A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v BDwbU

Economic System 2
f‚wgKv
GB wek¦eþv‡Ð
ª wewfbœ mgvR e¨e¯’vq wewfbœ ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb| mgv‡Ri †gŠwjK, A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi
mgvavbB n‡”Q cÖwZwU A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi KvR| mgv‡Ri wZbwU †gŠwjK mgm¨v wKfv‡e mgvavb Kiv nq, Zvi DciB
wbf©i K‡i A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vwU wK ai‡bi| wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v¸‡jv wKfv‡e mgvavb Kiv nq
Zv GB BDwb‡U Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 4 w`b

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 2.1: A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vmg~n A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v I mgvavb
cvV 2.2: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 2.1 A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vmg~‡n A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v I mgvavb

Economic Problems and Solution in the Economic System

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vq A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wb‡`©kbvg~jK A_©e¨e¯’vq A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wgkª A_©e¨e¯’vq A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡b `vg e¨e¯’vi Kvh©KvwiZv g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î Bmjvgx A_©e¨e¯’vi ¯^vZš¿¨mg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

BDwbU 1 G Avgiv †R‡bwQ, gvby‡li Rxe‡b `y®cÖvc¨Zv n‡”Q GK ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK ev¯ÍeZv| cÖvße¨ m¤ú` w`‡q
gvby‡li me Afvi c~iY Kiv hvq bv| †mRb¨ gvbyl wbe©vPb cÖwµqv AbymiY K‡i| wbe©vPb Ki‡Z wM‡q mgvR‡K wZb
ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| †h c×wZ‡Z mgvR wK, wKfv‡e Ges Kvi Rb¨ GB cÖkœ¸‡jvi mgvavb Lyu‡R †ei
K‡i †mwUB n‡”Q A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v|
A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v n‡”Q Ggb GKwU c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g GKwU mgvR Drcv`b, m¤ú‡`i e›Ub I wewbgq Ges `ªe¨ I
†mevi †fvM Gm‡ei g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i| A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvavb cÖwµqvi Dci wfwË K‡i c„w_ex‡Z wewfbœ
A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v M‡o D‡V‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q:
1. abZvwš¿K ev evRvi A_©e¨e¯’v|
2. mgvRZvwš¿K ev wb‡`©kg~jK A_©e¨e¯’v|
3. wgkª A_©e¨e¯’v|
4. Bmjvgx A_©e¨e¯’v|
abZvwš¿K ev evRvi mgvRZvwš¿K ev
A_©e¨e¯’v wb‡`©kg~jK A_©e¨e¯’v

A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v

wgkª A_©e¨e¯’v Bmjvgx A_©e¨e¯’v

wPÎ 2.1.1 wewfbœ ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v

abZvwš¿K ev evRvi A_©e¨e¯’v (Capitalistic or Market Economic System)
†h A_©e¨e¯’vq cÖwZwU e¨w³ ev dvg© Drcv`b, e›Ub I †fv‡Mi †¶‡Î c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv †fvM K‡i Ges evRvi e¨e¯’v
miKvwi n¯Í‡ÿcgy³ _v‡K, Zv‡K abZvwš¿K ev evRvi A_©e¨e¯’v e‡j| G ai‡bi evRvi e¨e¯’vq cÖwZwU e¨w³ ev

BDwbU GK c„ôv-14
 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ
dvg© †Kv_vq wewb‡qvM Ki‡e, wK Drcv`b ev weµq Ki‡e, wK `v‡g `ªe¨ ev †mev wewbgq Ki‡e- G ai‡bi wm×všÍ
†bqvi †¶‡Î ¯^vaxb _v‡K| A_©vr abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vq `ªe¨ ev †mevi `vg evRv‡i Pvwn`v I †hvMvb Gi gva¨‡g
wba©vwiZ nq| GLv‡b A_©‰bwZK wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y miKv‡ii mivmwi wbqš¿Y _v‡K bv| eZ©gv‡b cy‡ivcywi abZvwš¿K
evRvi A_©e¨e¯’v bv _vK‡jI hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, A‡óªwjqv cÖf„wZ †`‡k abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vi cÖvq KvQvKvwQ
A_©e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb|

abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨ (Features of Capitalistic Economic System)

1. m¤ú‡`i e¨w³ gvwjKvbv: abZvwš¿K A_© e¨e¯’vq m¤ú` I Drcv`‡bi DcKiY e¨w³ gvwjKvbvi Dci b¨¯Í
_v‡K|
2. Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZv: miKv‡ii †Kvb ai‡bi wbqš¿Y QvovB wewfbœ e¨w³ I cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ gy³ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
we`¨gvb _v‡K|
3. †fv³vi ¯^vaxbZv: GLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv we`¨gvb| wK, KLb Ges wKfv‡e Drcv`b Kiv n‡e
m¤ú‡`i gvwjK †m wm×všÍ †bq|
4. `vg e¨e¯’v: Pvwn`v I †hvMvb abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vq `ªe¨ I †mevi `vg ¯^qswµqfv‡e wba©viY K‡i| Pvwn`vi w¯’Z
Ae¯’vq †hvMvb evo‡j `vg K‡g| Avevi †hvMv‡bi w¯’Z Ae¯’vq Pvwn`v evo‡j `vg ev‡o|
5. gybvdv AR©b: Drcv`b †_‡K cÖvß Avq I Drcv`b e¨‡qi g‡a¨ e¨eavb‡K gybvdv e‡j| Drcv`K me©wb¤œ Li‡P
m‡e©v”P Drcv`b K‡i m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©b K‡i|
6. mgv‡Ri †kªwYwefvM: e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb m¤ú‡`i wfwˇZ mgv‡Ri †kÖwYwefvM Kiv hvq| Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e
D”Pwe‡Ëi m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv me‡P‡q †ewk, wb¤œwe‡Ëi me‡P‡q Kg Ges ga¨weË gvSvgvwS Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K| GB
†kÖwYwefvM †_‡K mvgvwRK ˆel‡g¨i wPÎI cvIqv hvq|
7. Amg eÈb: abZvwš¿K A_© e¨e¯’vq Avq I m¤ú` e›U‡b AmgZv ev ˆelg¨ †`Lv hvq| m¤ú‡`i e¨w³ gvwjKvbv
_vKvq m¤ú‡`i e›Ub Amg nq| G‡¶‡Î hvi m¤ú` hZ †ewk Zvi Avq ZZ †ewk|
abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vq Drcv`b, e›Ub I `vg cÖwµqv Ges Drcv`‡bi Dcvqmg~n m¤ú~Y© e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb| GLv‡b
me©vwaK gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ Drcv`b KvR cwiPvwjZ nq| evRvi wbqwš¿Z nq ¯^qswµq `vg e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g|
GLv‡b †fv³v ev dv‡g©i wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y ¯^vaxbZv _v‡K| G Kvi‡Y G ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq †h `ªe¨ ev †mev
Drcv`‡b gybvdv †ewk, dvg©mg~n †mB cY¨ Drcv`b K‡i| Gfv‡e ÔwKÕ cÖkœwUi DËi cvIqv hvq| Avevi †h cÖhyw³‡Z
e¨q Kg n‡e ev Drcv`b jvfRbK n‡e †m c×wZ‡ZB Drcv`b n‡e| Gfv‡e ÔwKÕ cÖkœwUi DËi cvIqv hvq| Avevi
†h cÖhyw³‡Z e¨q Kg n‡e ev Drcv`b jvfRbK n‡e †m c×wZ‡ZB Drcv`b n‡e| hv ÔwKfv‡eÕ cÖkœwUi mgvavb
K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K †fv³v‡`i mvg‡_©¨i Dci wbf©i K‡i mvgvwRK Drcv`b Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ewÈZ nq| Gfv‡e ÔKvi Rb¨Õ
cÖkœwUi DËi cvIqv hvq|
G ai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’vq `vg cÖwµqv ¯^qswµq evRvi e¨e¯’vi Dci wbf©ikxj| hv Avgiv c~‡e©B Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ|
A_©bxwZwe` GWvg w¯§‡_i fvl¨ Abyhvqx ÔA`„k¨ nvZÕ (invisible hand) Øviv evRvi e¨e¯’v cwiPvwjZ| GLv‡b
Pvwn`v †hvMv‡bi †P‡q †ewk n‡j `vg e„w× cv‡e| d‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvY n«vm cv‡e| Avevi Pvwn`vi †P‡q †hvMvb †ewk
n‡j `vg n«vm cv‡e| G‡Z Pvwn`vi cwigvY e„w× cv‡e| Gfv‡e ¯^qswµqfv‡e `v‡gi IVvbvgv‡K ÔA`„k¨ nvZÕ Øviv
AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

mgvRZvwš¿K ev wb‡`©kbvg~jK A_©e¨e¯’v (Socialistic or Command Economic System)

BDwbU GK c„ôv-15
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg
mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v GK ai‡bi wb‡`©kbvg~jK A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v| GB A_©e¨e¯’v abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vi wVK
wecixZ| †h A_©e¨e¯’vq m¤ú` I Drcv`b DcKi‡Yi gvwjKvbv iv‡óªi Ges mKj A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ †K›`ªxq
miKv‡ii wbqš¿‡Y cwiPvwjZ nq Zv‡K mgvRZvwš¿K ev wb‡`©kbvg~jK A_©e¨e¯’v e‡j| G A_©e¨e¯’vq `ª‡e¨i `vg
wba©vi‡Y ¯^qswµq evRvi e¨e¯’vi †KvbI f~wgKv _v‡K bv Ges Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ †fvM I e›U‡bi †¶‡Î ivóªxq wbqš¿Y
eRvq _v‡K|
1917 mv‡j †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b f- vw`wgi †jwbb mgvRZ‡š¿i cÖwZôv K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z Pxb, wKDev, DËi †Kvwiqv,
mv‡eK c~e© Rvg©vbxmn wKQz †`‡k mgvRZvwš¿K A_©bxwZ Pvjy nq|

mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨ (Features of Socialistic Economic System)

mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨mg~n wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. m¤ú‡`i ivóªxq gvwjKvbv: mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vi Ab¨Zg cÖavb ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q m¤ú‡`i ivóªxq gvwjKvbv| G
ai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’vq m¤ú` I Drcv`‡bi DcKiY e¨w³ gvwjKvbvq _v‡K bv| mKj m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv iv‡óªi
nv‡Z b¨¯Í|
2. A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û †K›`ªxq wm×všÍ: A_©‰bwZK mKj Kg©KvÛ, h_v- `ªe¨ ev †mevi `vg wba©viY, kªwgK‡`i
gRywi wba©viY, Drcv`b, eÈb I Dbœq‡bi mKj cwiKíbv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii GK‡PwUqv wm×v‡šÍ cwiPvwjZ nq|
3. mvgvwRK Kj¨vY: mgvRZ‡š¿ gvby‡li †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wk¶v, wPwKrmvi †¶‡Î AmgZv
`~i K‡i me©vwaK Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kiv nq|
4. †fvM I eÈb e¨e¯’v: G A_©e¨e¯’vq †Kvb `ªe¨ KZUzKz Drcvw`Z n‡e, †K KZUzKz `ªe¨ †fvM Ki‡e Zv
ivóªxqfv‡eB wba©vwiZ nq| GLv‡b mgv‡R †h hZUzKz Ae`vb ivL‡e †m Abycv‡Z eÈb Kiv nq| d‡j GLv‡b
RvZxq Av‡qi mylg eÈb wbwðZ nq|
5. `vg e¨e¯’v: G A_©e¨e¯’vq ¯^qswµqfv‡e `ª‡e¨i `vg wba©viY nq bv| A_©vr `ªe¨ ev †mevi `vg ¯^qswµq evRvi
e¨e¯’vi Dci wbf©ikxj bq| GLv‡b †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Aax‡b `ªe¨ ev †mev `vg wba©vwiZ nq| G Kvi‡Y
mgvRZ‡š¿ Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Abycw¯’Z|
6. gy`ªvùxwZi Abycw¯’wZ: †h‡nZz mgvRZ‡š¿ ivóªxq wbqš¿Y eRvq _v‡K Ges `vg e¨e¯’v Abycw¯’Z, †m‡nZz
gy`ªvùxwZi D™¢e N‡U bv|
7. †kvlYnxb mgvR e¨e¯’v: mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vq e¨w³ ch©v‡q m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv bv _vKvq †kªwY we‡f` _v‡K
bv| ZvB †KD KvD‡K †kvlY Kivi my‡hvM †bB|

mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vq †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb (Solution of Basic Economic Problem in
Socialistic Economic System)
mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vq ivóªB mKj ¶gZvi aviK| GLv‡b A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg h_v: Drcv`b, e›Ub, wewbgq I
†fv‡Mi †¶‡Î ivóªxq wbqš¿Y we`¨gvb, GB ai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’vq ivóª wKsev †K›`ªxq miKvi †gŠwjK wZbwU mgm¨vi
mgvavb K‡i †`q| GLv‡b GKw`‡K †fv³v †hgb Zvi B”Qv I mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx `ªe¨ ev †mev †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv
Ab¨w`‡K Drcv`KI `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v I mvg_©¨ Abymv‡i `ªe¨ Drcv`b K‡i| GLv‡b wK Drcvw`Z n‡e Ges wK cwigvY
Drcvw`Z n‡e Zv †K›`ªxqfv‡e wb‡`©wkZ nq| GKBfv‡e, wKfv‡e `ªe¨mvgMÖx Drcvw`Z n‡e ev †Kvb cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ
n‡e ZvI †K›`ªxq wm×všÍ Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ nq| me‡k‡l, Avq I m¤ú‡`i eÈbI wba©vwiZ nq †K›`ªxq miKvi

BDwbU GK c„ôv-16
 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

KZ©„K| mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vq e¨w³MZ gybvdv m‡e©v”PKiY bq eis mvgvwRK Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ mKj A_©‰bwZK
Kg©KvÐ cwiPvwjZ nq|

abZvwš¿K I mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

cv_©‡K¨i welq abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v
msÁv abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v n‡”Q Ggb GKwU A_©‰bwZK mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v n‡”Q Ggb GKwU A_©‰bwZK
e¨e¯’v †hLv‡b gy³ evRvi Ges e¨w³ gvwjKvbv e¨e¯’v †hLv‡b mKj m¤ú` I ¶gZv iv‡óªi wbqš¿Yvaxb|
we`¨gvb| A_©vr m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv, Drcv`b, eÈb, A_©vr GLv‡b e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv †bB Ges Drcv`b,
†fvM BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î e¨w³i c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv _v‡K| eÈb, †fvM BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZvI _v‡K bv|
A_©‰bwZK G A_©e¨e¯’vq evRvi e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb| RbMY G A_©e¨e¯’vq Drcv`‡bi Dcvqmg~‡ni gvwjKvbv ivóª ev
e¨e¯’v Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~‡ni gvwjK| gybvdvi †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii| GLv‡b mvgvwRK Kj¨vY mva‡bi
D‡Ï‡k¨ `ªe¨ ev †mev Drcvw`Z Ges wewµ n‡q j‡¶¨ A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ cwiPvwjZ nq|
_v‡K|
mvgvwRK g~ja‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i G ai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’vq G A_©e¨e¯’vq †h‡nZz mgv‡R hvi hvi Ae`vb Abyhvqx
†kªYxweb¨vm mgv‡R †kªYx ˆelg¨ †`Lv hvq| wKQz msL¨K Av‡qi eÈb n‡q _v‡K †m‡nZz †kªwY ˆelg¨ †bB| G
cyuwRcwZ ev abevb †jv‡Ki nv‡Z Drcv`‡bi Kvi‡Y †kªwY †kvlYI †bB|
Dcvqmg~n Kzw¶MZ _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K kªgRxwe gvbyl
Zv‡`i gRywi ev †eZ‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| GLv‡b
†kªwY we‡iva we`¨gvb|
Aeva GLv‡b ¯^qswµq evRvi e¨e¯’v ev Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ¯^qswµq evRvi e¨e¯’v ev Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †bB|
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv we`¨gvb|

wgkª A_©e¨e¯’v (Mixed Economic System)

abZvwš¿K I mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vi mswgkªYB n‡”Q wgkª A_©e¨e¯’v| A_©vr wgkª A_©e¨e¯’v Ggb GKwU A_©‰bwZK
e¨e¯’v †hLv‡b Drcv`b, †fvM, eÈb BZ¨vw` A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û ¯^qswµq evRvi e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ mv‡_ miKvwi wbqš¿Y
e¨e¯’vi mswgkªY N‡U| G ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq A‡bK A_©‰bwZK wm×všÍ e¨w³ ev dvg© evRvi e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g
wb‡q _v‡K| Avevi miKviI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
eZ©gvb mg‡q †Kvb A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vB weï× abZvwš¿K ev weï× mgvRZvwš¿K bq| AwaKvsk MYZvwš¿K †`kmg~‡n
G `yÕai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨mg~n †`Lv hvq| A_©vr Gme †`‡k wgkª A_©bxwZ we`¨gvb| hy³ivR¨, KvbvWv, Rvcvb,
fviZ, evsjv‡`kmn we‡k¦i AwaKvsk †`‡k wgkª A_©e¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ|

wgkª A_©e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨ (Features of Mixed Economic System)

1. m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv: G A_©e¨e¯’vi GKwU Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q GLv‡b m¤ú‡`i ivóªxq gvwjKvbvi cvkvcvwk e¨w³
gvwjKvbv we`¨gvb| Avevi Drcv`‡bi Dcvqmg~‡ni †¶‡ÎI e¨w³ gvwjKvbvi cvkvcvwk miKvwi gvwjKvbv ¯^xK…Z|
2. e¨w³MZ I miKvwi Lv‡Zi mnve¯’vb: wgkÖ A_©bxwZ‡Z e¨w³MZ I miKvwi LvZ cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb K‡i| GLv‡b
e¨w³MZ I miKvwi Lv‡Zi wkí KviLvbv GK‡Î KvR K‡i| GB A_©bxwZ‡Z e¨w³MZ Lv‡Z gybvdv AR©bB j¶¨ Z‡e
miKvwi Lv‡Z mvgvwRK Kj¨vY‡K †ekx cÖvavb¨ †`qv nq| A‡bK mgq e¨w³MZ Lv‡Zi Dci miKvwi wbqš¿Y I wewa
wb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv nq|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-17
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3. A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv: GLv‡b A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv †K›`ªxq cwiKíbv KZ©„c‡¶i gva¨‡gB wbqwš¿Z nq| Z‡e
†emiKvwi D‡`¨v³v‡`i Dbœqb cwiKíbv‡K ivóªxq cwiKíbvi mv‡_ mgš^q Kiv nq|
4. `vg e¨e¯’v: G A_©e¨e¯’vq evRvi A_©bxwZi `vg e¨e¯’v‡K AbymiY Kiv nq| A_©vr GLv‡b `ªe¨ ev †mevi `vg
¯^qswµqfv‡e Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ nq| Z‡e miKvi ivóªxq cÖ‡qvR‡b `vg e¨e¯’v wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
5. e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv: wgkª A_©e¨e¯’vq e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv iw¶Z nq| GLv‡b e¨w³ wK cwigvY †fvM Ki‡e Ges Drcv`K
wK `ªe¨ Drcv`b Ki‡e †m †¶‡Î ivóª Lye †ewk n¯Í‡¶c K‡i bv| Z‡e mgv‡Ri ¯^v‡_© †Kvb †Kvb mgq †fvM ev
wecY‡bi †¶‡Î miKvi wewa-wb‡la Av‡ivc K‡i|
6. eÈb e¨e¯’v: †h‡nZz G A_©e¨e¯’vq e¨w³gvwjKvbv we`¨gvb, †m‡nZz RvZxq Av‡qi mylg eÈb GLv‡b wbwðZ Kiv
KwVb|

wgkª A_©e¨e¯’vq †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb (Solution of Economic Problem in Mixed Economic
System)
wgkª A_©e¨e¯’vq miKvwi I e¨w³MZ LvZ cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb K‡i| ZvB GLv‡b Drcv`b, wewbgq, eÈb I †fv‡Mi
†¶‡Î e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZvi cvkvcvwk miKvwi wbqš¿YI eRvq _v‡K| A_©bxwZi wewfbœ Lv‡Z e¨w³MZ I miKvwi
Lv‡Zi f~wgKv wbw`©ó Kiv nq| †hgb- ¸iæZ¡c~Y© LvZmg~n miKvwi wbqš¿‡Y †i‡L Ab¨vb¨ LvZmg~n‡K D`vi
†emiKvwiKiY Kiv nq| G A_©e¨e¯’vq wK Drcv`b n‡e Ges wKfv‡e Drcv`b n‡e G m¤úwK©Z wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y I
ev¯Íevq‡b miKvwi I e¨w³MZ LvZ Df‡qi f‚wgKv we`¨gvb| m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv I †fv‡Mi †¶‡Î e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv
_vK‡jI m¤ú` I Avq eȇbi †¶‡Î miKvwi wbqš¿YI eRvq _v‡K| GLv‡b ¯^qswµq `vge¨e¯’v I miKvwi wb‡`©‡k
`vge¨e¯’v cwiPvwjZ nq|

Bmjvgx A_©e¨e¯’v (Islamic Economic System)

Bmjvg GKwU c~Y©v½ Rxeb weavb| Bnv gvbe Rxeb I mgv‡Ri cÖwZwU av‡c cÖ‡qvRbxq wewa-weavb I c_ wb‡`©kbv
cÖ`vb K‡i| Bmjvgx A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v kixqvn Gi Av‡jv‡K cÖwZwôZ| kixqvn Gi g~j wfwË n‡”Q KziAvb I mybœvn|
†h A_©e¨e¯’vq Avjøvni weavb Abyhvqx A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vejx cwiPvwjZ nq Ges KziAvb I mybœvni Av‡jv‡K A_©‰bwZK
mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv nq Zv‡K Bmjvgx A_©e¨e¯’v e‡j| G ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq Avjøvni ˆbKU¨ jv‡fi Avkvq
gvbyl RvwZ I mgv‡Ri Kj¨vY mva‡b mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i e¨envi I wbqš¿Y wb‡q gvby‡li AvPiY we‡kølY Kiv nq|

Bmjvgx A_©e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨ (Features of Islamic Economic System)

1. m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv: Bmjvgx A_©e¨e¯’vi g~jK_v n‡”Q, ÒAvKvk I Rwg‡b hv wKQz Av‡Q Zvi gvwjK n‡”Qb
GKgvÎ Avjøvn| gvbyl †Kej Avjøvni wb‡`©‡k Zvi cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e m¤ú‡`i h_vh_ e¨envi Ges †ndvRZ
Ki‡e|
2. nvjvj I nviv‡gi weavb: G A_©e¨e¯’vq Drcv`b, †fvM I wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î nvjvj I nvivg wel‡qi Dci AwaK
¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q| Bmjvgx weavb Abyhvqx nvjvj c‡_ DcvR©b Ki‡Z n‡e Ges nvivg c‡_ DcvR©b eR©b
Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. m¤ú‡`i eÈb: Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ‡Z eÈb AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| GLv‡b abx‡`i wbKU †_‡K A_©
Av`vq K‡i Zv `wi`ª RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ eȇbi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q| eȇbi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h mKj nvwZqvi e¨eüZ nq
Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q hvKvZ, Iki, mv`Kvn, LvivR BZ¨vw`|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-18
 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ
4. mvgvwRK wbivcËv: mvgvwRK wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv Bmjvgx A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K| G ai‡bi
A_©bxwZ‡Z my`, Nyl, Ryqv, g`, Kv‡jvevRvix BZ¨vw` A_©‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc m¤ú~Y© wbwl×| GLv‡b `wi`ª
Rb‡Mvôx‡K RxweKv wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨, e¯¿, ¯^v¯’¨‡mev BZ¨vw`i e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| Kg©‡¶‡Î wb‡qv‡Mi
†¶‡ÎI cÖ‡Z¨K‡K mgvb my‡hvM †`qv nq| G ai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’vq miKvi KZ©„K mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK wbivcËv
eRvq ivLv nq| G cÖm‡½ gnvb Avjøvn& cweÎ KziAv‡b †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb, ÒZviv cÖK…Z Kj¨vYKi KvR Kij, hviv
Avjøvn, ciKvj, wKZve, †d‡ikZv I bex‡`i cÖwZ Cgvb Avbj Ges Zv‡`i ab m¤ú` Avjøvni fvjevmvq
wbKUvZ¥xq, GwZg, wgmwKb, wbt¯^, cw_K, `wi`ª I µxZ`vm gyw³i Rb¨ `vb Kij|Ó [2:177]
5. kª‡gi gh©v`v: Bmjvgx A_©e¨e¯’vq kªwgK †kvlY wbwl×| G cÖm‡½ nvw`m kix‡d D‡jøL Av‡Q, Òkªwg‡Ki Mv‡qi
Nvg ïKv‡bvi c~‡e©B Zvi gRywi cwi‡kva Ki|Ó
6. `vg e¨e¯’v: G ai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’vq miKvi ev Ab¨ †Kvb GKK c¶ `vg wba©viY I wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
evRv‡i AmsL¨ †µZv we‡µZvi Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cvi¯úwiK wµqv cÖwZwµqvi gva¨‡g ¯^qswµqfv‡e `vg
wba©vwiZ nq|

Bmjvgx A_©e¨e¯’vq †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb (Solution of Economic Problem in Islamic Economic
System)
Avgiv c~‡e©B Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ Bmjvgx A_©e¨e¯’vq mKj A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ Bmjv‡gi wewa-weavb Abyhvqx
cwiPvwjZ nq| GLv‡b †fv³v Zvi cQ›` Abyhvqx †h‡Kvb `ªe¨ B”QvgZ †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avevi Drcv`b I Zvi
B”Qv I mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx `ªe¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Drcv`b I †fv‡Mi †¶‡Î KziAvb I mybœvn wb‡`©wkZ wewa
AbymiY K‡i Pj‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î nvjvj-nviv‡gi welqwU cÖvavb¨ †`qv nq| Bmjvgx A_©e¨e¯’vq B”QvK…Zfv‡e
`ªe¨g~j¨ e„w× Kiv hvq bv| GLv‡b Drcv`bKvix ev we‡µZv †kvlYgy³ `v‡g `ªe¨ wewµ Ki‡e hv‡Z Zvi b¨vh¨ gybvdv
AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk †fv³v H `ªe¨ µq K‡i Zvi Dc‡hvM m‡e©v”P Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e Avjøvn Zvqvjvi mš‘wóI AR©b
Kiv hvq| G A_©e¨e¯’vq Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i DØ„Ë Ask hvKvZ I mv`Kvn Gi gva¨‡g eÈb K‡i mvgvwRK Kj¨vY I
ˆelg¨ `~i Kiv hvq|

mvims‡¶c
 A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v n‡”Q Ggb GKwU c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g GKwU mgvR Drcv`b, m¤ú‡`i e›Ub I wewbgq Ges
`ªe¨ I †mevi †fvM Gm‡ei g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i| A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvavb cÖwµqvi Dci wfwË K‡i
c„w_ex‡Z wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v M‡o D‡V‡Q|
 †h A_©e¨e¯’vq cÖwZwU e¨w³ ev dvg© Drcv`b, e›Ub I †fv‡Mi †¶‡Î c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv †fvM K‡i, Zv‡K
abZvwš¿K ev evRvi A_©e¨e¯’v e‡j|
 mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vi wVK wecixZ| G A_©e¨e¯’vq `ª‡e¨i `vg wba©vi‡Y ¯^qswµq
evRvi e¨e¯’vi †KvbI f~wgKv _v‡K bv Ges Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ †fvM I e›U‡bi †¶‡Î ivóªxq wbqš¿Y eRvq _v‡K|
 wgkª A_©e¨e¯’vq miKvwi I e¨w³MZ LvZ cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb K‡i| ZvB GLv‡b Drcv`b, wewbgq, eÈb I
†fv‡Mi †¶‡Î e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZvi cvkvcvwk miKvwi wbqš¿YI eRvq _v‡K|
 Bmjvgx A_©e¨e¯’vq mKj A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ Bmjv‡gi wewa-weavb Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ nq|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-19
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.1
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| †Kvb A_©e¨e¯’vq e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv _v‡K bv?
(K) abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v (L) Bmjvgx A_©e¨e¯’v
(M) mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v (N) wgkª A_©e¨e¯’v
2| wgZz GKwU †`‡k ågY Ki‡Z wM‡q †`Lj †mLv‡b ivóªxq gvwjKvbvi †Kvb cÖwZôvb †bB| H †`kwU‡Z †Kvb
ai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb?
(K) abZvwš¿K (L) mgvRZvwš¿K (M) wgkª (N) Bmjvgx
3| Bmjvgx A_©e¨e¯’vq mKj m¤ú‡`i gvwjK-
(K) ivóª (L) mgvR (M) e¨w³ (N) Avjøvn
4| ¯^qswµq `vg e¨e¯’v †h A_©e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨, Zv n‡”Q-
i. mgvRZvwš¿K
ii. wgkª
iii. abZvwš¿K
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
5| wgkª A_©e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q-
i. miKvwi wbqš¿Y
ii. ¯^qswµq `vg e¨e¯’v
iii. e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 6 I 7 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
GKwU †`‡ki wewfbœ MÖvgxY GjvKv Rwic K‡i †`Lv †Mj †mme GjvKvi RbMY mevB GKmv‡_ dmj Drcv`b
K‡i| †mB Drcvw`Z dmj mevi gv‡S cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx ewÈZ nq|
6. ‡`kwU‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb?
(K) mgvRZvwš¿K (L) abZvwš¿K (M) wgkª (N) Bmjvgx
7. G ai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’vq †fv³v I Zuvi B”QvgZ †Kvb `ªe¨ †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ges Drcv`bI Ki‡Z cv‡i bv
KviY-
i. G A_© e¨e¯’vq Drcv`b e¨e¯’v e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb
ii. wK cwigvY Drcvw`Z n‡e Ges eÈb n‡e Zv †K›`ªxq cwiKíbv Øviv wbqwš¿Z
iii. mKj m¤ú` ivóªxq gvwjKvbvq wbqwš¿Z
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU GK c„ôv-20
 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

cvV 2 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v

Economic System of Bangladesh

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

Avgiv c~‡e©i cv‡V †R‡bwQ A_©bxwZ‡Z hLb miKvwi Ges e¨w³MZ LvZ GKmv‡_ mnve¯’vb K‡i ZLb †mB
A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v‡K wgkª A_©e¨e¯’v e‡j| evsjv‡`‡k wgkª A_©e¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ| KviY GLv‡b miKvwi I †emiKvwi
Dfq Lv‡Zi mymgš^q we`¨gvb| wb‡P evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z †h mKj ˆewkó¨ we`¨gvb Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv njÑ
1. m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©e¨e¯’vq m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv, Drcv`b e¨e¯’v, e¨emvq-evwYR¨ cÖ‡Z¨K Lv‡Z
miKvwi I e¨w³ gvwjKvbvi Dcw¯’wZ we`¨gvb| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz m¤ú` e¨w³ gvwjKvbvq †i‡L evwK m¤ú`
miKvi‡K evrmwiK K‡ii wewbg‡q e¨w³ gvwjKvbvi nv‡Z _v‡K|
2. miKvwi wewb‡qvM: mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© LvZmn ivóªxq wbivcËv LvZmg~‡n miKvwi
D‡`¨v‡M wewb‡qvM cwiPvwjZ nq|
3. †emiKvwi wewb‡qvM: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi AwaKvskB †emiKvwi wewb‡qv‡Mi Dci wbf©ikxj| Z‡e †emiKvwi
wewb‡qv‡Mi Dci miKv‡ii c‡iv¶ wbqš¿Y eRvq _v‡K|
4. A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv: miKvwi I †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi g‡a¨ mgš^q mva‡bi gva¨‡g †hŠ_fv‡e A_©‡bwZK cwiKíbv
MÖnY Kiv nq| A_©‰bwZK LvZmg~n miKvwi I †emiKvwi Dfq Lv‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb i‡q‡Q|
5. ¯^qswµq `vg e¨e¯’v: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z evRvi e¨e¯’vq `ª‡e¨i `vg wba©vwiZ nq| A_vr evRv‡i Pvwn`v I
†hvMv‡bi cvi¯úwiK wµqv cÖwZwµqvi gva¨‡g ¯^qswµqfv‡e `ª‡e¨i `vg wba©vwiZ nq| Z‡e †¶Î we‡k‡l
cÖ‡qvRbxq `ª‡e¨i `vg wbqš¿‡Y miKvi wewfbœ e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i|
6. Amg eÈb: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©e¨e¯’vq e¨w³ gvwjKvbv ¯^xK…Z _vKvq †h Lv‡Z gybvdv †ewk †m Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM
†ewk nq| Drcv`‡bi mKj DcKiY Gi gvwjKMY Zv‡`i DcKi‡Yi b¨vh¨ g~j¨ ev `vg cvq bv| G‡¶‡Î
msMV‡bi gvwjKMY Ab¨vb¨ DcKi‡Yi g~j¨ Kg w`‡q me©`v †ewk gybvdv jv‡fi †Póvq wjß _v‡K| G‡Z Avq
wKsev m¤ú‡`i Amg eÈb †`Lv hvq|
7. mvgvwRK Kj¨vY: †h mKj e¨w³ evRvi e¨e¯’vq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv ev AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM _v‡K bv evRvi
A_©bxwZ ev abZvwš¿K A_©bxwZ‡Z Zv‡`i Kj¨vY mvwaZ nq bv| G †¶‡Î miKvi wewfbœ Kg©m~Px, †hgb- wk¶vi
Rb¨ Lv`¨, cÖv_wgK wk¶v eva¨Zvg~jK, Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q Lv`¨, `wi`ª e‡qv‡Rô‡`i Rb¨ eq¯‹ fvZv, `y¯’ gwnjv
fvZv, AvkªqY Avevmb cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ M„nvqb I AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g Zv‡`i
Kj¨vY wbwðZ K‡i|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-21
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

mvims‡¶c
 evsjv‡`‡k wgkª A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ|
 G‡`‡k A_©bxwZi mKj Lv‡Z miKvwi I e¨w³MZ Lv‡Zi f~wgKv‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.2
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ wgkª A_©bxwZ, KviY G A_© e¨e¯’vq-
i. Bmjvgx kixqvn& Abyhvqx A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg m¤ú~Y©fv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq
ii. miKvwi I †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi g‡a¨ mgš^q mva‡bi gva¨‡g †hŠ_fv‡e A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq
iii. m¤ú‡`i e¨w³gvwjKvbv _vKvq gybvdv AR©‡bi my‡hvM we`¨gvb|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
2| Bmjvgx A_©e¨e¯’vq m¤ú‡`i Amg eÈb `~i Kivi Rb¨ †h weavb ivLv nq Zv n‡”Q-
i. hvKvZ
ii. wdZiv
iii. gybvdv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
wg. kwdK Zvi Kg©¯’j e¨vsK †_‡K evB‡ii GKwU †`‡k cÖwk¶Y wb‡Z †M‡jb| †mLv‡b wM‡q †`L‡jb †`kwU‡Z
ivóªxq gvwjKvbvi cvkvcvwk †emiKvwi A‡bK e¨vsK i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov iv‡óªi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© LvZ¸‡jv‡Z miKvwi
wbqš¿Y we`¨gvb|
3| †Kvb ai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’vq e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbvq cwiPvwjZ Drcv`b I e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡b cÖ‡qvR‡b miKvwi wewa-
wb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv nq-
(K) Bmjvgx (L) mgvRZš¿vwZK (M) wgkª (N) abZvwš¿K
4| wgkª A_©e¨e¯’vi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q-
i. ‡emiKvwi D‡`¨vM I cÖ‡Póv
ii. ‡kvlYnxb mgvRe¨e¯’v
iii. miKvwi wbqš¿Y I D‡`¨vM
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| †mv‡nj ‘X’ †`‡ki bvMwiK| wZwb wk¶v e„wË wb‡q ‘Z’ †`‡ki GKwU wek¦we`¨vj‡q covïbvi my‡hvM cvb| ‘Z’
†`kwU‡Z A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi †h welqwU Zuvi `„wó AvKl©Y Kij †mwU n‡”Q iv‡óªi wbqš¿‡Y hveZxq A_©‰bwZK
Kvh©µ‡gi cwiPvjbv| †mLv‡b e¨w³MZ gybvdvi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb cÖwZôvb †bB| ZLb †mv‡nj Zvi wbR †`‡ki
A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v wb‡q wPšÍv Ki‡jb †hLv‡b iv‡óªi cvkvcvwk †emiKvwi ev e¨w³MZ D‡`¨vM‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq|
(K) ‘X’ †`kwU‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ?
L. ‘X’ †`‡ki A_©e¨e¯’vi cÖavb `yÕwU ˆewkó¨ wjLyb|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-22
 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ
(M) ‘Z’ †`‡ki A_©e¨e¯’vi weeiY w`b|
(N) ‘X’ I ‘Z’ `yÕwU †`‡ki A_©e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ Avcbvi wbKU †KvbwU †ewk MÖnY‡hvM¨| Dˇii ¯^c‡¶ hyw³
w`b|

2| ‘G’ GKwU DbœZ †`k| †mLv‡b Drcv`b e¨e¯’v, m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbvmn A_©bxwZi mKj Lv‡Z ivóªxq cwiPvjbv I
wbqš¿Y we`¨gvb| d‡j †`kwU‡Z Avq I m¤ú‡`i mylg eÈb wbwðZ nq|
(K) A_©e¨e¯’v ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
(L) ‘G’ †`kwU‡Z Drcv`b I eÈb e¨e¯’v wKfv‡e wba©vwiZ nq|
(M) ‘G’ †`kwUi A_©e¨e¯’vi wPÎ Zz‡j aiæb|
(N) †`kwU‡Z ¯^qswµq `vg e¨e¯’vi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡Q bvwK †bB? hw` bv _v‡K Zvn‡j Zvi KviY e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3| evsjv‡`k †_‡K Avwidzi ingvb †`‡ki evB‡i GKwU †`‡ki `~Zvev‡mi GKRb Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM †c‡jb|
†hLv‡b wZwb †`L‡Z †c‡jb †`kwU‡Z Bmjvgx kixqvn Abyhvqx iv‡óªi mKj A_©‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc cwiPvwjZ
nq| A_P Zvi †`‡k iv‡óªi mKj Lv‡Z miKvwi I †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi mnve¯’vb we`¨gvb|
(K) mvaviYZ Kq ai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ?
(L) Avwidzi ingvb †h †`kwU‡Z †M‡jb †mLv‡b gybvdv wKfv‡e AwR©Z nq?
(M) evsjv‡`‡k mvgvwRK wbivcËvi †¶‡Î miKvi wK wK c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i‡Qb Ges †Kb?
(N) `yB †`‡ki A_©e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q wK? hyw³mn gZvgZ wjLyb|
4| Bgb I †Rv‡md `yB eÜz| Zviv Zv‡`i wbR wbR †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© K_v ej‡Q| Bgb ejj,
ÔAvgv‡`i †`‡k Drcv`b Kvh©Kjvc ivóªxq gvwjKvbvq cwiPvwjZ nq Ges GLv‡b kªg †kvlY †bB|Õ †Rv‡md
ejj ÒAvgv‡`i †`‡k Drcv`b, wewb‡qvM I †fvMmn mKj A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡M cwiPvwjZ
nq| GLv‡b Drcv`bKvix I e¨emvqxiv gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ `ªe¨ mvgMÖx Drcv`b Ges µq-weµq K‡i|Ó
(K) Bgb I †Rv‡md `yB eÜzi †`k `ywUi A_©e¨e¯’v wKiƒc?
(L) &Bg‡bi †`kwU‡Z kªwgK‡`i ¯^v_© wKfv‡e †`Lv nq?
(M) †Rv‡m‡di †`kwU‡Z `vg e¨e¯’v wKfv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq eY©bv w`b|
(N) Avcwb wK †fv³vi c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv mg_©b K‡ib? Dˇii mc‡¶ hyw³ w`b|

DËigvjv
cvV 2.1: 1| M 2| K 3| N 4| L 5| N 6| K 7| L
cvV 2.2: 1| L 2| M 3| M 4| L

BDwbU GK c„ôv-23