kirchhoffs law and Thevenins’ theorem

KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS:
TWO PARTS:
A. KVL---- KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
B. KCL---- KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
• KVL---- The sum of all the voltage in a closed loop is equal to zero
• KCL---- The sum of all the current in a given node is equal to zero.
Sample circuit

E E

Calculate I1, I2, & I3

Sol’n
Loop – 1 Mult 3 in eqn 2
-28 +I1(4) +I2 (2) = 0 ---- eqn. 1 21 - 6 I2 + 3I3 = 0 ---eqn.5
Loop – 2 add 4 & 5
- I2(2) + I3 + 7 = 0 ---- eqn. 2 -28 + 6I2 + 4I3 = 0
Current eqn. 21 - 6 I2 +3I3 = 0
I1 = I2 + I3 --- eqn. 3 -7 + 7 I3 = 0
Sub. Eqn. 3 in 1 I3 = 1 A
-28 + (I2 + I3)(4) + 2I2 = 0 7- 2I2 +1 = 0
-28 +4I2 + 4I3 +2I2 = 0 I2 = 8/2 = 4 A
-28 +6I2 + 4I3 = 0 eqn. 4 I1 = 1 + 4 = 5 A
Thevenins’ Theorem

• It was named after M.L. Thevenin --- a French engineer.

• The theorem is very useful in simplifying voltage in a network.
states that, in a given network, it has an equivalent resistance Rth and
a equivalent voltage Vth.
NT.WK.
Rth

VTH
Sample problem(calculate Rth, Vth & I by Thevenin’s
L

theorem)

R1 = 3Ω

36 V R2 = 6Ω RL = 3Ω

Th
• Rth = 3//6 = 18/9 Ω = 2 Ω
• VTh = 36(R2) / (R2 + R1)
= 36(6)/(6 + 3)
= 216/9 V = 24 V
• IL = Vth / (Rth + RL)
= (24)/ (2 + 3)
= 4.8 A
NORTONS’ THEOREM
--- States that a linear network terminating on any two nodes A and B
and containing any number of sources can be replaced by an ideal
current source in parallel with an internal resistance.
--- The ideal current source is equal to the short circuit current across
the terminating nodes.
 In
NT.WK.
Rn

In --- Nortons’ current

Rn --- Nortons’ resistance
Sample problem

Find Rn, In & IL by Nortons theorem

R1 = 3Ω

24 V R2 = 6Ω RL = 2Ω
Sol’n

thevenize Nortonize:

Rth =2 Ω
RL In Rn RL
Vth = 16 V

Rn = Rth
Find : In & IL
• In = Vth/Rth
= 16/(2)
=8A
• IL = In (Rn)/(Rn + RL)
= 8(2)/(2 + 2)
=4A
Sample Problems
1. using Kirchhoffs Law calculate
It, I1, I2, I3, I4 & IL

It R1 = 3Ω R2 = 6Ω
I1 !2
RL = 2Ω
30 V a b

IL I4
I3
R3 = 6Ω R4 = 4Ω
2. Calculate IL by Thevenin’s & Norton’s Theorem

R1 = 3Ω R2 = 6Ω

RL = 2Ω
30 V a b Rth = Rab = Ra + Rb
IL Vth = Va – Vb
Th

R3 = 6Ω R4 = 4Ω
3. Calculate IL By Thevenins Theorem

= 20Ω = 10Ω

th1 2
10 V = 20Ω = 20Ω = 5Ω

find : Vth1, Rth1 Vth2, Rth2, IL

Sol’ns
Kirchhoffs law
1.
-30 +3I1 + 6I3 = 0 -----Eqn. 1
-3I1 +6I2 – 2IL = 0 ----Eqn. 2
-6 +2IL +4I4 = 0 ---- Eqn. 3
I1 = I3 + IL ---- Eqn. 4
I4 = I2 + IL ----Eqn. 5
Sub eqn. 5 to eqn. 3
-6 I3 + 6IL + 4I2----- 1’
Sub eqn. 4 to eqn. 2
-3 I3 + 6I2 – 5IL = 0----2’
Sub eqn. 4 to eqn. 1
-30 + 9I3 + 3IL = 0-----3’
I3 = 3.333 – 0.3333IL
Add = 1’ & 2’
16IL – 8 I2 = 0
sub I3 & I2 to 1’
-6(3.333 – 0.3333)+ 6IL+4(2IL) = 0
IL = 1.25 A
I3 = 3.333 – 0.333(1.25)
I3 = 3 A
I2 = 2 (1.25) = 2.5 A
I4 = 2.5 + 1.25 = 3.75 A
I1 = 3 + 1.25 = 4.25 A
• I2 = 2.5 A
• I3 = 2.917 A
• I1=4.167 A
• It = 6.667 A
• IL = 1.25 A
• I4 = 3.75A
Soln.
Rth =2.3//6 +6//4 = 4.4 Ω
Va = 30(6)/(6+3) = 20V
Vb = 30(4)/(6+4) = 12
Vth = Va – Vb = 20 – 12 = 8V
IL = Vth/(Rth + RL) = 8/(4.4 + 2) = 1.25 A
 3.

Rth1 = R2//R1 = 20//20 = 10 Ω

Rth2 = [20//20 +10 ] // 20 = 10 Ω

Vth1 = 10 (20)/(20 +20) = 5 V

Vth2 = 5 (20)/(20+20) = 2.5V

IL = Vth/ (Rth + RL) = 2.5/ (10+5) = 0.167 A

DELTA TO WYE CONVERSION
Formulas

𝑅𝐴𝐶 (𝑅𝐴𝐵)
• RA =
𝑅𝐴𝐶+𝑅𝐴𝐵+𝑅𝐵𝐶

𝑅𝐴𝐵 (𝑅𝐵𝐶)
• RB =
𝑅𝐴𝐶+𝑅𝐴𝐵+𝑅𝐵𝐶

𝑅𝐴𝐶 (𝑅𝐵𝐶)
• RC =
𝑅𝐴𝐶+𝑅𝐴𝐵+𝑅𝐵𝐶
WYE to DELTA Conversion
Formulas

𝑅𝐴(𝑅𝐵)+𝑅𝐵(𝑅𝐶)+𝑅𝐶(𝑅𝐴)
• RAC = 𝑅𝐵

𝑅𝐴(𝑅𝐵)+𝑅𝐵(𝑅𝐶)+𝑅𝐶(𝑅𝐴)
• RAB =
𝑅𝐶

𝑅𝐴(𝑅𝐵)+𝑅𝐵(𝑅𝐶)+𝑅𝐶(𝑅𝐴)
• RBC =
𝑅𝐴
Problem: Calculate: Rt, It & Pt
Rt = 14.57 Ω
It = 0.686 A
Pt = 6.863 w
1. Apply to Y Find Rt, It, Pt, V8Ω
10 Ω
10 Ω
10 Ω 10 Ω

30 V
25 Ω
15 Ω
8Ω

5Ω 10 Ω
2. Apply Y to calculate Rt, It, and Pt.

12 Ω

10 V 10 Ω

18 Ω 22 Ω

15 Ω
Off limit