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Control and Estimation in Solar Parabolic Concentrators: D. Sbarbaro
Control and Estimation in Solar Parabolic Concentrators: D. Sbarbaro
Concentrators
D. Sbarbaro
Introduction
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 2 / 27
Outline
Introduction
Estimation and control problems
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 2 / 27
Outline
Introduction
Estimation and control problems
Solar collector model
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 2 / 27
Outline
Introduction
Estimation and control problems
Solar collector model
Feedback control
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 2 / 27
Outline
Introduction
Estimation and control problems
Solar collector model
Feedback control
Estimation
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 2 / 27
Outline
Introduction
Estimation and control problems
Solar collector model
Feedback control
Estimation
Some simulation examples
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 2 / 27
Outline
Introduction
Estimation and control problems
Solar collector model
Feedback control
Estimation
Some simulation examples
Final remarks and further work
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 2 / 27
Introduction
America do Sol
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 3 / 27
Introduction
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 4 / 27
Introduction
. 200MW
. . . .680
. . Hectars
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 4 / 27
Estimation and control problems
Control problem
Control the outlet temperature by manipulating the heating fluid flowrate
to compensate the effect of changing solar radiation.
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 5 / 27
Estimation and control problems
Control problem
Control the outlet temperature by manipulating the heating fluid flowrate
to compensate the effect of changing solar radiation.
Estimation problem
Estimate the degradation of the system performance due to the
accumulation of dust on the mirror’s surface.
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 5 / 27
Estimation and control problems
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 6 / 27
Estimation and control problems
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 6 / 27
Estimation and control problems
These losses can be reduced by cleaning. However, cleaning increases
maintenance costs and water use.
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 7 / 27
Estimation and control problems
These losses can be reduced by cleaning. However, cleaning increases
maintenance costs and water use.
A cost effective strategy is to consider the calculation of a reflectivity
threshold value at which such the cleaning effort is profitable.
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 7 / 27
Estimation and control problems
These losses can be reduced by cleaning. However, cleaning increases
maintenance costs and water use.
A cost effective strategy is to consider the calculation of a reflectivity
threshold value at which such the cleaning effort is profitable.
In the market can be found several sensors; such as, TraCS (Tracking
Cleanliness Sensor) and AVUS, for measuring soling level of solar
mirror.
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 7 / 27
Estimation and control problems
These losses can be reduced by cleaning. However, cleaning increases
maintenance costs and water use.
A cost effective strategy is to consider the calculation of a reflectivity
threshold value at which such the cleaning effort is profitable.
In the market can be found several sensors; such as, TraCS (Tracking
Cleanliness Sensor) and AVUS, for measuring soling level of solar
mirror.
The wide area covered by the collector field and the harsh
atmospheric conditions make the use of optical instruments too
expensive and impractical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 7 / 27
Solar collector model
The solar collectors can be modeled by the following first order hyperbolic
equation:
∂T ∂T
+ q(t) = θ(t)I(t), x ∈ [0, 1], t ≥ 0 (1)
∂t ∂x
where T (x, t) is the fluid temperature, q(t) is the fluid volumetric flow-rate
and I(t) is the solar radiation.
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 8 / 27
Solar collector model
The solar collectors can be modeled by the following first order hyperbolic
equation:
∂T ∂T
+ q(t) = θ(t)I(t), x ∈ [0, 1], t ≥ 0 (1)
∂t ∂x
where T (x, t) is the fluid temperature, q(t) is the fluid volumetric flow-rate
and I(t) is the solar radiation. The time-varying parameter θ(t) is defined
as:
G
θ(t) = vo (t) (2)
ρcf A
where ρ is the fluid density (kgm−3 ), cf the fluid specific heat capacity
(JC −1 kg −1 ), A the tube cross-sectional area (m2 ), G mirrors optical
aperture (m) and vo (t) is the time variant optical efficiency of the mirrors.
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 8 / 27
Solar collector model
The solar collectors can be modeled by the following first order hyperbolic
equation:
∂T ∂T
+ q(t) = θ(t)I(t), x ∈ [0, 1], t ≥ 0 (1)
∂t ∂x
where T (x, t) is the fluid temperature, q(t) is the fluid volumetric flow-rate
and I(t) is the solar radiation. The time-varying parameter θ(t) is defined
as:
G
θ(t) = vo (t) (2)
ρcf A
where ρ is the fluid density (kgm−3 ), cf the fluid specific heat capacity
(JC −1 kg −1 ), A the tube cross-sectional area (m2 ), G mirrors optical
aperture (m) and vo (t) is the time variant optical efficiency of the mirrors.
The boundary and initial conditions are defined as follows:
Assumption 1:
Assumption 2:
Assumption 3:
T0 ∈ H 1 (0, 1) (6)
These assumptions are physcally motivated and also ensure the
well-posedness of the PDE model.
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 9 / 27
Feedback control
Let T r (x, t) the desired temperature profile and e(t) the average tracking
error ∫ 1
e(t) = T r (x, t) − T (x, t)dx, t≥0 (7)
0
Control problem
Find a control input q(t) so that it drives the tracking error to zero.
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 10 / 27
Feedback control
Let T r (x, t) the desired temperature profile and e(t) the average tracking
error ∫ 1
e(t) = T r (x, t) − T (x, t)dx, t≥0 (7)
0
Control problem
Find a control input q(t) so that it drives the tracking error to zero.
Proposition 1
The tracking error e(t) is positive if
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 11 / 27
Feedback control
The internal energy is an extensive variable and therefore their evolution
can be described by a simple ODE. Let U (t) the internal energy
∫ 1
U (t) = T (x, t)dx (9)
0
By integrating (1)
dU
+ q(t)(T (1, t) − T (0, t)) = θ(t)I(t) (10)
dt
Proposition 2
Consider the PDE (1) and assumptions 1,2 and 3. Let the control input
q(t)
[ ∫ t ]
1
q(t) = θ(t)I(t) + ki e(τ )dτ + kp e(t) (11)
(T (1, t) − T (0, t)) 0
with kp > 0 and ki > 0, then the average tracking. error e(t) converges
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exponentially to zero.
D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile)
. . . .
11 / 27
Feedback control
Since the matrix is Hurwitz, the averaged tracking error converge globally
and exponentially to zero. From proposition 1, the outlet temperature
converges exponentially to T r (1, t).
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 12 / 27
Estimation
Problem
Devise an observer to estimate θ(t) and T (x, t) based on the available
measurements; i.e. q(t), I(t), Tin and T (1, t).
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 13 / 27
Estimation
Problem
Devise an observer to estimate θ(t) and T (x, t) based on the available
measurements; i.e. q(t), I(t), Tin and T (1, t).
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 13 / 27
Adaptive Observers design
The adaptive observers consider:
A boundary term
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 14 / 27
Adaptive Observers design
The adaptive observers consider:
A boundary term
An adaptive term
˙
θ̂ = α(t)(T (1, t) − T̂ (1, t))
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 14 / 27
Adaptive Observers design
The adaptive observers consider:
A boundary term
An adaptive term
˙
θ̂ = α(t)(T (1, t) − T̂ (1, t))
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 15 / 27
Adaptive Observers design
Proposition 3
If I(t) satisfies Assumption 4 and q(t) Assumption 1, then the adaptive
state observer defined by (15), (16) and (17) with positive constants µ,
ko ≤ e−µ , and η, is an asymptotic adaptive observer for system (2).
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 16 / 27
Adaptive Observers design
Proposition 3
If I(t) satisfies Assumption 4 and q(t) Assumption 1, then the adaptive
state observer defined by (15), (16) and (17) with positive constants µ,
ko ≤ e−µ , and η, is an asymptotic adaptive observer for system (2).
∂ T̃ ∂ T̃
+ q(t) = θ̃(t)I(t) (18)
∂t ∂x
with the following boundary and initial conditions:
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 16 / 27
Adaptive Observers design
Lets consider the following Lyapunov function candidate
∫ 1
2
V (t) = θ̃(t) + e−µx T̃ (x, t)2 dx (20)
0
Taking the time derivative and replacing the error dynamic (18)
∫ 1 ∫ 1
˙ −µx ∂ T̃
V̇ (t) = 2θ̃(t)θ̃ + 2θ̃(t)I(t) e T̃ (x, t)dx − 2q(t) e−µx T̃ (x, t) dx
0 0 ∂x
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 17 / 27
Adaptive Observers design
Lets consider the following Lyapunov function candidate
∫ 1
2
V (t) = θ̃(t) + e−µx T̃ (x, t)2 dx (20)
0
Taking the time derivative and replacing the error dynamic (18)
∫ 1 ∫ 1
˙ −µx ∂ T̃
V̇ (t) = 2θ̃(t)θ̃ + 2θ̃(t)I(t) e T̃ (x, t)dx − 2q(t) e−µx T̃ (x, t) dx
0 0 ∂x
The integral of the second term can be upper bounded by the outlet error
temperature, [Mechhoud et. al. 2016],
∫ 1
1
e−µx T̃ (x, t)dx ≤ T̃ (1, t) (21)
0 µ
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 17 / 27
Adaptive Observers design
Lets consider the following Lyapunov function candidate
∫ 1
2
V (t) = θ̃(t) + e−µx T̃ (x, t)2 dx (20)
0
Taking the time derivative and replacing the error dynamic (18)
∫ 1 ∫ 1
˙ −µx ∂ T̃
V̇ (t) = 2θ̃(t)θ̃ + 2θ̃(t)I(t) e T̃ (x, t)dx − 2q(t) e−µx T̃ (x, t) dx
0 0 ∂x
The integral of the second term can be upper bounded by the outlet error
temperature, [Mechhoud et. al. 2016],
∫ 1
1
e−µx T̃ (x, t)dx ≤ T̃ (1, t) (21)
0 µ
Using the upper bound (21) and integrating by part the third term it
follows
˙
V̇ (t) ≤ 2θ̃(t)(θ̃ + µ1 T̃ (1, t)I(t)) − q(t)(e−µ T̃ (1, t)2 − T̃ (0, t)2 )
∫ 1 −µx
−q(t)µ 0 e T̃ (x, t)2 dx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 17 / 27
Adaptive Observers design
Replacing the boundary condition (16) and the adaptive law (17) with
η = µ−1
∫ l
V̇ (t) ≤ −2q(t)µ e−µx T̃ (x, t)2 dx − q(t)(e−µ − k02 )T̃ (1, T )2 (22)
0
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 18 / 27
Adaptive Observers design
Replacing the boundary condition (16) and the adaptive law (17) with
η = µ−1
∫ l
V̇ (t) ≤ −2q(t)µ e−µx T̃ (x, t)2 dx − q(t)(e−µ − k02 )T̃ (1, T )2 (22)
0
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 19 / 27
Adaptive Observers design
The second observer has the following structure:
∂ T̂ ∂ T̂ ˙
+ q(t) = θ̂(t)I(t) + γ(x, t)θ̂ (26)
∂t ∂x
with boundary and initial conditions defined as follows:
T̂ (0, t) = Tin + ko (T (1, t) − T̂ (1, t)) T̂ (x, 0) = T̂0 x ∈ [0, 1] (27)
The proposed adaptive law is given in terms of the boundary information
˙
θ̂ = ηγ(1, t)(T (1, t) − T̂ (1, t)) (28)
where the dynamic gain γ is obtained as the solution of the following PDE
∂γ ∂γ
+ q(t) = I(t) (29)
∂t ∂x
with boundary and initial conditions
γ(0, t) = −ko γ(1, t) γ(x, 0) = γ0 x ∈ [0, 1] (30)
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 19 / 27
Adaptive Observers design
Assumption 5: The gain γ(1, t) is persistently exited; i.e. there exist
positive constants δ1 , β5 β6 such that ∀t
∫ t+δ1
β5 ≤ γ(1, τ )2 dτ ≤ β6 (31)
t
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 20 / 27
Adaptive Observers design
Assumption 5: The gain γ(1, t) is persistently exited; i.e. there exist
positive constants δ1 , β5 β6 such that ∀t
∫ t+δ1
β5 ≤ γ(1, τ )2 dτ ≤ β6 (31)
t
Proposition 4
Under Assumptions 1, 2 and 5, the adaptive state observer defined by
(26), (28), (27), (29), (30), with positive constants µ, ko ≤ e−µ , and η, is
an exponential observer of system (2).
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 20 / 27
Adaptive Observers design
Assumption 5: The gain γ(1, t) is persistently exited; i.e. there exist
positive constants δ1 , β5 β6 such that ∀t
∫ t+δ1
β5 ≤ γ(1, τ )2 dτ ≤ β6 (31)
t
Proposition 4
Under Assumptions 1, 2 and 5, the adaptive state observer defined by
(26), (28), (27), (29), (30), with positive constants µ, ko ≤ e−µ , and η, is
an exponential observer of system (2).
Proof: Let the auxiliary variable z̃ defined as z̃(x, t) = T̃ (x, t) − γ(x, t)θ̃
The dynamic of z̃ is
( )
∂ z̃ ∂ z̃ ∂γ ∂γ
+ q(t) = θ̃(t) + q(t) − I(t) (32)
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 20 / 27
Adaptive Observers design
Letting γ be the solution of the following partial differential equation
∂γ ∂γ
+ q(t) − I(t) = 0 (33)
∂t ∂x
with boundary conditions (30), the dynamic of z̃ is just given by the
following equation
∂ z̃ ∂ z̃
+ q(t) =0 (34)
∂t ∂x
with boundary and initial conditions
z̃(0, t) = −ko z̃(1, t) z̃(x, 0) = z̃0 x ∈ [0, 1] (35)
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 21 / 27
Adaptive Observers design
Letting γ be the solution of the following partial differential equation
∂γ ∂γ
+ q(t) − I(t) = 0 (33)
∂t ∂x
with boundary conditions (30), the dynamic of z̃ is just given by the
following equation
∂ z̃ ∂ z̃
+ q(t) =0 (34)
∂t ∂x
with boundary and initial conditions
z̃(0, t) = −ko z̃(1, t) z̃(x, 0) = z̃0 x ∈ [0, 1] (35)
Let ∫ 1
V (t) = e−µx z̃(x, t)2 dx (36)
0
be a Lyapunov function candidate for (34) and taking its time derivative
an integrating by parts, it is possible to write
V̇ (t) ≤ −q(t)µV (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(37)
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 21 / 27
Adaptive Observers design
Using the relationship between the norm || · ||2e−µx and || · ||2 , it follows
||z̃(·, t)||2 ≤ ∥|z̃(·, 0)||2 e−β4 µt (38)
Thus, z̃ → 0 exponentially.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 22 / 27
Adaptive Observers design
Using the relationship between the norm || · ||2e−µx and || · ||2 , it follows
||z̃(·, t)||2 ≤ ∥|z̃(·, 0)||2 e−β4 µt (38)
Thus, z̃ → 0 exponentially.
Using the definition of z̃(x, t) the dynamic of the parameter error can be
expressed in terms of z̃ as
( )
˙
θ̃ = −ηγ(1, t) z̃(l, t) + γ(1, t)θ̃ (39)
120
100
80
I(t)
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time [hours]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 23 / 27
Some simulation examples
60
50
40
T(t)
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time [hours]
1.5
θ(t)
0.5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time [hours]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 24 / 27
Some simulation examples
45
40
35
30
T (t)
25
20
15
10
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time [hours]
1.5
θ(t)
0.5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 25 / 27
Final remarks
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 26 / 27
Final remarks
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 26 / 27
Final remarks
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 26 / 27
Final remarks
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 26 / 27
Thanks for your attention
dsbarbar@udec.cl
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D. Sbarbaro (Department of Electrical
Control
Engineering,
and Estimation
Universidad
in Solar
de Concepción,
Parabolic Concentrators
Concepción, Chile) 27 / 27