Turbomachines 𝟒𝒕𝒉 -Year- Mechanical Engineering Dr.

Farhan Ahmed Khammas

Turbomachines
Capter-1
Introduction to Turbomachines
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 What is a turbomachinery?
1.1.2 Classification of Turbomachinery
1.1.3 Applications of Turbomachinery
1.2 Basic Energy Considerations
1.3 Basic Angular Momentum Consideration
1.4 Problems

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Turbomachines 𝟒𝒕𝒉 -Year- Mechanical Engineering Dr. Farhan Ahmed Khammas

1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 What is a turbomachinery?
Turbomachines: are mechanical devices that either extract energy from a fluid
(turbine) or add energy to fluid (pump) because of dynamic interactions between the
device and the fluid. While the actual design and construction of these devices often
require considerable insight and effort, their basic operating principles are quite
simple.

1.1.2 Classification of Turbomachinery

In general, two kinds of turbomachines are encountered in practice. These are open
and closed turbomachines. Open machines such as propellers, windmills, and
enshrouded fans act on an infinite extent of fluid, whereas, closed machines operate
on a finite quantity of fluid as it passes through housing or casing.

Fig. 1.1: Classification of Turbomachinery.

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Turbomachines 𝟒𝒕𝒉 -Year- Mechanical Engineering Dr. Farhan Ahmed Khammas

1.1.3 Applications of Turbomachinery

a. Power Generation

 Hydroelectric- Hydro-electric Turbomachinery uses potential energy stored

in water to flow over an open impeller to turn a generator which creates
electricity
 Steam turbines- Steam turbines used in power generation come in many
different variations. The overall principle is high-pressure steam is forced over
blades attached to a shaft, which turns a generator. As the steam travels
through the turbine, it passes through smaller blades causing the shaft to spin
faster, creating more electricity.
 Gas turbines- Gas turbines work much like steam turbines. Air is forced in
through a series of blades that turn a shaft. Then fuel is mixed with the air and
causes a combustion reaction, increasing the power. This then causes the shaft
to spin faster, creating more electricity.
 Windmills- Also known as a wind turbine, windmills are increasing in
popularity for their ability to efficiently use the wind to generate electricity.
Although they come in many shapes and sizes, the most common one is the
large three-blade. The blades work on the same principle as an airplane wing.
As wind passes over the blades, it creates an area of low and high pressure,
causing the blade to move, spinning a shaft and creating electricity. It is almost
like a steam turbine but works with an infinite supply of wind.
b. Marine
 Steam turbine- Steam turbines in marine applications are very similar to
those in power generation. The few differences between them are a size and
power output. Steam turbines on ships are much smaller because they don’t
need to power a whole town. They aren’t very common because of their high
initial cost, high specific fuel consumption, and expensive machinery that
goes with it.
 Gas turbines- Gas turbines in marine applications are becoming more
popular due to their smaller size, increased efficiency, and ability to burn
cleaner fuels. They run just like gas turbines for power generation, but are also
much smaller and do require more machinery for propulsion. They are most
popular in naval ships as they can be at a dead stop to full power in minutes
(Kayadelen, 2013), and are much smaller for a given amount of power. A flow
of air through a turbocharger and engine

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Turbomachines 𝟒𝒕𝒉 -Year- Mechanical Engineering Dr. Farhan Ahmed Khammas

 Water jet- Essentially a water jet drive is like an aircraft turbojet with the
difference that the operating fluid is water instead of air.
Water jets are best suited to fast vessels and are thus used often by the military.
Water jet propulsion has many advantages over other forms of marine
propulsion, such as stern drives, outboard motors, shafted propellers and
surface drives.
c. Auto
 Turbochargers- Turbochargers are one of the most popular turbomachines.
They are used mainly for adding power to engines by adding more air. It
combines both forms of turbomachines. Exhaust gases from the engine spin a
bladed wheel, much like a turbine. That wheel then spins another bladed
wheel, sucking and compressing outside air into the engine.
 Superchargers- Superchargers are used for engine-power enhancement as
well, but only work off the principle of compression. They use the mechanical
power from the engine to spin a screw or vein, some way to suck in and
compress the air into the engine.
d. General

 Pumps- Pumps are another very popular turbomachine. Although there are
very many different types of pumps, they all do the same thing. Pumps are
used to move fluids around using some sort of mechanical power, from
electric motors to full-size diesel engines. Pumps have thousands of uses and
are the true basis to Turbomachinery (Škorpík, 2017).
 Air compressors- Air compressors are another very popular turbomachine.
They work on the principle of compression by sucking in and compressing air
into a holding tank. Air compressors are one of the most basic turbomachines.
 Fans- Fans are the most general type of turbomachines. They work opposite
of wind turbines. Mechanical power spins the blades, forcing air through them
and forcing out. Basic desktop fans to large turbofan airplane engines work
this way.
e. Aerospace
Gas turbines- Aerospace gas turbines, more commonly known as jet engines, are the
most common gas turbines. They are the most like power generation turbines because
the electricity used on the airplane is from the turbines, while also providing the
propulsion. These turbines are the smallest out of the industrial turbines and are most
often the most advanced.

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Turbomachines 𝟒𝒕𝒉 -Year- Mechanical Engineering Dr. Farhan Ahmed Khammas

Fig.1.2: Types and shapes of Turbomachines.

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Turbomachines 𝟒𝒕𝒉 -Year- Mechanical Engineering Dr. Farhan Ahmed Khammas

Turbomachines are classified as axial-flow, or radial-flow machines depending on

the predominate direction of the fluid motion relative to the rotors axis as the fluid
passes the blades (see fig.1.3). For an axial-flow machine, the fluid maintains a
significant axial-flow direction component from the inlet to outlet of the rotor. For a
radial-flow machine, the flow across the blades involves a substantial radial-flow
component at the rotor inlet, exit, or both. In other machines, designed as mixed-
flow machines, there may be significant radial- and axial-flow velocity components
for the flow through the rotor row. Each type for machine has advantages and
disadvantages for different applications and terms of fluid-mechanical performance.

Fig.1.3: (a) Radial-flow turbomachines, (b) an axial-flow

turbomachine.

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Turbomachines 𝟒𝒕𝒉 -Year- Mechanical Engineering Dr. Farhan Ahmed Khammas

Fig.1.3)

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Turbomachines 𝟒𝒕𝒉 -Year- Mechanical Engineering Dr. Farhan Ahmed Khammas

1.4 a.

Fig.1.4.

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Turbomachines 𝟒𝒕𝒉 -Year- Mechanical Engineering Dr. Farhan Ahmed Khammas

Fig.1.4: Ideal flow through a fan: (a) fan blade geometry; (b) absolute
velocity, V; relative velocity W; and blade velocity, U; at the inlet and
exit of the fan blade section.
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Turbomachines 𝟒𝒕𝒉 -Year- Mechanical Engineering Dr. Farhan Ahmed Khammas

Fig.1.5: Idealized flow through a windmill: (a) windmill; (b) windmill

blade geometry; (c) absolute velocity, V; relative velocity, W; and blade
velocity, U; at the inlet and exit of the windmill blade section.

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Turbomachines 𝟒𝒕𝒉 -Year- Mechanical Engineering Dr. Farhan Ahmed Khammas

(Fig.1.6a
)

(Fig.1.6).

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(Fig.1.6)

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