TUTOR UMAR
SINCE 1987

BIOLOGY
SPM 2020/2021 

 
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SPM 2020- Biology- Paper 2
Popular Questions

SPM 4
Bab 2 Cell, cell organelles (diagram) and function
Bab 3 Movement of Substance Across Plasma Membrane- hypotonic solution –
haemolysis
Bab 4 Chemical Composition of the Cell- Lipid
Bab 5 Cell Division- mitosis / tissue culture / function of spindle fibre and consequences
in the absence of spindle fibre
Bab 6 Nutrition – Ruminant & Rodent / Plants – Light & Dark Reaction
Bab 7 Respiration – Regulatory mechanism of carbon dioxide contents in the body/
Anaerobic Respiration
Bab 8 Dynamic Ecosystem - Process of colonization & succession in a pond/ Quadrat
Sampling
Bab 9 Endangered Ecosystem – Water pollution / Water crisis and management in
Malaysia/ Green building concept

SPM 5
Bab 3 Coordination & Support- Fight or Flight / Plant hormones- auxin/ethylene
Bab 4 Reproduction & Growth – Menstrual Cycle-Hormones / Formation of twins-
similarities and differences /Effects of contraceptive pills / Growth plants- shoot/root
Bab 5 – Inheritance – Schematic diagram Mendel’s monohybrid cross and dihybrid
cross (Punnett Square)/Rhesus Factor / Genetic Engineering – advantages /
disadvantages
Bab 6 – Variation – Causes of Variation
Dynamic Ecosystem / Endangered Ecosystem

Explain the thinning of the Ozone Layer (6m)

The thinning of the ozone layer is caused by the widespread use of CFC. CFC is made

up of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. It is used in aerosol, industrial solvents, and

refrigerators. When the ozone is thin, ultraviolet radiation from the sun strikes a CFC

molecule which causes the chlorine to break away, and the chlorine atom is released.

Chlorine atoms collide with ozone molecules to produce chlorine monoxide and oxygen.

Then chlorine monoxide acts together with free oxygen atoms in the atmosphere to form

oxygen molecules. Chlorine atom attacks other ozone molecules, and the chain reaction

continues, and more ozone molecules are destroyed.

The impact of deforestation (6m)

Deforestation causes erosion, landslides, and flash flood. When trees are cut down, the

floor of the forest is stripped of its vegetation. The absence of a plant root system

makes the soil structure unstable. When it rains heavily, the top layer of the soil is

removed by water. The surface crumbles and leads to soil erosion. The eroded soil is

then carried and deposited at the bottom of the river. The rivers become shallow, and

the river water will overflow, causing flash floods. Deforestation also depletes water

catchment areas, resulting in the loss of biodiversity and the loss of habitats of flora and

fauna. Species will become extinct as the food web is removed.

Describe the nitrogen cycle

Microorganisms fix nitrogen in the atmosphere. Nitrogen-fixing bacterias such as

Azotobacteria, Nostoc can assimilate the atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium

compounds.

Bacteria Rhizobium, which lives in the root of nodules of leguminous plants, also fix

nitrogen into ammonium compounds.

Saprophytic bacteria and fungi will decompose waste matter, dead plants, and animals

in the decomposition process into ammonium compounds.

Ammonium compounds are oxidised by nitrifying bacteria such as Nitrosomonas into

nitrites. Then the nitrites are oxidised by bacteria, Nitrobacter sp. into nitrates.

Denitrifying bacteria leads the denitrifying process by breaking down nitrates into

nitrogen gaseous and oxygen under anaerobic conditions. Hence, nitrogen gases

returned to the atmosphere to complete the nitrogen cycle.

Process of eutrophication

Eutrophication occurs due to the condition of the river. When farmers use fertilisers

containing nitrates and phosphates, rainwater washes the fertilisers and drains into the

river water. Nitrates and phosphates are nutrients for algae; thus, the growth of algae in

the river increases. The algae growth is massive that they completely cover the water.

Hence, sunlight is blocked by plants growing beneath them. The photosynthesis rate is

reduced so that oxygen supply will be reduced too. Plants in the river water will

eventually die and decomposed by bacteria as the population of bacteria increases. The

large population of bacteria uses up the oxygen. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(BOD) will increase, forcing aquatic organisms to die or move to other areas.

Explain the process of colonisation and succession of species at a disused pond.

Colonisation is a process whereby living organisms known as the pioneer species

inhabit an area of previously vacant land.

A succession of habitat occurs when other organisms move into a modified

environment, compete and gradually replace the previously dominant species.

Pioneer species such as phytoplankton and submerged plants like Hydrilla sp. are the

first colonisers. These plants' life cycle is short, and the organic matter produced when
they die and decompose to form a thick humus layer at the bottom of the pond. This

organic matter will make the pond shallower.

As a result, the pond becomes less favourable to submerged plants but more conducive

for floating plants such as water hyacinths. These floating plants cover the pond's

surface and block sunlight from reaching the submerged plants in the pond. These

submerged plants die due to insufficient sunlight for photosynthesis. These dead plants

settle to the bottom of the pond and make the pond shallower.

The floating plants are gradually replaced by emergent plants such as sedges, living in

water and land. As successor species, emergent plants initially grow at the pond's

edges and slowly spread to the centre as the pond becomes shallower.

When these plants die, organic matter's continuous deposition causes emergent plants

to be replaced by herbaceous plants like Euphorbia hirta sp. As time goes by, the land

becomes drier and more fertile. It is now more suitable for terrestrial plants such as

shrubs, bushes, and woody plants, which gradually replace the herbaceous plants

This process is succession continues until a climax community is formed after several

hundred years.
Explain the impact of colonisation and succession in the unused pool on the

ecosystem and local economy (6m)

Due to the colonisation and succession process, the aquatic organisms (1) will

decrease, and the pool ecosystem changes to the mangrove ecosystem(1). The food

web of aquatic organisms will be disrupted. (1) Extinction of flora and fauna occurs(1).

This area's economy will change from fishing to agricultural and development activities

such as building housing estate(1). The increase of trees increases the supply of

oxygen and clean air. (1) Eco-tourism will increase as the size of the forest increases.

(1)Sources of forests such as herbs, logs, and traditional medicine can be a source of

economy. (1)

Based on your knowledge of biology, suggest the green building elements that

need to be added to building a green concept house. Explain your answer. (10 m)

Green building refers to both a structure and the application of environmentally

responsible and resource-efficient processes throughout a building's life-cycle from

planning to design, construction, and operation of the building. (1)

The house's location to build must be in a green environment (1) with the house's

orientation should not face directly to sunlight to minimise heat(1) increase in the house.

Tall plants or trees should be planted around the house to restrict direct sunlight. (1)

Plants also can absorb carbon dioxide gas and makes the surrounding cooler. (1)

Plants can be planted on the rooftop to absorb more carbon dioxide gas. (1)
House must be built with more windows(1) to allow air ventilation to make the house's

internal environment cooler(1). The house's external walls should be painted with bright

colou1)r as it will reduce the absorption of heat from sunlight. (1)

The roof is fixed with solar panels, (1) to store solar energy for simple electrical

appliances and reduce electricity usage (1). The house is fixed with water tanks1) to

collect rainwater which can be used for suitable activities such as washing cars. (1)

A special place to prepare compost (1)from kitchen and garden waste to use wastage

as fertilisers for plants. (1). Recycle bags or bins to be placed on recycling waste,

(1)products from the house such as paper, metal cans, and plastics. (1)
Transport

Explain the mechanism of blood clotting (4m)

When a blood vessel breaks and is exposed, platelets in the blood clump together and

form thromboplastin, releasing thrombokinase (enzyme). Thrombokinase, with the aid of

Vitamin K and calcium ions, converts prothrombin to thrombin. Then, thrombin converts

fibrinogen (a soluble protein) into fibrin (insoluble protein). Fibrin forms a network over

the wound to trap the erythrocytes. A blood clot is formed. The blood clot later hardens

and becomes a scab.

Explain the structure and mechanism of the human heart (6m)

The heart is made up of strong cardiac muscles. Intercalated discs join the cardiac

muscles to enable electrical impulses to spread through the heart.

The cardiac muscle is myogenic; that is, it contracts rhythmically even without

stimulation of nerve impulses. However, the heart muscles' contraction is initiated by the

pacemaker called the sinoatrial node at the right atrium. This node produces impulses

that spread over the atrium walls. The impulses then move on to the atrioventricular

node to bundle His, Purkinje fibres and stimulate the ventricles' contraction.
Explain the mechanism of blood clotting (6m)

When a blood vessel breaks and is exposed, platelets in the blood clump together and

form thromboplastin, releasing thrombokinase (enzyme). Thrombokinase, with the aid of

Vitamin K and calcium ions, converts prothrombin to thrombin. Then, thrombin converts

fibrinogen(a soluble protein) into fibrin (insoluble protein). Fibrin forms a network over

the wound to trap the erythrocytes. A blood clot is formed. The blood clot later hardens

and becomes a scab.

How is interstitial fluid formed? ( 6m)

When blood from arteries (bigger diameter) flows into capillaries (smaller diameter), a

hydrostatic pressure exerts at the capillaries' arterial end. The higher pressure forces

some blood plasma through the capillary wall into spaces between the cells. The fluid is

known as interstitial fluid. It contains water, digested food, gases, hormones, waste

products, and leucocytes but does not contain plasma proteins, erythrocytes, and

platelets. Due to body movement, 85% of the interstitial fluid will diffuse back into the

blood circulatory system. 15% of the interstitial fluid will then flow into lymph vessels

and the lymphatic system. The fluid is now called lymph. The lymph will be drained into

the blood circulatory system via the subclavian vein.

Why this lymphatic system important?

The lymphatic system returns the excess interstitial fluid into the blood circulatory

system and prevents oedema. Lacteals absorb lipids and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E,

K. These are transported by lymphatic vessels to the blood circulatory system.

Lymph nodes at lymphatic vessels produce and store lymphocytes which provides an

immunological /third line of defence against the diseases.

Inheritance & Variation

Explain why colour blinds often occur in men instead of women and suggest

ways to overcome colour blindness in a family. (6m)

Colour blindness is caused by a recessive allele on the X chromosome. In a male, the

presence of one recessive allele on X chromosomes produces colour blindness. In a

female, one recessive allele on X chromosomes does not produce colour blindness but

only a carrier. The presence of both recessive allele on X chromosomes produce colour

blindness. The way to eliminate the recessive gene in the next generation is to marry a

person with homozygous dominant genes for normal colour vision

Explain why we see a variation in living organisms. (10 marks)

Crossing over occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis, where segments of chromatids

exchange places and create a new combination of genes. So gametes with various

combinations of genes are produced when chromatid separate during anaphase (11)

Arrangement of homologous pairs of chromosomes on the equatorial plate during

metaphase one and separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes during anaphase

1 occur randomly and independently of one another. Independent assortment of

chromosomes results in new combinations of alleles.

Random fertilisation occurs when haploid gamete (sperm cell) fuse with another haploid

gamete (ovum cell) randomly and form a zygote with new combinations of genes which

causes variation in the new offspring

Mutation permanent changes in DNA which occurs spontaneously. due to mistakes in

the replication of DNA, alteration of DNA bases, or uneven distribution of the

chromosomes during cell division

Reproduction

Describe the process that occurs in another. (6m)

Pollen grains are formed in another. The anther has four pollen sacs. Each pollen sacs

contain hundreds of pollen mother cells. Each of these cells undergoes meiosis to

produce four haploid microspores—the nucleus of each microspore divide by mitosis to

form a tube nucleus and a generative nucleus. At the same time, the microspores

develop into pollen grains.

Explain the process that will occur in the style and ovary after pollination (10m)

After pollination, ripe pollen grains from anther is transferred onto the stigma of a flower.

The pollen grain starts its fertilisation process upon landing on the stigma. The pollen

grain is stimulated by a sugar solution to germinate and form a pollen tube.

The pollen tube then grows into the style towards the ovule in the ovary. At the same

time, the generative nucleus undergoes mitosis to produce two male gamete nuclei. The

male nucleus will follow the tube nucleus.

Upon reaching the ovary, the pollen tube penetrates the ovary and ovule through the

micropyle. At this point, the tube nucleus will disintegrate, and the tip of the tube will

burst, which opens the passage for the male nucleus to the embryo sac in the ovule.
Explain the significance of the process that occurs in the ovaries of flowering

plants (4m)

After fertilisation, the ovary becomes the fruit, while the ovules become the seeds.

During fertilisation, the triploid nucleus becomes an endosperm which stores food in the

form of starch, proteins, and fats to provide food for the embryo. The ovary enlarges

and develops into a fruit, which is the ripened ovary of a flower. The fruit protects the

seeds and helps in the dispersal of the seeds. Hence, the process in the ovary ensures

the survival of the flowering plants.

Describe the process of spermatogenesis (4 marks)

The process is spermatogenesis. (1) The diploid spermatogonium undergoes

mitosis (1)to form two diploid primary spermatocytes. (1) Each primary spermatocyte

undergoes meiosis 1(1) to produce two haploid secondary spermatocytes(1). Each

secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis II(1) to produce two haploid spermatids

(1)each. The four spermatids undergo differentiation(1) to produce four haploid sperms.

(1)

Explain how HCG injection enables the process of pregnancy (6m)

HCG stimulates ovulation. (1) When HCG reaches its maximum level in the blood,(1) an

ovum is released from an ovary into a Fallopian tube. (1) The ovum is fertilised by
sperm (1)to form a zygote. (1) After releasing the ovum, the Graafian follicle changes to

corpus luteum(1), which secretes progesterone. (1) Progesterone maintains the

thickness of the endometrium wall tissue(1), which allows implantation to occur. (1)

Discuss three methods of family planning and suggest the most effective method

(10m)

A condom is made from thin latex, which is worn on the penis. This method prevents

sperm cells from entering the vagina. Hence, no fertilisation occurs.

An intrauterine device is inserted into the uterus by doctors and left in the uterus for

approximately two to five years. This device prevents the thickening of the uterine all

from preventing implantation of the embryo. Hence, no pregnancy.

Spermicide usually comes in the form of cream or gel. It prevents fertilisation by killing

the sperms. Sperms cannot reach the ovum. Hence, it prevents pregnancy.

The diaphragm is a piece of dome-shaped silicon inserted into the vagina to cover the

cervix. This method prevents sperms from entering the uterus.

However, the most effective will be the calendar method. The woman should keep track

of the days of the menstrual cycle. The fertile phase days should abstain from vaginal

sex which is the best method as it does not need any other devices.
Describe the early stages of zygote development in humans until the zygote

reaches the uterus. (6m)

The nucleus of the ovum fertilises with the nucleus of sperm to produce a zygote, which

is diploid. After about 1.5 days, the zygote repeatedly divides by mitosis into two cells,

four cells, eight cells, sixteen cells, thirty-two cells, and form a group of cells called a

morula.

On the 5th day, the morula arranges itself into a fluid-filled bag called a blastocyst. After

seven days of fertilisation, the blastocyst attaches itself to the uterus. The process is

known as implantation of the embryo. After two months, it is called a fetus. The outer

blastocyst, referred to as trophoblast, develops into a placenta where the exchange of

nutrients and wastes between the mother and the fetus occurs.

Based on your knowledge of biology, explain how contraceptive pills can prevent

pregnancy. (4 marks)

Contraceptive pills contain oestrogen and progesterone hormones. It sends a signal to

the brain to inhibit stimulating follicle hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH).

When the progesterone level is high, the FSH level decreases. Without FSH and LH,

the ovum will not be released. Thus, contraceptive pills prevent ovulation.

Oestrogen and progesterone also cause the endometrium wall to remain thin, which

prevents implantation of the embryo.

Contraceptive pills also cause thick mucus to accumulate in the cervix, making it difficult

for sperm cells to penetrate to fertilise the ovum cell.

What is the effect of smoking on a man's fertility level? Suggest ways to

overcome the problem. (4m)

Smoking habits will reduce the fertility of a male compared to a non-smoker. Smoking

reduces the production of the sperm cell. Smoking also causes the movement and

morphology of the sperm cells to become abnormal.

Based on your knowledge of biology, discuss the comparison between identical

and fraternal twins (6m)

Similarities

Both fetuses develop in the uterus and need a placenta. Both fetuses have a different

umbilical cord. Fetuses receive oxygen and nutrient from the mother's blood through the

placenta.

Differences

Identical twins Aspects Fraternal twins

One ovum is fertilised by Fertilisation Two sperms fertilise two

one sperm ova

Embryo divides and Embryo Division of embryo does

becomes two not occur

Fetuses share one Placenta Each fetus has its placenta

placenta

Fetuses have similar Genetics Fetuses have different

genetic information genetic information

Same-sex Sex Same-sex or different

Explain how the levels of hormones secreted before ovulation controls the

changes in the ovary and uterus (6m)

Before ovulation, the pituitary gland is stimulated to produce follicle-stimulating

hormone( FSH). FSH stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary. Follicle cells

develop and secrete estrogen hormones. Estrogen hormones repair the walls of the

endometrium. High level of oestrogen hormones stimulates the secretion of Luteinizing

hormone (LH) and inhibits the secretion of FSH hormones. High level of LH hormones

stimulates ovulation and inhibits the development of corpus luteum.

Explain the possible changes in ovaries and uterus if secondary oocytes

fertilised (4 m)

If secondary oocyte is fertilised, corpus luteum increases in size(1). Corpus luteum

secretes progesterone hormone(1), and a high level of progesterone inhibits the

secretion of FSH(1). Other follicles will not develop(1). Progesterone maintains the

thickening of endometrium walls, (1) to prepare for embryo implantation. (1)

Coordination & Response

Explain the process of filtration in the kidney

The process that takes is ultrafiltration. It occurs due to hydrostatic pressure which

occurs in glomerulus at Bowman's capsule. The hydrostatic pressure occurs when

blood moves to an efferent arteriole, smaller in diameter from an afferent arteriole.

Hence, the hydrostatic pressure causes the fluid and solute in the glomerulus filtered

out through the capillary wall into Bowman's capsule's lumen. The glomerulus filtrate

has the same composition as the blood plasma component but does not contain a

larger component such as red blood cell and plasma protein.

Explain the regulatory of osmotic pressure by the kidney (10m)

When the osmotic pressure of blood decrease (means there are more water and less

salt in blood), the osmoreceptors cell in the hypothalamus detect the change. The

pituitary gland does not secrete an antidiuretic hormone (ADH) but stimulates the

adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone hormone. Lack of ADH causes the collecting duct

to become impermeable to water, and the aldosterone makes it more permeable to

salts. So less water is reabsorbed but more salts reabsorbed. Blood will have more salt,

and osmotic pressure of blood becomes normal

When the osmotic pressure of blood increase (means there are more salt and less

water in the blood), the osmoreceptors cell in the hypothalamus detect the change. So,

the pituitary gland secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) but does not stimulate the

adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone hormone. ADH causes the collecting duct to

become permeable to water, and the lack of aldosterone make it impermeable to salts.

So more water is reabsorbed but fewer salts reabsorbed. Blood will have more water,

and osmotic pressure of blood becomes normal.

How stress causes high blood pressure (4m)

When a person is under stress, his hypothalamus is stimulated and sends an impulse to

the adrenal gland. The adrenal gland secretes more adrenaline hormone into the

bloodstream. Heartbeat increases and the blood vessels become narrow, which causes

the flow of blood in the artery becomes slow, and pressure exerted to the walls of an

artery causing high blood pressure.

Describe how does our body able to regulate normal blood pressure in a stressful

situation?

Baroreceptors, located in the blood vessel, detects the high blood pressure. Impulse is

sent to the cardiovascular centre in the medulla oblongata. Impulse is sent through the

parasympathetic nerve to reduce the heartbeat rate and inhibit the adrenaline

hormone's secretion by the adrenal gland. Thus, the blood pressure decreases and

returns to normal.

Explain the role of auxin hormone in the primary growth that takes place at the tip

of the plant shoot (4m)

Zone of cell division (A).Zone of cell elongation (B), Zone of cell differentiation (C )

Auxin hormone is produced at apical meristem tissues at the tip of the soot at zone A.

Auxin from apical meristem diffuses into zone B, which stimulates growth and cell

elongation. Cells enlarge by absorbing nutrients and water through osmosis. Then the

cells at zone C change gradually to form permanent cells with a specific xylem function.

Hence, the high concentration of Auxin at the shoot tip stimulates elongation of cells.
Explain why a mango can ripe faster if stored in a container or kept together with

another ripe mango (4m)

A ripe mango will release ethylene gas. Ethylene gas stimulates cellulase production,

which hydrolyses the cellulose in the mango wall, resulting in the mango's

softening/ripening. Chlorophyll is broken down, and the colour changes from green to

yellow. When the mango is put into a container, the ethylene gas is trapped in the

container and cause the ripening process to be faster.

Give similarities and differences of the tip of shoot and root response to gravity.

(6m)

Similarities

Shoot and root responses to gravity is controlled by auxin hormone. Both apical

meristems of shoot and root produce auxin hormone. Auxin diffuses from cell division

zone to cell elongation zone.

Differences

Response of shoot Response of root

Negative geotropism- grows away from Positive geotropism – grows towards

gravity gravity

The high concentration of Auxin The high concentration of Auxin inhibits

stimulates cell elongation cell elongation

The cell at the bottom of the shoot Cell; at the top of the root elongate faster,

elongates faster causing the shoot to causing the root to bend downwards.

bend upwards

If you are in a panic or highly risky situation, explain how your breathing rate is

regulated to adapt to the situation. (10m) ( Fight or Flight Situation)

During a panic situation, organs such as eyes and ears have receptors which can detect

the danger/risk. The stimulus is picked up by the hypothalamus in the brain and

stimulates the sympathetic nervous system's impulses. The impulses are carried to the

adrenal gland in the endocrine system. The adrenal gland secretes adrenaline into the
bloodstream. Adrenaline increases the respiratory rate to increase the intake of

oxygen—ventilation rate increases, and heartbeat rate increases. Thus, more oxygen is

transported by the blood to the body cells. At the same time, adrenaline stimulates

glycogen stored in the liver is converted to glucose and transported to the body cells.

The rate of cell respirations increases to produce more energy. Hence, a person has

more energy to either 'fight' the situation or 'flight' from the situation.

Cell Divison

Describe the technique of tissue culture (10m)

The apparatus and materials used in this technique must be sterilised (1) and the tissue

sample is sterilised with ethanol. (1)The tissue sample then cut into small pieces from

the parent plant called explant. (1) The explants are then placed inside a test tube

containing nutrient agar and growth hormone. (1). The tissue is cultured on nutrient

medium, an unorganised mass of cell appears, which is called a callus. (1). Further

growth hormones can be added to the medium triggering the callus to develop roots and

shoots. (1) When the shoots are formed, then place in a flask containing a new medium

that helps roots develop. (1) The rooted plantlets are then transferred to the nursery and

kept in a controlled environment. (1). The plantlets are allowed to undergo mitosis

process and grow further(1). Hundreds of genetically identical plants then transferred to

the ground with soil. (1)

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of tissue culture (6m)

The initial process involves sterilisation which prevents the spread of plant diseases.

The process reduces the recessive trait in the plant as only the quality trait is chosen.

The plants do not need more time for farmers to look after the growth process. The

plants also take a shorter time to grow and have higher resistance towards

pests/insects.

The cost of the process and maintaining the place of the process is high. The possible

climate changes maybe not suitable for the cloned plants as there is no variation in the

plants. If the cloned species is allowed to succeed and colonise the environment, the

biological species may go extinct. The cloned plant species also have a shorter lifespan.
Nutrition

Explain the adaptations of leaf structure for an efficient process of

photosynthesis (6m)

Adaptations Explanation

Transparent upper epidermis Easily allows sunlight to penetrate the

leaf and reach the chloroplast

Mesophyll palisade cells are Maximises absorption sunlight by

arranged chloroplast

closely near to the upper epidermis

Spongy mesophyll cells are Efficient diffusion of water and carbon

arranged dioxide to palisade mesophyll cells.

loosely with spaces in between

cells
Describe how glucose is produced in the process of photosynthesis (10 m)

The light reaction occurs in the grana in chlorophyll. (1) Light energy is trapped by

chloroplast. (1) Light energy excites the electrons in the chloroplast. (1) The electrons

break water molecules into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions(1) in a process called

photolysis of water. (1) Hydrogen ions receive electrons from chloroplast to form

hydrogen atoms which are used in dark reaction. (1) Hydroxide ions lose electrons to

produce oxygen and water. (1) Oxygen is released to the atmosphere.

The dark reaction occurs in the stroma in the chloroplast. (1) Hydrogen atoms from

the light reaction are used to fix carbon dioxide to produce glucose and water. (1) .The

reaction is aided by ATP energy(1) and catalysed by photosynthesis enzymes.

(1)The glucose then undergoes condensation process to form starch. The starch is

temporarily stored as starch grains in the chloroplasts

c) Explain the process of photosynthesis causes the size of stomata during day

time (stomata open) (4m)

In the presence of sunlight guard cells which have chloroplast undergoes

photosynthesis. (1)Glucose is produced(1), and potassium ions are transported by

active transport to guard cells. (1) Guard cells become hypertonic to adjacent cells.

(Guard cells have higher osmotic pressure)(1) Water diffuses into guard cells from

adjacent cells by osmosis. (1) The guard cells become turgid. (1) The guard cells bend

and curve outwards, causing the space between the guard cells (stoma). (1)
Respiration

Explain why muscle cramps occur and how to overcome ( 6m)

During vigorous exercise, the intake of oxygen cannot meet the demand of the cells,

especially muscle cells. (1) The muscles are in a state of oxygen deficiency. (1) Hence,

the muscles undergo anaerobic respiration(1) as glucose molecules are oxidised

incompletely(1). Accumulation of lactic acid occurs in muscles causing muscle

cramps(1). The athlete must overcome this problem by breathing in deep and fast to

inhale more oxygen(1) to oxidise lactic acid completely to water, carbon dioxide and

energy. (1)

Explain the process of breathing (6m)

Production of carbon dioxide causes the drop in pH(1) in the blood because carbon

dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid. (1). The drop in pH is detected by

chemoreceptors and send impulses to the respiratory centre(1) in the brain. The

respiratory centre sends impulses to intercostal muscles(1) and the diaphragm to

contract and relax faster. Breathing and ventilation rate increase. (1) Heartbeat rate also

increases. (1) Excess carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body(1) and the pH value of

blood return to normal. (1)

Explain what happens when an individual involves in vigorous activity (6m)
During vigorous exercise, the intake of oxygen cannot meet the demand of the cells,
especially muscle cells. (1) The muscles are in a state of oxygen deficiency. (1) Hence,
the muscles undergo anaerobic respiration(1) as glucose molecules are oxidised
incompletely(1). Accumulation of lactic acid occurs in muscles causing muscle
cramps(1)

The athlete must overcome this problem by breathing in deep and fast to inhale more
oxygen(1) to oxidise lactic acid completely to water, carbon dioxide and energy. (1)

Describe how human body eliminate carbon dioxide gas (6m)

Production of carbon dioxide causes the drop in pH(1) in the blood because carbon
dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid. (1The drop in pH is detected by
chemoreceptors and send impulses to the respiratory centre(1) in the brain. The
respiratory centre sends impulses to intercostal muscles(1) and the diaphragm to
contract and relax faster. (1)Breathing and ventilation rate increase. (1) Heartbeat rate
also increases. (1) Excess carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body(1) and the pH
value of blood return to normal. (1)