EE 202 EE 2C 01-04pdf PDF

EE 202
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
ENGR. MARK ADRIAN R. LUNARIA

EE 202
Compiled By:
Engr. Mark Adrian R. Lunaria
Overview
How to use this Module:
Before using this module, read the following instructions to successfully utilize
and accomplish the objectives on this module.
1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every chapter.
2. Write all the important details of each chapter in your notebook.
3. Answer all the questions provided in this module.
4. Analyze conceptually the post-test in every end of each chapter and apply
what you learned.
5. All problems given, including post test, will be solved during the scheduled
online meeting.
Parts of this Module:

❖ Learning Competencies - these are what you will be able to know after
completing the lessons in this module.
❖ Introduction - this will give you an overview of the chapter.
❖ Pretest - this will measure how much you already know about the lesson.
❖ Methodology - this is the main part of this module, this is where you will find
all the lessons in the chapter.
❖ Reflection - it will verify how you learned from this module.
❖ Post-Test - this will measure how much you have learned from this module.
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COURSE SYLLABUS 5
Introduction to Statics 14
Title of the Lesson 14
Duration 14
Introduction 14
Objectives/Competencies 14
Pretest 14
Lesson Proper/Course Methodology 16
Introduction to Statics 16
Basic Quantities in Mechanics 16
Newton’s Three Laws of Motion 16
Newton’s Law of Gravitational Attraction 18
Units of Measurements 19
Reflections/Insights 20
Post-Test 21
Force Vectors and Resultant Force 22

Duration 22
Introduction 22
Pretest 23
Scalars and Vectors 24
Vector Operations 24
Multiplication and Division of a Vector by a Scalar 24
Vector Addition 25
Vector Subtraction 26
Finding the Resultant Force 26
Addition of a System of Coplanar Forces 30
Reflection/Insights 33
Post-Test 34
Equilibrium 36
Duration 36
Introduction 36
Pretest 37
Equilibrium of Concurrent Force System 38
Equilibrium of Parallel Force System 41
Equilibrium of Non-Concurrent Non-Parallel Force System 43
2
Post-Test 47
FRICTION 49
Duration 49
Introduction 49
Pretest 50
Dry Static Friction 51
Belt Friction 55
Rolling Resistance 59
Post-Test 62
INTRODUCTION TO DYNAMICS: Rectilinear Motion 64
Duration 64
Introduction 64
Pretest 65
Uniform motion 66
Uniformly Accelerated Motion 66
Free Fall 68
Post-Test 77
Curvilinear Motion 78
Duration 78
Introduction 78
Pretest 79
Projectile Motion 80
Equations of Projectiles 81
Rotational Kinematics 84
Post-Test 90
Final Requirements 92
Other Parts 92
References 92
Glossary 92
3
Republic of the Philippines
Bulacan State University
City of Malolos, Bulacan
Tel/Fax (044) 791-0153
COURSE SYLLABUS
First Semester SY 2020 - 2021
COLLEGE : College of Engineering

DEPARTMENT : Electrical Engineering
COURSE CODE : EE 202
COURSE TITLE : Engineering Mechanics
CREDIT UNITS : 3 units lecture
PREREQUISITE/S : Physics for Engineers
FACULTY : MARK ADRIAN R. LUNARIA
CONSULTATION HOURS:
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course EE 202 Engineering Mechanics covers the basic concepts in

mechanics. This course is divided into two major parts, Part 1 is Statics and Part 2 is
Dynamics. Statics covers the principles that deal with bodies in equilibrium including
vectors and resultant forces. Dynamics deals with the body in motion, whether in a
linear motion or in projectile motion.
University Vision
Bulacan State University is a progressive knowledge-generating institution,

globally recognized for excellent instruction, pioneering research, and responsive
community engagements.
University Mission
Bulacan State University exists to produce highly competent, ethical and

service oriented professionals that contribute to the sustainable socio-economic
growth and development of the nation.
Core Values: SOAR BulSU!
Service to God and Community

Order and Peace
Assurance of Quality and Accountability
Respect and Responsibility
4
The BulSU Ideal Graduates Attributes (BIG A) reflect the graduate’s capacity as:
a. highly and globally competent;

b. ethical and service-oriented citizen;
c. analytical and critical thinker; and
d. reflective life-long learner.
Program Educational Objectives (PEO)
University Mission
Program Educational Objectives (PEO) BIG A BIG A BIG A BIG A
a b c d
PEO 1. Graduates of electrical engineering
programs are experts in their field of work to ⁄
⁄ ⁄ ⁄
cope with the needs and demands of the
society they serve.
PEO 2. Three to five years after graduation ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
they will contribute to the advancement of
technology and industrialization
PEO 3. Their work as an electrical engineer ⁄ ⁄
imbued with Christian awareness, pride,
honor and dignity.
PEO 4. The graduates are fully equipped ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
with knowledge and experienced towards
nation building
PEO 5. Contribute to the nation's ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
development with a sense of social
responsibility and accountability,
establishing values of honors, sense of
urgency and love of work.
Program Outcomes (PO)
On completion of the course, the student is expected to be able to do the following:
Program Educational Objectives

Program Outcomes PEO PEO PEO PEO PEO
1 2 3 4 5
a. Apply knowledge of mathematics ⁄ ⁄
and sciences to solve complex ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
engineering problems
b. Develop and conduct appropriate ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
experimentation, analyze and interpret
data
c. Design a system, components or ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
process to meet desired needs within
realistic constraints such as economic,
environmental, social, political, ethical,
health and safety, manufacturability,
and sustainability, in accordance with
standards.
5
d. Function effectively in ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
multidisciplinary and multi-cultural
teams that establish goals, plan tasks,
and meet deadlines
e. Identify, formulate and solve ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
complex problems in electrical
engineering
f. Recognize ethical and professional ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
responsibilities in engineering practice
g. Communicate effectively with a ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
range of audience.
h. Recognize the need for additional ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
knowledge and engage in lifelong
learning.
i. Articulate and discuss the latest ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
developments in the field of electrical
engineering.
j. Apply techniques, skills, and modern ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
engineering tools necessary for
electrical engineering practice.
k. Demonstrate knowledge and ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
understanding of engineering and
management principles as a member
and/or leader in a team to manage
projects in multidisciplinary
environments.
Course Outcomes and Relationship to Program Outcomes
Course Outcome (CO) Program Outcomes (PO)

After completing this course, the a b c d e f g h i j k
student must be able to:
CO1 – Explain the fundamental E E I
concepts related to engineering
mechanics.
CO2 – Solve the components and E E I
resultants of forces, moment, and
motion vectors.
CO3 – Analyze the static and E E I
dynamic equilibrium of rigid bodies.
CO4 – Analyze particles and rigid E E I
bodies in motion using energy and
momentum methods.
CO5 – Compute the geometric E E I
properties of lines, areas, and
volumes.
6
LEARNING EPISODES:
Intended
Learning Suggested
Learning
Outcomes Topics Week Assessme
Activities
(ILO) nt
Internalize the
VMGO of the
college
especially the
discipline
towards the Orientation; discussion of Memorizati
achievements course goals and on
of professional
expected outcomes; Analysis of
competencies 1 Recitation
integrity, moral discussion of course VMGO
and ethical policies, grading system
integrity, moral
and ethical
values
Introduce 1. Introduction to Statics
basic 1.1 Fundamental concepts
of mechanics Recitation
quantities and Discussion
1.2 Newton’s Law of Motion 1-2 Quiz
idealizations of Seatwork
1.3 Units of Measurements
mechanics
2. Force vectors and
Understand
Resultant Force
the free body
2.1 Scalars and Vectors
diagram and to
2.2 Vector Operations
solve particle Discussion Recitation
2.3 Finding the Resultant
equilibrium Seatwork Quiz
Force 3-5
problems
2.4 Addition of Coplanar
using equation
Forces
of equilibrium
3. Equilibrium
Understand 3.1 Equilibrium of
and develop Concurrent Force
equations of System
Discussion Recitation
equilibrium 3.2 Equilibrium of Parallel
Seatwork Quiz
regarding Force System 6–8
different force 3.3 Equilibrium of Non-
systems Concurrent Non-Parallel
Force System
Midterm 9
Introduce the 4. Friction
10-11
concept of dry 4.1 Dry static friction Discussion Recitation
7
friction and 4.2 Belt friction Seatwork Quiz
show how to 4.3 Rolling resistance
analyze the
equilibrium of
rigid bodies.
To introduce 5. Introduction to
the concepts Dynamics: Rectilinear
of position, Motion
velocity, 5.1 Uniform Motion 13
Seatwork Quiz
displacement, 5.2 Uniformly –15
and Accelerated Motion
acceleration. 5.3 Free Fall
To study the 6. Curvilinear Motion
motion of a 6.1 Projectile Motion
particle in a 6.2 General Equations of 16
Seatwork Quiz
curvilinear Projectile –17
motion. 6.3 Rotational Kinematics
Final
Final Exam 18
Exam
RUBRIC FOR ASSESSMENT:
Instruction: Each student is required to solve the given problem sets at the
end of each chapter
5 4 3 2 1
1. The student is able to identify problems.
2. The student is able to formulate problems.
3. The student is able to apply apply

Engineering Mechanics concepts to solve
the problem
8
Legend Description Comment
The solution is vague in

1 Poor
identifying the problem.
The solution conveys lack

2 Needs Improvement of focus, confusion and
lack relevant support.
The solution is partially

organized, it provides
3 Satisfactory information but fails to
elaborate to understand
clearly the problem.
The solution provides

persuasive information, it
4 Very Satisfactory is well organized and
developed with
appropriate reason.
The solution is clear and

5 Excellent concise and it is able to
solve the problem.
FINAL COURSE OUTPUT:
To evaluate the understanding and application of this course, the students are
given quizzes at the end of each chapter and term exams. Quizzes and term exams
are in the form of problem solving to enhance the student’s capabilities to analyze a
given situation and to solve the given problem.
OTHER REQUIREMENTS AND ASSESSMENTS:
The students are also required to observe the following:

1. Quizzes – given at every end of every chapter. Most are written and oral
examinations.
2. Project and/or Research work – this can be individual or group work.
3. Midterm and Final examinations.
9
GRADING SYSTEM:
Quizzes 20 %
Midterm exam 15 %
Final exam 15 %
Recitation 10 %
Attendance/Promptness 10 %
Total 100 %
Passing: 75%
The numerical equivalent of the final grade will be determined from the
following rating scale.
NUMERICAL GRADE EQUIVALENT (%)

1.00 97-100
1.25 94-96
1.50 91-93
1.75 88-90
2.00 85-87
2.25 82-84
2.50 79-81
2.75 76-78
3.00 75
4.00 Conditional Passed
5.00 Failed
INC Incomplete
REFERENCES:
[1] Beer, Ferdinand P. & E. Russel Johnston Jr.(2012). Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics, 7th SI Edition. McGraw-Hill
[2] Hibbeler, R.C.(1999).Engineering Mechanics: Statics & Dynamics, 8th Ed.
Prentice Hall International
[3] Singer, Ferdinand.(1970). Engineering Mechanics, 2nd Edition Harper and Row,
New York.
ONLINE RESOURCES:
www.mathalino.com
10
CLASS POLICIES:
1. Students are expected to attend the scheduled meeting with regards to

their preferred modality.
2. When attending the online meeting, students are requested to mute
their microphone and if possible, open their video.
3. Attendance will be monitored but students will be given considerations
given that the students have a valid reason.
4. Cheating is highly discouraged. Students caught cheating in an exam
will be given a failing mark in that exam.
5. Other policies included in the student handbook are strictly
implemented.
Prepared by:
Engr. Mark Adrian R. Lunaria

Instructor
Evaluated by:
Engr. Reynaldo Alejandria

Department Head – EE
Approved:
Renato G. Gopez, MSCE, M. ASEP

Dean – College of Engineering
11
Declaration
I have read and understood the above syllabus in full and in participating in this
course I agree to the above rules. I have a clear understanding of the policies
and my responsibilities, and I have discussed everything unclear to me with the
instructor.
I will adhere to the academic integrity and policy and I will treat my fellow
students and my teacher with due respect.
I understand that this syllabus can be modified or overruled by announcements of
the instructor in class or on any social media site at any time.
________________________ _________________ ________

Student’s Printed name Signature Date
_________________________ _________________ ________

Parent’s Printed Name Signature Date
Student’s Copy
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cut Here - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Declaration
I have read and understood the above syllabus in full and in participating in this
course I agree to the above rules. I have a clear understanding of the policies
and my responsibilities, and I have discussed everything unclear to me with the
instructor.
I will adhere to the academic integrity and policy and I will treat my fellow
students and my teacher with due respect.
I understand that this syllabus can be modified or overruled by announcements of
the instructor in class or on any social media site at any time.
________________________ ________________ _______

Student’s Printed Name Signature Date
________________________ ________________ ________

Parent’s Printed Name Signature Date
Instructor’s Copy
12
Chapter 1: ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Introduction to Statics
Title of the Lesson
❖ Fundamental Concepts of Mechanics

❖ Newton’s Laws of Motion
❖ Units of Measurements
Duration
❖ 3 Hours
Introduction
Engineering Mechanics is divided into two areas of study, Statics and

Dynamics. In this chapter, we will focus on the introduction of the first area of study
of Engineering Mechanics, Statics.
This part of the module will be vital for the rest of the discussion for in this
part, the SI system of units and the basics of general procedures for analysis will be
discussed.
Objectives/Competencies
❖ To introduce the basic quantities and idealizations of mechanics.

❖ To give a statement of Newton’s Law of Motion and Gravitation.
❖ To review the principles of applying the SI system of units.
Pretest
Define the following terms
1. Statics
2. Length
3. Time
13
4. Mass
5. Force
Enumerate Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
6.
7.
8.
14
Lesson Proper/Course Methodology
Introduction to Statics
Engineering Mechanics is divided into two areas of study, Statics and

Dynamics.
Statics – is the branch of mechanics that deals with bodies in equilibrium, those of
either at rest or moving with a constant velocity.
Basic Quantities in Mechanics
Length – used to locate the position of a point in space and thereby describe the
size of a physical system.
Time – conceived as succession of events.
Mass - is a measure of a quantity of matter that is used to compare the action of one

body with that of another.
Force – generally considered as “push” or “pull” exerted by one body to another.
Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
First Law (Law of Inertia) – states that a particle at rest, or moving in a straight line
with constant velocity, will remain in this state provided the particle is not subjected
to an unbalanced force.
ΣF = 0, FNET = 0
Figure 1-1
15
Second Law (Law of Acceleration) – states that the acceleration (a) of a body is
directly proportional to the net force (Fnet) acting on it and inversely proportional to
its mass (m).
a 𝛂
F net
m ,ΣF = Fnet = ma
Figure 1-2
Third Law (Law of Action and Reaction) – states that for every action, there is an
equal force in magnitude and opposite in direction and collinear.
Fa= Fb
Figure 1-3
16
Newton’s Law of Gravitational Attraction
Shortly after formulation the three laws of motion, Newton formulated a law
governing the gravitational attraction between two particles, stated mathematically
as:
Where:
F = force of gravitation between the particles
G = universal constant of gravitation = 66.73x10-12 m3/(kg·s2)
m1,m2 = mass of each particle
r = distance between the two particles
Weight – the gravitational force acting upon a particle at or near the surface of the
earth.
now, considering that G, r and mass of earth are all constants
G = 66.73x10-12 m3/(kg*s2)
r = radius of earth = 6,371,000 meters
m1 = mass of earth = 5.972x1024 kg
(66.73x10−12 )(5.972x1024 )
F = m2(Gm1/r2) = m2 * ( 2 )= 9.8181*m2
(6371000)
or F = mg
17
Units of Measurements
There are 4 basic quantities that we deal in mechanics: length, mass, time,
and force.
SI Units – The International System of Units or SI after the French word Système
efines length in meter(m), mass in kilogram(kg), time in
international d'Unités d
seconds(s) and force in Newton(N). The Newton is derived from F = ma, which
means that 1 Newton of force is required to give a mass of 1 kg an acceleration of 1
m/s2. This system unit is the modern version of the metric system.
U.S. Customary – In US Customary Units or English System, defines length in

foot(ft), time in seconds(s) and force in pounds(lb). The unit of mass, slugs, is
derived from F = ma. Thus, 1 slug is the amount of matter accelerated to 1 ft/s2 by a
force of 1 lb.
Table 1-1
Conversion of Units – SI units and English System has a direct conversion factor
for the basic quantities as shown in table 1-2.
Table 1-2
18
Prefixes – When a numerical quantity is either very large or very small, units may be
modified using prefixes. Some common prefixes used in the SI system are shown in
Table 1-3.
Table 1-3
Reflections/Insights
1. Reflect on ideas and knowledge you learn from the lesson and their
application for the future lesson. Write at least 5 sentences.
19
Post-Test
Define the following terms
1. Statics
2. Length
3. Time
4. Mass
5. Force
Enumerate Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
6.
7.
8.
Express the following using prefixes.
9. 10 Kg
10. 100 Gpa
11. 3 nm
Convert the following
12. 10 ft to meters
13. 3 kilograms to slug
14. 4 lb to newton
15. 33 meters to ft
20
Chapter 2: Engineering Mechanics
Force Vectors and Resultant Force
Title of the Lesson

❖ Scalars and Vectors
❖ Vector Operations
❖ Finding the Resultant Force
❖ Addition of Coplanar Forces
Duration
❖ 9 hours
Introduction
In this module, students will learn how to express forces as Cartesian Vectors
and determine their resultant. Also, in this chapter, we will discuss the concept of
free-body diagram and the Resultant of Force System.
❖ To show how to add forces and resolve them using Parallelogram Law.
❖ To express force and position in Cartesian vector form and explain how to
determine the magnitude and direction of the vector.
❖ To introduce the concept of free-body diagram of a particle.
❖ To show how to solve particle equilibrium problems using the equations of
equilibrium.
21
Pretest
1. Resolve the horizontal 600-lb force in the figure into components acting along
u and v axes and determine the magnitude of these components.
2. Determine the magnitude of the component force F in the figure and the
magnitude of the Resultant force FR if FR is directed along the positive y-axis.
22
Scalars and Vectors

All physical quantities in engineering mechanics are all expressed in either
scalar or vector form.
❖ Scalar - any quantities that can be completely expressed by their magnitude,
either positive or negative. Examples of scalar quantities are length, time and
mass.
❖ Vector - any quantity that requires both a magnitude and direction for its
complete description. Example of a vector quantity is force. A vector is
graphically represented with an arrow, with its length that represents its
magnitude and the angle θ between the arrow and a fixed axis defines its
direction of action. The head or tip of the arrow indicates its sense of direction.
Figure 2.1 Example of a Vector Quantity
Vector Operations
❖ Multiplication and Division of a Vector by a Scalar
If a vector is multiplied by a positive scalar quantity, its magnitude is
increased by that amount. Multiplying by a negative will also change the
directional sense of the vector. Graphical representation of multiplication and
division will be shown below.
Figure 2.2 Scalar multiplication and division
23
❖ Vector Addition
All vectors obey the Parallelogram Law of Addition. To illustrate, we will
use component vectors A and B and add them to form a resultant vector R =
A + B using the following procedure.
➢ First, join the tails of vector A and tail of vector B to make them
concurrent.
➢ From the head of B, draw a line parallel to A. Draw another line from
A parallel to B. These two lines intersect at point P to form the
adjacent sides of the parallelogram.
➢ The diagonal of this parallelogram that extends to point P is the

resultant vector R, which then represents R = A + B.
24
❖ Vector Subtraction
The resultant of the difference of two vectors may be as expressed as
R = A - B = A + (-B)
Subtraction is therefore defined as a special case of vector addition as
shown below.
Finding the Resultant Force

Resultant force can be obtained using the Parallelogram Law and other
mathematical concepts such as sine law and cosine law to find the magnitude
and direction of the resultant force.
25
Example No. 1
The screw eye in the figure is subjected to two forces, F1 and F2. Determine
the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.
Solution:
Using Parallelogram Law, draw a line from the head of F1 parallel to F2, and
another line from the head of F2 parallel to F1. The resultant force FR extends to
where these 2 lines intersects. The angle θ from F1 and FR is the angle of direction of
FR.
26
After forming the parallelogram, the vector triangle is constructed and solved
using Cosine Law.
√(100N )
2 2
FR = + (150N ) – 2(100N )(150N )cos(115°)
FR = 212.5525 N
for θ, use sine law:
sin115
sinθ
150 N = 212.5525 N , θ = 39.7612°
Thus, the direction of FR 𝛷 is
𝛷 = θ + 15° = 39.7612° + 15° = 54.7612°
Example No. 2
Determine the magnitude of the component force F in the figure and the
magnitude of the resultant force FR if FR is directed along the positive y-axis.
27
Solution:
Using the parallelogram law and sine law, we can determine the two
unknowns.
28
Addition of a System of Coplanar Forces
❖ Scalar Notation
The rectangular components of force F shown in the figure are found
using the parallelogram law, so that F = Fx + Fy. Being these components
form a right triangle, they can be determined from
Fx = Fcosθ and Fy = Fsinθ
❖ Cartesian Notation
It is also possible to represent the x and y components of a force in
terms of cartesian unit vectors i and j.
F = Fxi + Fyj
29
❖ Coplanar Force Resultants
We can use either the Scalar Notation or the Cartesian Notation for
finding the resultant force of the coplanar system below.
Using Cartesian Notation:
Using the Scalar Notation:
We can represent the components of the resultant force of any number of

coplanar forces mathematically as the algebraic sum of the x and y components of
the force,
Once these components are determined, they may be sketched along the x
and y axes, and the resultant force can be determined using vector addition and
pythagorean theorem.
30
Example No. 3
Determine the x and y components of F1 and
F2 acting on the boom shown in
the figure. Express each force as a Cartesian vector.
Solution:
By parallelogram law, F1 is resolved into x and y components.
31
F2 components are determined by using the slope of the triangle.
Having determined the components of the forces, we can express the two
forces using Cartesian Vector.
Reflection/Insights
32
Post-Test
1. Resolve the horizontal 600-lb force in the figure into components acting along
u and v axes and determine the magnitude of these components.
2. Determine the magnitude of the component force F in the figure and the
magnitude of the Resultant force FR if FR is directed along the positive y-axis.
33
3. It is required that the resultant force acting on the eyebolt is directed along the
positive x-axis and that F2 have a minimum magnitude. Determine the
magnitude, the angle θ and the corresponding resultant force.
4. If FB is 3kN and θ = 45°, determine the magnitude of the resultant force of the
two tugboats and its direction measured clockwise from the positive x-axis.
34
Equilibrium
Title of the Lesson

❖ Equilibrium of Concurrent Force System
❖ Equilibrium of Parallel Force System
❖ Equilibrium of Non-Concurrent Non-Parallel Force System
Duration
❖ 9 hours
Introduction
In this module, students will learn the concept of Equilibrium of System of
Forces. The body is said to be in equilibrium if the resultant of all forces acting on it
is zero. There are two major types of static equilibrium, namely, translational
equilibrium and rotational equilibrium.
❖ To develop the equations of equilibrium for systems of forces.
❖ To introduce the concept of equilibrium.
❖ To solve equilibrium problems using equations of equilibrium.
35
Pretest
1. If cable CB is subjected to a tension that is twice that of cable CA, determine
the angle θ for equilibrium of the 10-kg cylinder. Also find the tension in cables
CB and CA.
2. Determine the tension in the cable and the horizontal and vertical components
of reaction of the pin A. The pulley at D is frictionless and the cylinder weighs
80 lb.
36
Equilibrium of Concurrent Force System
If a particle is subjected to a system of forces that lie in the x-y plane, then
each force can be resolved into its i and j components. For equilibrium to be
achieved, these forces must have an algebraic sum of zero.
Example No. 1
Determine the tension in cables BA and BC necessary to support the 60 kg
cylinder in the figure.
37
Solution:
Free-Body Diagram:
Applying the equations of equilibrium, ΣFx = 0 and ΣFy = 0 we have
Equation (1) can be written as TA = 0.8839TC
Example No. 2
The 200-kg crate in the figure is suspended using ropes AB and AC. Each
rope can withstand a maximum force of 10kN before it breaks. If AB always remains
horizontal, determine the smallest angle θ to which the crate can be suspended
before one of the ropes breaks.
38
Solution:
Free-Body Diagram
Applying the equations of equilibrium, ΣFx = 0 and ΣFy = 0 we have
From equation (1), FC is always greater than FB since cos θ ≤ 1. Therefore,
rope AC will reach the maximum tensile force of 10kN before rope AB. Substituting
FC = 10 kN into Eq (2), we get
The force FC can be determined by substituting θ and FC into Eq (1)
39
Equilibrium of Parallel Force System
Using the methods from the previous topic, the force and couple moment
system acting on a body can be reduced to an equivalent resultant force and
resultant couple moment at any arbitrary point O on or off the body. To satisfy the
conditions of equilibrium, both the resultant force and resultant couple moment must
be algebraically equal to zero.
Example No. 3
Determine the reactions for the beam loaded as shown in the figure below.
Solution:
Using the equation of equilibrium ΣM = 0, we can find R1 and
R2. Remember
that Moment = Force multiplied by the Moment Arm, M = Fd.
ΣMR2 = 0 *Assuming that counterclockwise rotations are positive and clockwise

rotations are negative in value.*
7.5R1 = 6(12) + 4.5[3(6)] + 1[0.5(3)(15)]
R1 =
23.4 kN
ΣMR1 = 0
7.5R2 = 1.5(12) + 3[3(6)] + 6.5[0.5(3)(15)]
R2 = 29.1 kN
40
Example No. 4
Determine the reactions for the beam shown below.
Solution:
Draw the Free-Body Diagram and identify each force that acts on the system.
ΣMR2 = 0 *Assuming that counterclockwise rotations are positive and clockwise

10R1 + 4(400) = 16(300) + 9[14(100)]
R1 =
1580 lbs
ΣMR1 = 0
10R2 + 6(300) = 14(400) + 1[14(100)]
R2 = 520 lbs.
41
Equilibrium of Non-Concurrent Non-Parallel Force System
In the previous topic, we developed two equations which are both necessary
for the equilibrium of a rigid body, namely ΣF = 0 and ΣMO = 0. When a body is
subjected to a system of forces that lie in the x-y axis, then the forces can be
consequently resolved into their x and y components.
ΣFX = 0
ΣFY = 0
ΣMO = 0
Where:
ΣFX = algebraic sum of the x components
ΣFY = algebraic sum of the y components
ΣMO = algebraic sum of the couple moments
The three equilibrium conditions can solve up to three unknowns in the

system. If the system involves more than three unknowns, it is called indeterminate.
Indeterminate structures are beyond the scope of Engineering Mechanics, it is one of
the topics in Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures.
42
Example No. 5
Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction on the beam
caused by the pin at B and the rocker at A as shown in the figure. Neglect the weight
of the beam.
Solution:
Using the equation of equilibrium ΣFx = 0, we can solve for BX
Solving for AY, we can use ΣM = 0 at point B
Summing the forces in the y-direction, we can get BY
43
Example No. 6
The member shown in the figure shown below is pin connected at A and rests
against a smooth support at B. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of
reaction at the pin A.
Solution:
Before we determine the reactions at Pin A, we need to find the value of NB.
Using ΣMA = 0 we have
Using NB = 200 N,
44
Reflection/Insights
45
Post-Test
1. If cable CB is subjected to a tension that is twice that of cable CA, determine
the angle θ for equilibrium of the 10-kg cylinder. Also find the tension in cables
CB and CA.
2. Romeo tries to reach Juliet by climbing with constant velocity up a rope

which is knotted at point A. Any of the three segments of the rope can
sustain a maximum force of 2 kN before it breaks. Determine if Romeo,
who has a mass of 65 kg, can climb the rope, and if so, can he along with
Juliet, who has a mass of 60 kg, climb down with constant velocity?
46
3. The overhanging beam is supported by a pin at A and two force strut BC.
Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at A and the
reaction at B on the beam.
4. Determine the tension in the cable and the horizontal and vertical
components of reaction of the pin A. The pulley at D is frictionless and the
cylinder weighs 80 lb.
47
FRICTION
Title of the Lesson

❖ Dry Static Friction
❖ Belt Friction
❖ Rolling Resistance
Duration
❖ 9 hours
Introduction
In this module, students will learn the concept of Friction. Friction is a force
that resists the movement of two contacting surfaces that slide relative to one
another. This force always acts tangent to the surface at the point of contact and is
directed so as to oppose the possible or existing motion between surfaces.
❖ To introduce the concept of dry friction and show how to analyze the
equilibrium of rigid bodies subjected to this force.
❖ To present specific applications of frictional force analysis on wedges, screws,
belts, and bearings.
❖ To investigate the concept of rolling resistance.
48
Pretest
1. A cylinder having a mass of 250 kg is to be supported by the cord which
wraps over the pipe. Determine the smallest vertical force F needed to
support the load if the cord passes (a) once over the pipe ß = 180°, and (b)
two times over the pipe ß = 540°. Take µS = 0.2.
2. The mine car and its contents have a total mass of 6 Mg and a center of
gravity at G. If the coefficient of static friction between the wheels and the
tracks is when the wheels are locked, find the normal force acting on the front
wheels at B and the rear wheels at A when the brakes at both A and B are
locked. Does the car move?
49
Dry Static Friction
Dry friction, also called Coulomb Friction, occurs between the contacting
surfaces of bodies when there is no lubricating fluid.
Elements of dry friction:
N = total reaction force perpendicular to the contact surface
FS = friction force
μ = coefficient of friction
R = Resultant of FS and N
Φ = angle of friction
Experimentally, it is determined that the limiting static frictional force FS is

directly proportional to the resultant normal force N. expressed mathematically,
FS = μSN
The angle between RS and N is the angle of static friction. From the figure,
50
Example No. 1
The uniform 10-kg ladder rests against the smooth wall at B, and the end A
rests on a rough horizontal plane for which the coefficient of static friction is μS = 0.3.
Determine the angle of inclination θ of the ladder and the normal reaction at B if the
ladder is on the verge of slipping.
Solution:
Draw the free body diagram and determine all forces on the system.
Since the ladder is on the verge of slipping, FA = µSNA = 0.3NA

ΣFY = 0; NA – 10(9.81) = 0; NA = 98.10 N
ΣFX = 0; FA – NB = 0; NB = 0.3(98.10 N); NB = 29.43 N
Finally, using ΣMA = 0, we can determine the value of θ
ΣMA = 0; *Assuming that counterclockwise rotations are positive and clockwise
4(NB)sin θ – 2Wcos θ = 0
(29.43)(4m)sin θ – [10(9.81)(2)cos θ] = 0
sin θ
cos θ = tan θ = 1.6667
θ = 59.04°
51
Example No. 2
A homogenous block of weight W rests upon the incline as shown in the
figure. If the coefficient of friction is 0.30. determine the greatest height h at which
force P parallel to the incline may be applied so that the blocks will slide up the
incline without tipping over.
Solution:
Draw the free-body diagram of the system.
Sliding up the plane:

ΣFY = 0
4
N = Wcosθ (along the y-axis) = 5
W
4 6
f (frictional force) = µN = (0.30)( 5
W) = 25
W
ΣFX = 0
P = Wsinθ (along the x-axis) + f
3 6
P= 5
W+ 25
W
21
P= 25
W
52
Tipping over:
To find the maximum value of h, we must use the equilibrium equation at point
A where tipping will occur. W will act on the centroid of the block, which is in the
center of its length and width.
ΣMA = 0
M = Force x Length of Moment Arm
Ph = 40WX + 20WY
21
25
W(h) = 40( 35 W) + 20( 45 W) *W can be factored out*
h = 47.62 cm
53
Belt Friction
Whenever belt drives or band brakes are designed, it is necessary to

determine the frictional forces developed between the belt and its contacting
surfaces. In this section, we will analyze the frictional forces acting on a flat belt.
Consider the figure below, which passes through a curved surface. The total
angle of the contact surface in radians is ß and the coefficient of frictions is µ. We
need to determine the tension T2 which rotates counterclockwise to pull the belt over
the surface and overcome the tension T1 and the frictional force at the surface.
Creating the free-body diagram of an element having a length of ds as shown

in the figure below, assuming either impending motion or motion of the belt, the
magnitude of the frictional force is dF = µdN. This force opposes the sliding motion,
so it will increase the magnitude of the tensile force acting on the belt by dT.
Applying the equations of equilibrium, we get:
ΣFX = 0
Tcos( dθ
2
µdN – (T + dT) cos( dθ2 ) = 0
)+ (1)
ΣFY = 0
2 ) - Tsin( 2 ) = 0
dN - (T + dT) sin( dθ dθ
(2)
dθ
Note here that since 2 is a very small strip taken from the whole contact
angle of the belt, we can take sin( dθ

2
)= dθ
2
and cos( dθ2 ) = 1 (taken from the fact that
sin(0) = 0 and cos(0) = 1). The two equations become
T + µdN – T - dT = 0 µdN = dT (1)
dN - T( dθ
2
) - dT( dθ
2
) - T( dθ
2
) = 0 *note that dT and ( dθ
2
) are very small values,
multipyling them will yield values approaching 0.*
dN - T( dθ
2
) - T( dθ
2
)=0
dN = Tdθ (2)
54
❖ Equating (2) into (1) yields:
µTdθ = dT
❖ Rearranging the equation:
dT
T = µdθ
❖ Integrating this equation between all points of contact of the belt, and noting
that T = T1 at θ = 0 and T = T2 at θ = ß yields
❖ Solving for T2, we obtain
T2 = T1eµß
Where:
T2,T1 = belt tensions
µ = coefficient of static or kinetic friction
ß = angle of belt contact surface, in radians
e = 2.718….. base of natural logarithm
55
Example No 3.
The maximum tension that can be developed in the cord shown in the figure is
500 N. If the pulley at A is free to rotate and the coefficient of static at the fixed
drums B and C is µS = 0.25, determine the mass of the largest cylinder that can be
lifted by the cord.
Solution:
Draw the free body diagram of the system.
Lifting the cylinder means pulling the cord at D, causing the drums at B and C
to rotate counterclockwise. Hence, the maximum tension T2 occurs at D. Thus, F =
T2 = 500 N.
3π
ß = 180° - 45° = 135° * π/180° = 4
T2 = T1eµß; 500 N = T1[e0.25(π)(3/4)]

T1 = 277.4 N
56
Since the system is in equilibrium, the tension in the cord remains the same
on both sides of the pulley.
T1 = Weµß
277.4 N = We[0.25(π)(3/4)]
W = 153.9 N
W = mg
m = W/g
m = 153.9 N/9.81m/s2
m = 15.7 kg
Note: We did not consider the pulley at A because it is free to rotate, giving no
additional frictional force onto the system.
57
Rolling Resistance
When a rigid cylinder rolls at constant velocity along a rigid surface, the
normal force exerted by the surface on the cylinder acts perpendicular to the tangent
at the point of contact. However, no materials are perfectly rigid, and therefore the
reaction of the surface on the cylinder consists of a distribution of normal pressure.
For example, consider the cylinder to be made of a very hard material, and the
surface on which it rolls to be relatively soft. Due to its weight, the cylinder
compresses the surface underneath it.
Summing moments about point A gives Wa = P (r cos θ). Since the

deformations are generally very small in relation to the cylinder’s radius, cos θ = 1;
hence,
Wa = Pr
58
Example No. 5
A 10-kg steel wheel has a radius of 100 mm and rests on an inclined plane
made of soft wood. If θ is increased so that the wheel begins to roll down the incline
with constant velocity when θ = 1.2°, determine the coefficient of rolling resistance.
Solution:
Draw the free-body diagram of the system.
As shown in the FBD, the normal force N acts at point A defined by the
dimension a. Resolving weight into its components, we can apply ΣMA = 0
ΣMA = 0
-(10)(9.81)(cos 1.2°)(a) + (10)(9.81)(sin 1.2°)(100sin 1.2°) = 0
a = 2.09 mm
59
Reflection/Insights
60
Post-Test
1. The mine car and its contents have a total mass of 6 Mg and a center of
gravity at G. If the coefficient of static friction between the wheels and the
tracks is when the wheels are locked, find the normal force acting on the front
wheels at B and the rear wheels at A when the brakes at both A and B are
locked. Does the car move?
2. The tractor has a weight of 4500 lbs. with center of gravity at G. The driving
traction is developed at the rear wheels B, while the front wheels at A are free
to roll. If the coefficient of static friction between the wheels at B and the
ground is determined if it is possible to pull at without causing the wheels at B
to slip or the front wheels at A to lift off the ground.
61
3. A cylinder having a mass of 250 kg is to be supported by the cord which
wraps over the pipe. Determine the smallest vertical force F needed to
support the load if the cord passes (a) once over the pipe ß = 180°, and (b)
two times over the pipe ß = 540°. Take µS = 0.2.
4. A “hawser” is wrapped around a fixed “capstan” to secure a ship for docking.

If the tension in the rope, caused by the ship, is 1500 lbs., determine the least
number of complete turns the rope must be wrapped around the capstan to
prevent slipping of the rope. The greatest horizontal force that a
longshoreman can exert on the rope is 50 lb. The coefficient of static friction is
µs = 0.3.
62
INTRODUCTION TO DYNAMICS:
Rectilinear Motion
Title of the Lesson
❖ Uniform Motion
❖ Uniformly Accelerated Motion
❖ Free Fall
Duration
❖ 9 hours
Introduction
Kinematics is the branch of dynamics that describes the motion of bodies
without reference to the forces that either cause the motion or are generated as a
result of motion.
Rectilinear Motion is a type of motion in which the body moves in a straight
line or is moving in the direction parallel to its displacement.
❖ To introduce the concepts of position, velocity, displacement and acceleration.

❖ To study the motion of a particle in a straight motion.
❖ To present an analysis of a uniformly accelerated body.
63
Pretest
1. A car starts from rest and has a constant acceleration of 3 ft/s2. Find the
average velocity of the car during the first 10 seconds of motion.
2. An automobile moving at a constant velocity of 15 m/s passes a gasoline
station. Two seconds later, another automobile leaves the gasoline station
and accelerates at a constant rate of 2 m/s2. How long will it take for the
second car to overtake the first car?
3. A ball is dropped from a height of 60 meters above the ground. How long
does it take to hit the ground?
64
Uniform motion
Displacement of a body is defined as the change in its position. For example, if a
body moves from one position to another as shown below.
S = vt
Where:
S = total displacement in meters (m) or feet (ft)
v = velocity in m/s or ft/s
t = time in seconds (s)
Δs = s’ - s
Average Velocity is the displacement of a body during a given time interval.
Δs
Vave = Δt (1)
Instantaneous Velocity is a vector defined as v = lim (Δs/Δt) as Δt approaches 0 or

ds
v = dt (2)
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Acceleration is defined as the rate at which the object changes its velocity with
respect to time or
dv d2 s
a = dt = (3)
dt2
ds
Note that from the equation (2) we can derive that dt = v , substituting dt
into equation (3) yields
65
vdv
a = ds or ads = vdv ( 4)
Since we are dealing with constant acceleration, we can assume that a is
constant, therefore we can integrate the three equations a = dv/dt, v =ds/dt and
ads=vdv to obtain the equations that relate a,v,s and t.
1. Velocity as a function of time
dv
Integrate equation (3) a = dt assuming that initial velocity v0 = 0 when t = 0
dv = adt
vf = v0 ±
at (5)
2. Position as a function of time

Integrate v = ds/dt = v0 +at, assuming that s = s0 when t = 0
ds = vdt
ds = (v0 +at)dt
s = s0 + vo(t) ± 21 at2

(6)
Assuming that s0 is

the starting point of the particle, therefore s0 = 0
s = vo(t) ± 21 at2
3. Velocity as a function of Position
Integrate ads=vdv assuming that v = v0 and s = s0 at t = 0
vdv = ads
vf2 = v02 ± 2a(s-s0) (7)
66
Free Fall
A free falling body is a body that is falling under the sole influence of gravity.
Any object that is being acted upon only by the force of gravity is said to be in the
state of free-fall. There are two characteristics of a free-falling body to remember.
1. Air resistance is disregarded when studying free-falling bodies.
2. All free-falling bodies accelerate downward at a rate of 9.81 m/s2.
We can derive the equations on free-falling bodies based on the previous
equations from bodies with uniform acceleration.
From equation (5), we know that the acceleration of the body is equal to g =
9.81 m/s2, we can derive the equation for the final velocity of the body.
vf = v0 ±
at a=g
vf = v0 ± gt (8)
From equation (6), we can derive the total height travelled by the body given
the time of travel (t) and initial velocity (v0), changing s(displacement) to h(height)
s = vo(t) ± 21 at2
h = vo(t) ± 21 gt2 (9)
From equation (7), change the acceleration (a) to (g) and displacement (s) to
height travelled (h)
vf2 = v02 ± 2a(s-s0)

vf2 = v02 ± 2g(h-h0) (10)
67
Summary of Formulas
Uniform Motion S = vt
vf = v0 ±
at
s = vo(t) ± 21 at2
vf2 = v02 ± 2a(s-s0)
vf = v0 ± gt
Free fall h = vo(t) ± 21 gt2
vf2 = v02 ± 2g(h-h0)
Note:
(a) is positive (+) when accelerating
(a) is negative (-) when decelerating
(g) is positive (+) when body is going downward
(g) is negative (-) when body is going upward
68
Example #1
If a particle’s position is given by the expression s(t) = 3.4t3 - 5.4t meters, what
is the acceleration of the particle after t = 5 seconds?
*remember that acceleration is the rate of change velocity, and velocity is the rate of
change of displacement*
s(t) = 3.4t3 - 5.4t
v = ds/dt = 3(3.4)t2 - 5.4 = 10.2t2 - 5.4
a = dv/dt = 2(10.2)t - 0 = 20.4t
acceleration at t = 5 seconds:
a = 20.4(5) = 102 m/s2
Example #2
An automobile moving at a constant velocity of 15 m/s passes a gasoline
station. Two seconds later, another automobile leaves the gasoline station and
accelerates at a constant rate of 2 m/s2. How long will it take for the second car to
overtake the first car?
*please note that when overtaking, the displacement of the two bodies must be equal
Given:
v1 = 15 m/s
a2 = 2 m/s2
time between the two cars = 2 seconds
Since the first automobile is in uniform motion,

S1 = v1t1
S1 = 15(t +2)
*t1 =
(t +2) since there is a 2 second time difference between the time the 1st car
passes the station and the 2nd car leaving the station.
Since the second car is in uniformly accelerated motion and starts from rest, v0 = 0
S2 = v2t2 + (0.5)at2
S2 = 0 + (0.5)(2)t2
In overtaking S1 = S2
15(t + 2) = t2
t2 - 15t - 30 = 0 *apply quadratic equation formula
16.7871 s accepted
t1 =
t2 = -1.7871 s rejected
69
Example #3
A train changes its speed uniformly from 60 mph to 30 mph in a distance of
1500 ft. What is its acceleration?
Given:
V0 = 60 mph x (5280 ft/mile) x (1 hr/3600 s) = 88 ft/s
Vf = 30 mph x (5280 ft/mile) x (1 hr/3600 s) = 44 ft/s
Vf2 = V02 + 2aS

(44 ft/s)2 = (88 ft/s)2 + 2a(1500 ft)
a = -1.936 ft/s2
Example #4
A car starts from rest and has a constant acceleration of 3 ft/s2. Find the
average velocity of the car during the first 10 seconds of motion.
Given:
a = 3 ft/s2
t = 10 seconds
Vave = S/t
S = V0t + 0.5at2
S = 0(10) + 0.5(3 ft/s2)(10 s)2
S = 150 ft.
Vave = 150 ft/10 s

Vave = 15 ft/s
70
Example #5
A thief escaped and boarded on a truck and travelled at a constant speed of
55 kph. Two hours later, a police officer riding on a motorcycle pursued the fugitive
at a constant speed of 80 kph. How long did it take the police to catch up to the
fugitive?
Given:
V1 = 55 kph
V2 = 80 kph
time difference = 2 hrs
*Note that in overtaking, the same displacement must be covered by both bodies.
S1 = V1(t + 2) **t+2 since the fugitive has a 2 hour head start
S2 = V2t
S1 = S2
V1(t + 2) = V2t
55(t +2) = 80t
55t + 110 = 80t
25t = 110
t = 4.4 hrs
71
Example #6
A man driving a car at a constant speed of 42 mph suddenly sees a cow
crossing the road 60 feet ahead. At what constant deceleration (in ft/s2) is required to
avoid hitting the animal. Assume a 0.3 seconds reaction time before the man applies
the brakes.
Given:
V0 = 42 mph x 5280 ft/mi x 1 hr/3600 s
V0 = 61.60 ft/s
treaction = 0.3 s
S = V0t = 61.60 ft/s(0.3 s)

S = 18.48 ft.
Vf2 = V02 - 2a(60-S) **the total distance between the car and the cow is 60 ft
minus the distance travelled considering the reaction time of the driver
02 = (61.6 ft/s)2 - 2a(60 ft - 18.48 ft)
a = 45.695 ft/s2
Example #7
A ball is dropped from a height of 60 meters above the ground. How long
does it take to hit the ground?
Given:
V0 = 0 **note that the ball is dropped, not thrown, therefore v0 is
zero
h = 60 meters
From the formula: h = vo(t) ± 21 gt2

60 m = 0(t) + 0.5(9.81 m/s2)(t2)
t2 = 12.2324 s2
t = 3.497 s
72
Example #8
A man dropped a stone in a well. Four seconds later the sound of a water
splash is heard. Assuming that sound travels at a speed of 330 m/s, how deep is the
well?
Given:
tT= 4 seconds
vs = 330 m/s
h=?
Scenario 1: Stone is dropped

V0 = 0
h = vo(t) ± 21 gt2
h = 0 + 0.5(9.81)t2
h = 4.905t12 equation 1
Scenario 2: Sound travelling from the bottom of the well to the top. Note that sound
travels at constant speed.
h = vt2
h = 330t2 equation 2
tT = t1 + t2

4 = t1 + t2 equation 3
t2 = 4 - t1
h=h
4.905t12 = 330t2 substitute t2
4.905t12 = 330(4 - t1)
4.905t12 = 1320 - 330t1
4.905t12 + 330t1 - 1320 = 0
using quadratic equation
t1 = 3.787 s t2= -71.0651 s
h = 4.905(3.787)2 substitute t1 into equation 1

h = 70.34 m
73
Example #9
A baseball player throws a baseball upward with an initial velocity of 40 ft/s
and plans to catch it with a baseball glove. When will the ball strike the glove?
Assume the glove is positioned in the same elevation when the ball left his hand.
Given:
V0 = 40 ft/s
tup = time to reach the max height
tdown = time to reach the glove from max height
tT = tup + tdown
Scenario 1: Going upward
vf = v0 ± gt
At max height, Vf = 0
0 = 40 - (32.2)tup
tup = 1.2422 s
Maximum height reached:
h = vo(t) ± 21 gt2
h = 40(1.24) - (0.5)(32.2)(1.24)2
h = 24.8446 ft
Scenario 2: From max height down to gloves

h = 24.8846 ft; V0 = 0
h = vo(t) ± 21 gt22
24.8446 ft = 0(t) + (0.5)(32.2)t22
t22 = 1.5431 s2
t2 = 1.2422 s
tT = 1.2422 + 1.2422

tT = 2.4844 s
Note that the time going up and the time going down is equal, that is because when
energy loss is disregarded (such as air resistance), Tup is always equal to Tdown.
74
Example #10
A ball is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity of 3 m/s from the
window of a tall building. The ball strikes the sidewalk at the ground level 4 seconds
later. Determine the velocity with which the ball strikes the ground.
Given:
V0 = 3 m/s
tT = 4 seconds
Scenario 1: The ball is thrown upward. Note that

when a body is thrown upward, this will continue
in that direction until its velocity reaches 0.
Therefore:
V0 = 3 m/s
Vf = 0 m/s
vf = v0 ± gt
0 = 3 - (9.81)t1
t1 =
0.3058 s **This means that being thrown upward at 3 m/s initially, the ball will
reach its maximum height after 0.3058 s.
Scenario 2: The ball is free-falling from its maximum height down to ground level with
a total travel time to t2
tT = t1 + t2
4 = t1 + t2
t2 = 4 - 0.3058
t2 = 3.694 s
At free fall: V0 = 0 m/s; Vf = ?
Vf = V0 + gt2

Vf = 0 +(9.81)(3.694)
Vf = 36.238 m/s
75
Post-Test
1. A boatman rows to a place 48 miles from the starting point and back in 14
hours but finds that he can row 4 miles with the stream in the same time as 3
miles against the stream. Find the rate of flow of the stream.
2. A policeman aimed his rifle at the bull’s eye of a target 50 m away. If the
speed of the bullet is 500 m/s, how far below the bull’s eye does the bullet
strike the target.
3. A ball is thrown vertically into the air at 120 m/s. After 3 seconds, another ball
is thrown vertically. What must be the velocity of the second ball so that it
passes the first ball at 100 m from the ground.
4. A ball is dropped from the top of a tower 100 m high at the same time a
second ball is thrown upward from the ground. If the two balls meet each
other at 60 m above the ground, determine the initial velocity of the second
ball.
76
Curvilinear Motion
Title of the Lesson
❖ Projectile Motion
❖ General Equation of Projectiles
❖ Rotational Kinematics
Duration
❖ 9 hours
Introduction
Kinematics is the branch of dynamics that describes the motion of bodies
without reference to the forces that either cause the motion or are generated as a
result of motion.
Curvilinear Motion is a type of motion in which the body moves in a curved
path. Examples of curvilinear motion are throwing paper into a trash can, motion of
the ball to the basket, etc.
❖ To introduce the concepts of position, velocity, displacement and acceleration.

❖ To study the motion of a particle in a curvilinear motion.
❖ To present an analysis of a uniformly accelerated body.
77
Pretest
1. From the top of the hill inclined at an angle of 30°, a projectile is fired with a
velocity of 540 ft /s. If the projectile is positioned perpendicular to the surface
of the hill, determine the range down the hill.
2. A sandbag is dropped from a balloon which is ascending vertically at a

constant speed of 6 m/s. If the bag is released with the same upward speed of
6 m/s when t =0 and it hits the ground t = 8 s, determine the speed of the bad
as it hits the ground and the altitude of the balloon at this instant.
78
Projectile Motion
The free-flight motion of a projectile is often studied in terms of its rectangular

components. To illustrate the kinematics analysis of projectile motion, consider the
figure below where a projectile is launched at point (x0, y0) with an initial velocity of V0
with components V0x for horizontal component and V0y for vertical component. When
air resistance is neglected, the only force acting on the projectile is its own weight
which causes the projectile to accelerate downward constantly with approximate
acceleration of a = 9..81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2
79
Equations of Projectiles
Horizontal Motion
The equations from the uniformly accelerated motion can also be applied in
this concept. Consider Vf = Vx and V0 = V0x and ac = 0.
vf = v0 ±
at vx = v0x
s = vo(t) ± 21 at2 x = vox(t)

vf2 = v02 ± 2a(s-s0) vx2 = v0x2
Also note that V0x is the horizontal component of V0, V0x = V0cosθ where θ is
the angle of release relative to x-axis.
From the equations above, we can determine that final horizontal velocity is
equal to the initial horizontal velocity.
Vertical Motion
The equations from the uniformly accelerated motion can also be applied in
this concept. Consider Vf = Vy and V0 = V0y and ac = -g (negative g since y-axis is
directed upward).
vf = v0 ±
at vy = v0y - gt
s = vo(t) ± 21 at2 y = v0y(t) - 21 gt2
vf2 = v02 ± 2a(s-s0)
vy2 = v0y2 - 2g(y-y0)
Also note that V0y is the horizontal component of V0, V0y = V0sinθ where θ is
the angle of release relative to x-axis.
Special Cases
At maximum height: Vy = 0 and assuming y0 = 0
vy2 = v0y2 - 2g(y-y0)

0 = v0y2 - 2g(ymax)
v0y2 = 2gymax
(V 0 sinθ)2
ymax = 2g
80
At maximum range (x)
Time to attain the maximum height = time to attain half of the maximum range
of the projectile.
tXmax = 2tymax
Time to attain the maximum height: Vy = 0
vy = v0y - gt
0 = v0y - gt
V0y = gt
V 0 sinθ
tymax = g
xmax = vox(txmax)
xmax = V0cosθ(2tymax)
V 0 sinθ
xmax = V0cosθ(2)( g )
2V 0 2 sinθcosθ
xmax = g
but 2sin θ cos θ = sin2 θ
V 0 2 sin2θ
xmax = g
81
General Equation of Projectile:
For horizontal motion: x = vox(t)
For vertical motion: y = v0y(t) - 12 gt2
Solving for y in terms of t
x
t= ; substitute t in the equation for vertical motion, we get:
V 0 cosθ
x x 2
y = V0sinΘ V 0 cosθ - 0.5g( V 0 cosθ )
gx2
y = xtan θ - 2V 0 2 cosθ
Summary of Formulas
vx = v0x
Horizontal Motion x = vox(t)

vx2 = v0x2
vy = v0y - gt
Vertical Motion (Upward) y = v0y(t) - 21 gt2

vy2 = v0y2 - 2g(y-y0)
(V 0 sinθ)2
Maximum Height ymax = 2g
V 0 2 sin2θ
Maximum Range xmax = g
gx2
y = xtan θ -
General equation of Projectiles 2V 0 2 cosθ
82
Rotational Kinematics
Kinematics is the description of motion. The kinematics of rotational motion

describes the relationships among rotation angle, angular velocity, angular
acceleration, and time.
❖ Angular Displacement ( θ ) is the angle through which a rigid object rotates
about a fixed axis. SI unit: radian (rad)
❖ Radian is the SI unit of angular displacement defined as the circular arc length
(S) travelled by a point of rotating body divided by the distance (r) of the point
from the axis. Note that 2π rad = 360 degrees = 1 revolution
❖ Average angular velocity (⍵ave) is the angular displacement of an object
divided by the time elapsed. SI unit: rad/s
❖ Instantaneous angular velocity is the angular velocity that exists at a given
instant. SI unit: rad/s
❖ Angular Acceleration (⍺) is the change in angular velocity per unit time. SI unit
rad/s2.
❖ Tangential velocity (Vt) is the linear velocity of a tangent point on a rotating
body. It represents how fast a particle is moving along the arc of the circle. SI
unit: m/s
❖ Tangential Acceleration (at) is the linear acceleration of a tangent point on a
rotating body. SI unit: m/s
❖ Uniform circular motion is the movement of a point particle at a constant
tangential speed in circular path.
83
Uniform Motion
Linear Motion Circular Motion
S = vt θ = ⍵t
Linear Motion Circular Motion
vf = v0 ±
at ⍵f = ⍵0 ± 𝛼t
s = vo(t) ± 21 at2 θ = ⍵0t ± 0.5𝛼t2
vf2 = v02 ± 2a(s-s0) ⍵f2 = ⍵02 ± 𝛼(θf-θ0)
Additional Relation between Linear and Angular Motion
S = rθ
V = r⍵
Where:
θ = angular displacement in radians
⍵ = angular velocity in rad/sec
𝛼 = angular acceleration in rad/sec2
r = radius of rotation
Example #1
A sack slides off the ramp with a horizontal velocity of 12 m/s. If the ramp is 6
m above the floor, determine the time needed for the sack to hit the floor and the
range R where sacks begin to pile up.
Given:
V0x = 12 m/s
h = 6 meters
Find R and tT
Using the given V0y = 0 and height, we can find
the time needed for the sack to hit the floor.
y = v0y(t) - 12 gt2
-6 = 0t -0.5(9.81)t2 (negative height since the
sack is falling from above)
t = 1.11 s
For the range of the sack:
x = vox(t)
x = 12 m/s(1.11 s)
x = 13.3 m
84
Example #2
The chipping machine is designed to eject wood chips at V0 = 25 ft/s. If the
tube of the machine is oriented at 30° from the horizontal, determine how high, h, the
chips strike the pile if at this instant, they land on the pile 20 ft from the tube.
Given:
V0 = 25 ft/s
θ = 30°
R = 20 ft
h0 = 4 ft
To find the height, we must first find the time it takes for the projectile to travel 20 ft
horizontally.
x = vox(t)
20 ft = 25 ft/s (cos 30°)t
t = 0.9238 s
Finding the elevation of the chipped wood with respect to the time from the horizontal
motion:
y-y0 = v0y(t) - 12 gt2
y - 4 ft = 25sin30 - 0.5(32.2)(0.9238)2
y = 1.81 ft
85
Example #3
A projectile is fired at the top of a 30 m building at an angle of 27° with the
horizontal. If the muzzle velocity of the projectile is 300 m/s, how long does it take for
the projectile to reach the ground?
Given:
V0 = 300 m/s
Θ = 20°
h = 30 m
y = v0y(t) - 12 gt2
-30 = (300sin20)t - 0.5*9.81t2
t2 - 20.92t - 6.12 = 0
Using quadratic equation:
t = 21.208 s
Example #4
A golf ball leaves the golf club at an angle of 60° above the horizontal with a
velocity of 25 m/s. How high does it go?.
Given:
Θ = 60°
V0 = 25 m/s
ymax = ?
(V 0 sinθ)2
ymax = 2g
2
(25sin60)
ymax = 2(9.81)
ymax = 23.89 m
86
Example #5
A projectile with a muzzle velocity of 500 m/s is fired from a gun on a top of a
cliff 420 m above sea level. If the projectile hits the water surface 48 seconds after
being fired, determine the horizontal range of the projectile.
Given:
y = 420 m
V0 = 500 m/s
t = 48 s
R=?
To find the range, the equation is
x = V0cosΘt
Θ is missing therefore we need to find the angle of release of the projectile
y = v0y(t) - 21 gt2
-420 = 500sinΘ(48) - 0.5(9.81)(48)2
24000sinΘ = 10881.12
10881.12
Θ = sin-1 24000
Θ = 26.96°
x = 500cos(26.96°)(48)
x = 21391.75 m
Example #6
A 200 gram object attached to a 1.5 m long string is whirled around a
horizontal circle at a speed of 6 m/s. Determine the centripetal acceleration in m/s2 of
the object.
Given:
radius = 1.5 m
V = 6 m/s
a = V2/r **formula
a = 62/1.5
a = 24 m/s
87
Example #7
A flywheel is rotating at the rate of 150 rpm. Determine how many radians
does it turn in 5 minutes?
Given:
⍵ = 150 rpm
t = 5 minutes
θ = ⍵t
θ = (150)(5)
θ = 750 revolutions
remember that 1 rev = 2π rad

θ = 750 rev * 2π rad/1 rev = 1500π radians
Example #8
A baseball batter hits his home run ball with a velocity of 110 ft/s at an angle
of 45° above the horizontal. If the ball hits the top of a screen at the 300 ft mark and
bounces to the crowd, how high above the ground is the top of the screen?
Given:
V0 = 110 ft/s
Θ = 45°
x = 300 ft
gx2
y = xtan θ - 2V 0 2 cosθ
32.2(300)2
y = 300tan 45° - 2(1102 )(cos2 45)
y = 60.5 ft
88
Post-Test
3. From the top of the hill inclined at an angle of 30°, a projectile is fired with a
velocity of 540 ft /s. If the projectile is positioned perpendicular to the surface
of the hill, determine the range down the hill.
4. A sandbag is dropped from a balloon which is ascending vertically at a

constant speed of 6 m/s. If the bag is released with the same upward speed of
6 m/s when t =0 and it hits the ground t = 8 s, determine the speed of the bad
as it hits the ground and the altitude of the balloon at this instant.
89
5. The baseball player A hits the baseball at 40 ft/s with an angle of 60° from the
horizontal. When the ball is directly overhead of player B he begins to run
under it. Determine the constant velocity at which B must run and the distance
d in order to catch the ball.
6. The basketball passes through the hoop even though it barely cleared the
hands of player B who attempted to block it. Neglecting the size of the ball,
determine the magnitude of VA or its initial velocity and the height h of the ball
when it passes over player B.
90
Final Requirements
Final requirements for this course are the following:
● Complete pretest and post-test
● Quizzes
● Midterm Exam
● Final Exam
Other Parts
References
[1] Beer, Ferdinand P. & E. Russel Johnston Jr.(2012). Vector Mechanics for
Engineers: Statics, 7th SI Edition. McGraw-Hill
[2] Hibbeler, R.C.(1999).Engineering Mechanics: Statics & Dynamics, 8th Ed.
Prentice Hall International
[3] Singer, Ferdinand.(1970). Engineering Mechanics, 2nd Edition Harper and Row,
New York.
ONLINE RESOURCE
www.mathalino.com
Glossary
Acceleration - is defined as the rate at which the object changes its velocity with
respect to time
Average Velocity - is the displacement of a body during a given time interval.
Curvilinear Motion - is a type of motion in which the body moves in a curved path.
Displacement - of a body is defined as the change in its position.
First Law (Law of Inertia) – states that a particle at rest, or moving in a straight line
with constant velocity, will remain in this state provided the particle is not subjected
to an unbalanced force.
91
Force – generally considered as “push” or “pull” exerted by one body to another.
Instantaneous Velocity - is a vector defined as v = lim (Δs/Δt) as Δt approaches 0
Length – used to locate the position of a point in space and thereby describe the size
of a physical system.
Mass - is a measure of a quantity of matter that is used to compare the action of one
body with that of another.
Rectilinear Motion - is a type of motion in which the body moves in a straight line or
is moving in the direction parallel to its displacement.
Scalar - any quantities that can be completely expressed by their magnitude, either
positive or negative. Examples of scalar quantities are length, time and mass.
Second Law (Law of Acceleration) – states that the acceleration (a) of a body is
directly proportional to the net force (Fnet) acting on it and inversely proportional to
its mass (m).
Statics – is the branch of mechanics that deals with bodies in equilibrium, those of
either at rest or moving with a constant velocity.
Third Law (Law of Action and Reaction) – states that for every action, there is an
equal force in magnitude and opposite in direction and collinear.
Time – conceived as succession of events.
Vector - any quantity that requires both a magnitude and direction for its complete
description.
Weight – the gravitational force acting upon a particle at or near the surface of the
earth.
92

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EE 202

ENGR. MARK ADRIAN R. LUNARIA

Parts of this Module:

Force Vectors and Resultant Force 22

COLLEGE : College of Engineering

This course EE 202 Engineering Mechanics covers the basic concepts in

Bulacan State University is a progressive knowledge-generating institution,

Bulacan State University exists to produce highly competent, ethical and

Core Values: SOAR BulSU!

S​ervice to God and Community

a. highly and globally competent;

Program Educational Objectives (PEO)

Program Outcomes (PO)

On completion of the course, the student is expected to be able to do the following:

Program Educational Objectives

Course Outcomes and Relationship to Program Outcomes

Course Outcome (CO) Program Outcomes (PO)

RUBRIC FOR ASSESSMENT​:

1. The student is able to identify problems.

2. The student is able to formulate problems.

3. The student is able to apply apply

The solution is vague in

The solution conveys lack

The solution is partially

The solution provides

The solution is clear and

FINAL COURSE OUTPUT:

OTHER REQUIREMENTS AND ASSESSMENTS:

The students are also required to observe the following:

NUMERICAL GRADE EQUIVALENT (%)

1. Students are expected to attend the scheduled meeting with regards to

Engr. Mark Adrian R. Lunaria

Engr. Reynaldo Alejandria

Renato G. Gopez, MSCE, M. ASEP

________________________ _________________ ________

_________________________ _________________ ________

________________________ ________________ _______

________________________ ________________ ________

Title of the Lesson

❖ Fundamental Concepts of Mechanics

Engineering Mechanics is divided into two areas of study, ​Statics ​and

❖ To introduce the basic quantities and idealizations of mechanics.

Define the following terms

Enumerate Newton’s Three Laws of Motion

Engineering Mechanics is divided into two areas of study, ​Statics ​and

Basic Quantities in Mechanics

Time​ – conceived as succession of events.

body with that of another.

Force​ – generally considered as “push” or “pull” exerted by one body to another.

Newton’s Three Laws of Motion

F = force of gravitation between the particles

G = universal constant of gravitation = 66.73x10​-12​ m​3​/(kg·s​2​)

m​1​,m​2​ = mass of each particle

r = distance between the two particles

now, considering that G, r and mass of earth are all constants

r = radius of earth = 6,371,000 meters

m​1​ = mass of earth = 5.972x10​24​ kg

U.S. Customary ​– In US Customary Units or English System, defines length in

Define the following terms

Enumerate Newton’s Three Laws of Motion

Express the following using prefixes.

Convert the following

Service to God and Community

RUBRIC FOR ASSESSMENT:

________________ _

_________________ _

______________ _

________________

Engineering Mechanics is divided into two areas of study, Statics and

Engineering Mechanics is divided into two areas of study, Statics and

Time – conceived as succession of events.

Force – generally considered as “push” or “pull” exerted by one body to another.

G = universal constant of gravitation = 66.73x10-12 m3/(kg·s2)

m1,m2 = mass of each particle

m1 = mass of earth = 5.972x1024 kg

U.S. Customary – In US Customary Units or English System, defines length in

Applying the equations of equilibrium, ΣFx = 0 and ΣFy = 0 we have

Equation (1) can be written as TA = 0.8839TC

Applying the equations of equilibrium, ΣFx = 0 and ΣFy = 0 we have

ΣMR2 = 0 *Assuming that counterclockwise rotations are positive and clockwise

ΣMR2 = 0 *Assuming that counterclockwise rotations are positive and clockwise

Using the equation of equilibrium ΣFx = 0, we can solve for BX

Solving for AY, we can use ΣM = 0 at point B

Summing the forces in the y-direction, we can get BY

Using NB = 200 N,

Experimentally, it is determined that the limiting static frictional force FS is

Since the ladder is on the verge of slipping, FA = µSNA = 0.3NA

that T = T1 at θ = 0 and T = T2 at θ = ß yields

❖ Solving for T2, we obtain

T2 = T1eµß; 500 N = T1[e0.25(π)(3/4)]

Instantaneous Velocity is a vector defined as v = lim (Δs/Δt) as Δt approaches 0 or

s = s0 + vo(t) ± 21 at2

Assuming that s0 is

vf2 = v02 ± 2a(s-s0) (7)

vf2 = v02 ± 2a(s-s0)

vf2 = v02 ± 2a(s-s0)

Free fall h = vo(t) ± 21 gt2

vf2 = v02 ± 2g(h-h0)

Vf2 = V02 + 2aS

Vave = 150 ft/10 s

S = V0t = 61.60 ft/s(0.3 s)

From the formula: h = vo(t) ± 21 gt2

tT = t1 + t2

h = 4.905(3.787)2 substitute t1 into equation 1

tT = 1.2422 + 1.2422

Vf = V0 + gt2

vy2 = v0y2 - 2g(y-y0)