Canada 

is a country in the northern part of North America. Its ten provinces and three
territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and north to the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million
square kilometres making it the world's second-largest country . Its southern border with the United
States, stretching 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi), is the world's longest bi-national land border.
Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal,
and Vancouver. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy in
the Westminster tradition, with a monarch and a prime minister who serves as the chair of
the Cabinet and head of government. A developed country, Canada has the seventeenth-highest
nominal per-capita income globally as well as the thirteenth-highest ranking in the Human
Development Index. Its advanced economy is the tenth-largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its
abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks. Canada is part of
several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings including the United
Nations, NATO. In 2018, Canada spent approximately C$34.5 billion on domestic research and
development, of which around $7 billion was provided by the federal and provincial governments.
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 As of 2018, the country has produced fourteen Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry,
and medicine. and was ranked fourth worldwide for scientific research quality in a major 2012 survey
of international scientists. It is furthermore home to the headquarters of a number of global
technology firms. Canada has one of the highest levels of Internet access in the world, with over
33 million users, equivalent to around 94 percent of its total 2014 population.