratories sampling was tested on the Biochemical
Oxygen Demand BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), total solids (TS), and total
suspended solids (TSS).

2.3.1 FIELD SAMPLING METHOD

Figure 4: pH meter tool

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The purpose of field sampling is to evaluate the water parameter quality in the water
sample. Field measurements need to be performed for rapidly changing parameters such
as the pH value and turbidity. Material and equipment needed such as deionized water,
pH, and turbidity meter. In a cross-section of the surface-water body, field
measurements are typically monitored to help assess how well the stream is mixed, thus
the type of sampling to be used and to determine the field-property values of the water
body at the chosen location.

The metering tool was put in the mixture sample and allow the field-
measurement values on the instrument display to stabilize within an established
criterion before recording final field measurements. Field-measurement values are
usually considered stable if the variability between three or more consecutive readings,
separated by a certain number of minutes, meets the criterion defined. Biological
growth or water debris will foul sensors, which would have a significant effect on sensor
readings. Clean the sensor after and before used it for another sample to avoid reading
error.

Figure 5: DO meter tool

2.3.2 LABORATORIES SAMPLING METHOD

a) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis was carried out and was conducted at the
water laboratory, UTHM. To prepared digestion reagent, pour the sample into a 250-
mL beaker and gently stir with a magnetic stir plate to improve the accuracy and
reproducibility of the other ranges. Turn on the DRB200 Reactor and preheat to 150
°C. The caps was removed from two COD Digestion Reagent Vials. The sample was
prepared by holding one vial at a 45-degree angle and a clean volumetric pipet was
used to add 2.00 mL of sample to the vial. Hold a second vial at a 45-degree angle for
a blank sample. To add 2.00 mL of deionized water to the vial, use a sterile volumetric
pipette.

The vials was cap tightly, rinse with water and wipe with a clean paper towel
for precautions. The vials were clamped over a sink by the vials. Invert gently several
times to mix. Insert the vials in the preheated DRB200 Reactor. Close the protective
lid. Heat the vials for two hours. The reactor was turned off and waited around 20
minutes for the vials to cool to 120 °C or less. Invert each vial several times while still
warm. The vials was placed into a rack until it cool to room temperature.

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Figure 6: DRB200 Reactor

b) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a parameter used by microorganisms such as
aerobic bacteria to determine the amount of dissolved oxygen to break down organic
material present in a water sample. 300 mL glass and stopper BOD bottles, 20 1 ° C
controlled incubator, pH meter, and dissolved oxygen (DO) meter are the equipment
and tools needed in this test. The sample of estimated BOD was prepared accordingly.
2 unit of 300 mL BOD bottle was label separately. One bottle for blank and another
bottle for a sample. Partially filled with dilution water and add a volume of sample size
based on your calculation except for the blank bottle. Fill the bottles with dilution water.

Determine the initial DO for each bottle and record data in the results section.
Insert the bottle stoppers and the remaining bottles were placed in the incubator at 20°C
and incubate for five days. At the end of exactly five days, determine the final DO
content of the incubated bottles. Record the result on the datasheet.

Figure 7: BOD sampler with tagging

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c) Total Solid (TS)

The term total solids (TS) is applied to the residue of material left in dishes. After
evaporation and drying in an oven at 103°C to 105°C at a constant weight. The weight
rise over that of the empty dish reflects the total solids. The findings do not indicate the
weight of actual solids dissolved and suspended in water. The equipment that is required
only, 50ml of a beaker, evaporating dish, and an oven.

To homogenize it, shake the sample of water thoroughly. 25 ml of the sample

was measured into a weighted evaporating dish that has been previously washed and
dried to a constant weight in an oven. The water was evaporated in a warm bath at
100°C until it is dry, and then dry it for 1 hour in an oven at 103°C to 105°C. Before
weighing it, cool the evaporating dish in a desiccator where drying was repeated until
a constant weight was obtained.

Figure 8: Evaporating dish

d) Total Suspended Solid (TSS)

The portion of solids retained by the filter is total suspended solids (TSS) and the
portion was dried to a constant weight of 103° C to 105° C. The filter's rise in weight
reflects the total suspended solids. If the suspended material clogs the filter and
prolongs the filtration, the filter diameter can need to be increased or the sample volume
reduced. The apparatus and equipment needed such as evaporating dish, filter paper,
beaker size 25ml, and 50ml, oven, tongs, Buchner funnel, and filtering flask, vacuum
pump, and aluminum foil.

The water sample was shaken and mixed well to ensure homogeneity. 50 mL of
water sample was measured and pour onto the center of the weighted filter in a Buchner
funnel, using gentle suction using the vacuum. Carefully wash the filter paper with 10
mL of distilled water, dry the filter at 103°C to 105°C for 1 hour, and cool a room
temperature before weighing.

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Figure 9: Poured 25ml of the sample into the crucible

Figure 10: Weighing the filter paper

e) Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)

The total dissolved solids are determined by filtering a measured volume of sample
through a standard glass according to laboratory setting. Ignite the cleaned evaporating
dish at 500 ° C ± 50 ° C for one (1) hour in the muffle furnace for the preparation of the
evaporating dish. Store until needed in the desiccator. Weighing immediately before
use. Pick the volume of samples to yield between 2.5 and 200 mg of dried residue.
Increase the filter size or decrease the sample volume if it takes longer than 10 minutes
to complete filtration.

Stir samples with a magnetic stirrer and pipet a volume measure on a glass-fiber
filter with the vacuum applied. Wash with three (3) 10 mL of distilled water in
succession, allowing full drainage between washes, and continue suction for around 3
minutes after completion of filtering. Shift complete filtrate to a weighted evaporating
dish (with washings) and evaporate on a drying oven to dryness. Dry evaporated
samples in an oven at 180 °C ± 2 °C for at least 1 hour and then, cool to match
temperature and weight in a desiccator. Repeat the drying, cooling, desiccating, and
weighing procedure until a steady weight is obtained. (Filtrate can be used for the
calculation of total dissolved solids from the determination of total suspended solids).

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Figure 11: Cooling process in a desiccator before weighing

3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 RESULT

a) Field Test Sampling

Based on the experiment, the obtained pH value, dissolved oxygen, turbidity and
temperature of the water sample from three different points using a measurement meter.
The measurement for pH and temperature may refer to Appendix 1: Chain of Custody
record (COC).

Table 1: Field test for water sample

Point pH Dissolve oxygen, Temperature, oC Turbidity,

mg/L NTU
1 6.77 5.86 31.44 18.7

2 6.40 6.20 30.67 15.3

3 6.83 4.87 31.34 16.3

4 6.82 5.36 31.15 16.7

5 7.20 5.35 31.32 15.8

Mean 6.80 5.53 31.18 16.56

b) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

a. Initial pH of sample: 6.5
b. Adjustment pH of sample: No adjustment is done (sample in moderate pH value)
c. The volume of acid used: 0 mL
d. The volume of base used: 0 mL

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Table 2: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) data

Sample The volume The volume Initial Final DO, DO BOD5,

of incubation of sample DO, mg/L mg/L depletion, mg/L
bottle, mL size, mL mg/L
Blank 300 300 7.43 6.48 0.95 -
1 300 300 7.05 5.26 1.79 1.79
2 300 300 9.90 7.57 2.33 2.33
3 300 300 10.35 7.94 2.41 2.41
Mean 2.18

DO depletion, mg/L = initial – final

BOD 5 , mg/L = (DO depletion) x 300

Sample size, mL

Sample 1
DO depletion = 7.05 – 5.26 = 1.79 mg/L

BOD5 = [1.79 x 300] / 300 = 1.79 mg/L

Sample 2
DO depletion = 9.90 – 7.57= 2.33 mg/L

BOD5 = [2.33 x 300] / 300 = 2.33 mg/L

Sample 3
DO depletion = 10.35 – 7.94 = 2.41 mg/L

BOD5 = [2.41 x 300] / 300 = 2.41 mg/L

c) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

a. pH initial = 7.2
b. COD initial = 722 mg/L

Table 3: Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

No Time (min) COD COD Removal (%)

1 0 722 0
2 30 657 9.00
3 60 620 14.10

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COD Removal (%) calculation

For 30minutes:

= (initial reading-final reading)/(initial reading) ×100

= (722-657)/722 ×100
= 9.00 %

For 60minutes:

= (initial reading-final reading)/(initial reading) ×100

= (722-620)/722 ×100
= 14.10 %

d) The Total Solids (TS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS)

Table 4: Total solids (TS)

Sample 1 2 3
Volume of sample, mL 25 25 25
Weight of empty evaporating
85.7277 88.1234 86.9226
dish, g
Weight of evaporating dish
85.7284 88.1244 86.9234
+dried solids, g
Weight of solid, g 0.0007 0.0010 0.0008
Total solid, mg/L 28 40 32
Average Total solid, mg/L 33.33

Table 5: Total suspended solids (TSS)

Sample 1 2 3
Volume of sample, mL 25 25 25
Weight of empty filter, g 0.0880 0.0890 0.0855
Weight of filter + dried solids, g 0.0891 0.0904 0.0870
Weight of solid, g 0.0011 0.0014 0.0020
Total suspended solid, mg/L 44 56 80
Average total suspended solid, mg/L 60

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Table 6: Total Dissolve solids (TDS)

Sample 1 2 3
Volume of sample, mL 25 25 25
Weight of evaporating dish, g 86.5044 85.5147 86.5184
Weight of evaporating dish + sample after 86.5059 85.5168 86.5207
drying at 1800C, g
Weight of solid, g 0.0015 0.0021 0.0023
Total dissolved solid, mg/L 60 84 92
Average total dissolved solid, mg/L 78.67

Table 7: Calculation sheet for TS, TSS, and TDS

Calculation Sheet Output

1. Total Solids

Total Solids, mg/L = ( A - B / C ) x 106

A = weight of evaporating dish + remaining solids after drying, g
B = weight of the dry empty evaporating dish, g
C = volume of sample used, mL

Sample 1: [(85.7284 - 85.7277)/25] x 106 = 28 28mg/L

Sample 2: [(88.1244 - 88.1234)/25] x 106 = 40 40mg/L
Sample 3: [(86.9234 - 86.9226)/25] x 106 = 32 32mg/L

Average TS = (28 + 40 + 32)/3 = 33.33 33.33mg/L

2. Total Suspended Solids

Total Suspended Solids, mg/L = (A – B / C ) x 106

A = weight of filter + dried solids, g
B = weight of the dry empty filter, g
C = volume of sample used, mL

Sample 1: [(0.0891- 0.0880)/25] x 106 = 44 44mg/L

Sample 2: [(0.0904- 0.0890)/25] x 106 = 56 56mg/L
Sample 3: [(0.0870- 0.0855)/25] x 106 = 80 80mg/L

Average TSS = (44 + 56 + 80)/3 = 60 60.00mg/L

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3. Total Dissolved Solids

Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L = (A – B / C) x 106

A = weight of evaporating dish + sample after dry, g
B = weight of the evaporating dish, g
C = volume of sample used, mL

Sample 1: [(86.5059- 86.5044)/25] x 106 = 60 60mg/L

Sample 2: [(85.5168-85.5147)/25] x 106 = 84 84mg/L
Sample 3: [(86.5207- 86.5184)/25] x 106 = 92 92mg/L

Average TDS = (28 + 40 + 32)/3 = 78.67 78.67mg/L

3.2 DISCUSSION

Table 8 summarized the water quality physicochemical parameters and the WQI values
at Sg. Pagoh. The results showed that parameters DO, BOD, COD, pH, TSS, and TDS
were categorized within Class IIA to III, according to the INWQS for Malaysia
(Appendix 2 and Appendix 3).

Table 8: Physico-chemical parameters of Sg. Pagoh

Parameters Unit 19 – December -20

Ph - 6.80
Temperature °C 31.18
Turbidity NTU 16.56
Dissolve Oxygen (DO) mg/L 5.53
TS mg/L 33.33
TSS mg/L 60
TDS mg/L 78.67
BOD mg/L 2.18
COD mg/L 14.10

From analysis data, for pH, the mean is 6.67. It is the normal range for the stream
water based on the pH chart. While for the dissolved oxygen the mean is 5.64 mg/L.
From this result, the value of DO is in a range of tolerance and stressful condition for
aquatic life. The temperature is also related to DO. The water temperature increase and
DO goes down but if the temperature decreases and DO goes up because cold water
holds more DO and hot water holds less DO. The temperature for this sampling is
31.15°C, which means this sampling holds more DO.
The average value of BOD for Sg Pagoh is 2.18mg/L. High BOD means that a
lot of oxygen is being used up, typically by bacteria to break down the organic material.
There are potentially high bacterial loads which means that a strong possibility that the
BOD is associated with pollutants. Based on Water Quality Standard, the BOD values
results categorize in Class IIA and IIB.

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COD is an index for assessing the effects of discharged waste water on the
receiving area. The COD result of the sample at 30minutes was 9.0mg/L and at
60minutes increased to 14.10mg/L. The higher COD levels mean a greater amount of
oxidizable organic material in the sample, which will reduce dissolved oxygen (DO)
levels were may be effected through the duration.
Total solids (TS) can first be classified as suspended or dissolved under
regulatory and treatment purposes. Total solids is the substance residue left in a vessel
after the evaporation of a sample and its subsequent drying in an oven, according to
Standard Methods and EPA. The average total solid in Pagoh River is 33.33 mg/L. A
higher total solids level implies that a liquid sample has a high level of solid content. A
high level of total solids could cause the sample to be considered contaminated.
Total suspended solids (TSS) are are particles contained in the water column
that are greater than 2 microns. A dissolved solid is considered something smaller than
2 microns (average filter size). Many suspended solids are made up of inorganic
materials, although the total concentration of solids may also lead to bacteria and algae.
From this experiment, the average of TSS was 60.00mg/L.
Due to an increase in BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) loading, high total
suspended solids (TSS) values in the effluent are often associated with excessive solid
generation or may imply problems with the bacteria, such as nutrient deficiency. Due
to quiet areas being filled with solids, high TSS values may also be attributed to high
flows or inadequate settling times.
The solids in the TSS filtrate test are the total dissolved solids (TDS). The liquid
which passes through the TSS filter is collected in a weighed dish and evaporated for
an hour in the oven. 78.67mg/L was recorded as the average of TDS in Pagoh River.
The ingestion of low TDS water, which occurs naturally or is acquired through the
treatment process, does not have adverse effects on the human body. however, high
TDS can increase the temperature of the water, which many animals can't survive in it.

Precaution
The way samples are gathered has a significant effect on the accuracy of analytical
results. Basic steps must be taken to obtain a representative sample to reduce the
chances of sample contamination by the sample collector and to ensure sample
integrity. By improper sampling techniques, samples may become contaminated. The
sample collector leader was therefore responsible for ensuring the quality of sample
collection, storage, and adequate transport of samples submitted to a laboratory.

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3.3 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY

a) The 900 Series

The 900 Series’ suite of signal inputs can be configured to display a variety of
measurement types such as pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), temperature,
conductivity, resistivity, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), mVDC, flow, pulse, and
percentage of rejection. A 4-20 mA current loop, two-wire transmitter input that can be
specified and scaled to show required measurements is also included in the 900 Series.
The display can show from 1 to 4 of the inputs simultaneously, or constantly cycle
through a series of single measurements.

This is an ideal monitor or controller for the widest range of water-related

applications, including irrigation, urban water treatment, reverse osmosis, production
of pharmaceuticals, production of food and beverages, desalination, wastewater
management, treatment of pools and spas, and production of paper and pulp. The
specification can refer to Appendix 4.

Figure 12: The 900 Series

b) SP3 Sampler

For the quantification of hydrophobic organic compounds, including PCBs, PAHs,

OCPs, Dioxins, and Furans in pore water (sediment and soil), surface water, and
stormwater, it offers a detailed passive sampler and interpretation service (SP3TM).
The SP3TM sampler offers more representative data than traditional grab samples to
estimate contaminant bioavailability to environmental receptors since it only quantifies
contaminants in the dissolved state.

SP3 provides samplers, data reduction, calculation, reporting, and optional field
support. SP3 services cost competitive were providing superior data value and ability
to inform site investigation and decision making, SP3is agency approved for real-world
decisions maker to provide fate and risk assessment, detection of toxicity, design of
remediation, and monitoring and increased monitoring of stormwater and effluent..
More information on SP3 Sampler can refer to Appendix 5.

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Figure 13: SP3 Sampler

c) SPeepers - SiREM

Figure 14: SPeeperTM passive sampling

SPeeperTM from SiREM is a systematic passive sampler and interpretation service for
the evaluation of pore water (sediment and soil), surface water, and stormwater organic
solvent compounds. It is the perfect instrument for determining the concentration of
several analytes, including metals, organic dissolved carbon, phosphorus, and other
major anions.

The SPeeper provides comprehensive options and off-the-shelf, which is

durable, field-tested, ready-to-use samplers will be delivered to you directly. The
inclusion of a reverse tracer allows for the determination of the balance parameters of
each sampler. SPeeperTM passive sampling offers improved perception of
environmental risk and mobility of target substances as only dissolved pollutants are
assessed and precipitated or adsorbed organisms are not measured - that could save
millions of dollars per site from excessive costs of investigation, remediation, and
management.

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4.0 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

4.1 CONCLUSION

Based on the experiment, it can be concluded that the water surface at Sg. Pagoh has been
polluted. The parameter value DO can affect aquatic life in water from Table 8. Besides, the
surface water polluted displays a high level of total solids which means that the water has been
blocked from bottom-dwelling plants, the plants will stop extracting oxygen and die. Bacteria
can use even more oxygen from the water as the plants decompose. Low dissolved oxygen can
cause the killing of fish.

Solids analyses are important in the control of biological and physical water treatment
processes and for assessing compliance with the regulatory of National Water Quality Standard
Malaysia limitations. Thus, condition on the quality of the water that reaches the treatment
plant, water can be treated differently in various discharge. Surface water usually needs more
treatment and filtration than groundwater because there are more sediments and contaminants
in lakes, rivers, and streams and they are more likely to be polluted than groundwater. Some
sources of water can also include by-products of disinfection, inorganic chemicals, organic
chemicals, and radionuclides.

In fact, for surface water sources, and groundwater sources, usually used for human
use, water treatment is sometimes required. Because one water delivery system is used by most
of the community such as homes, industries, and large amounts of water also have to be made
available to reach the highest demand, which is typically drinking water. Water management
and planners need to look to improve for ways to enhance water efficiency and increase the
quality of water following the water quality index.

4.2 RECOMMENDATION

Recommendations for future water sampling required to follow and adapt the control sample
preservation were made to stabilize the target contaminants by altering the sample chemistry.
The preservation methods for the analytical parameters are closely related to the methods of
laboratory analysis. In reality, to assess the volume and form of sample to be obtained, the
desired sensitivity and quantification limits can be used. Therefore, it is important to work
closely with laboratory staff to obtain the necessary additional information.

The measuring cells of the kit must be clean and transparent. The cell must be rinsed
with the sample before filling up and the level of liquid adjusted. They must wipe the container
with a soft clean cloth before making color comparisons so that outer surfaces remain clean
and dry. Always fills cells to the required level to prevent discrepancies in measurement.
Besides that, it is essential that the hands of the person collecting the samples be extremely
clean to prevent subsequent contaminant when handling the sample.

Assessments of the efficiency of technology should provide an overview of the

potential environmental impacts of the system's operation. Water control should be done as it
progresses toward sampling points. This is necessary to help ensure the preservation of water
quality, to provide an early lack of unforeseen problems, and to help maintain the long-term
viability of the treatment system.

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 BNA41203 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS | 2020/21

REFERENCES

[1] Annunziato, P. (2019). Raw vs Biological. Wastewater Treatment.

[2] Barbara A. Butler and Robert G. Ford. (2018). Evaluating relationships between total
dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS) in a mining-influenced
watershed. NCBI.
[3] Binnie, C., Kimber, M. & Smethurst, G. (2019). “Basic Water Treatment Basic Water
Treatment - Third Edition 2002 Thomas Telford Publishing,”
[4] Department of Environmental (2016), National Water Quality Standards For Malaysia
[5] Environmental Business Specialist. (2019). Retrieved from Total Suspended Solids
(TSS) & Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS): https://www.ebsbiowizard.com/total-
suspended-solids-tss-volatile-suspended-solids-vss-2-1071/
[6] Myron L Company (2020). The 900 Series - Myron L Company: www.myronl.com
[7] Sirem Company (2020). Passive Sampler for Hydrophobic Organic Compounds: SP3™
and Passive Sampler for Water Soluble Compounds: SPeeper™
http://www.siremlab.com/sediment-pore-water-sampler/
[8] Water Technology. (2014). Retrieved from The measurement of suspended solids:
https://www.watertechonline.com/wastewater/article/15544955/the-measurement-of-
suspended-solids
[9] Yuk, F. H., Shin, Y. A., Khia, M. L., and Teang, S. L. (2015). Quality of Water
Resources in Malaysia, Research and Practices in Water Quality, Teang Shui Lee,
IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/58969.
[10] Zainudin, Z. (2010). Benchmarking river water quality in Malaysia. Jurutera, Feb. 2010:
12-15.

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Appendix 1: Chain of Custody Record

CHAIN OF CUSTODY RECORD

Customer: Project: Environmental and Sampling Analysis Project

Address: UTHM, Kampus Sampled by: Pushpa Latha P.O. No.:
Pagoh Reported Attention: Phone No:

Time Sampled
Date Sampled

No of Bottles

Sample type

Bottle Type
Sample Field Data (pH /

Preserve
Required Tests
Description Temperature)

Matrix
BOD, COD,
Point 1 30/11/20 11.00 1 TSS Grab AQ P 6.77 31.44
BOD, COD,
Point 2 30/11/20 11.15 1 TSS Grab AQ P 6.40 30.67
BOD, COD,
Point 3 30/11/20 11.30 1 TSS Grab AQ P 6.83 31.34
BOD, COD,
Point 4 30/11/20 11.45 1 TSS Grab AQ P 6.82 31.15
BOD, COD,
Point 5 30/11/20 12.00 1 TSS Grab AQ P 7.20 31.55

Print Name Sample Received Sample

Signature (Company) Date Time Checklist Type Preservation
Relinquished
by Temperature Grab HC-HCl
No of Bottles agrees
Received by with COC Comp HS-H2SO4
Relinquished
by Matrix HN-HNO3
Are samples AQ-
Received by intact? Water HP-H3PO4
Relinquished SO-
by YES NO Soil OH-NaOH
Samples properly OT-
Received by preserved? Other ST
Bottle
YES NO Type AA
Samples in holding P-
time? Plastic Al-AlCl3
G-
Amber
YES NO Glass Cu-CUso4

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 BNA41203 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS | 2020/21

Appendix 2: National Water Quality Standard (WQS)

Appendix 3: Water classes and uses

Appendix 4: Specification of the 900 Series Suits

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 BNA41203 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS | 2020/21

Appendix 5: SiREM Sediment Pore Water Sampler (SP3)

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