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12 soil DWAMICS

with one degtee of freedom , that ٥

‫؛‬5, n 1 In Fig 2 l and ،, two and three
independent cooidinates aie needed to desciibe the motion of the systems,
respectively Hence, they constitute systems with two degrees and three degrees
of freedom, respectively
In Fig . 2 Id , the number of coordinates necessary to describe the motion of
the elastic cantilevei beam is infinite Hence, this constitutes an infinite degree
freedom system .

‫ة‬
jResonance If the
frequency of
‫؛‬elation ‫؛‬ ‫ ؛ ؛‬nOtioO
coincide with any one 0 t e natuial
of the system , resonance is said to occur The amplitudes of
may be excessive at resonance . Hence, the determination of the natural frequen-
cies of a system is important:
^
Principal modes nf vibration ٨ system with n degtees of freedom vibrates in such
a complex manner that the amplitude and fiequencies do not appear to follow
any definite patterns Still, among such disorderly motions, there are some
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special types of simple and orderly motions called principal modes of vibration , in
a principal mode, each point in the system vibrates with the same frequency
A system with n degrees of freedom possesses n principal modes with n
natural frequencies More general types of motion can always be represented by
the superposition of principal modes

Nonnal mwle of vibrations When the amplitude of some point of the system
vibrating in one of the principal modes is made equal to unity, the motion is
then called the normal mode otbration

23 PROPERTIES OF HARMONIC MOTION

The simplest form of periodic motion is harmonu motion , which IS lepresented

by sine or cosine functions Let US consider the liarmonic motion lepresented by
the following equation :
sinwr
* (2 I )
where ‫ ﻻ‬circular frequency in radians per unit time We can represent X by
the projection on a vertical diameter of a rotating vector of length X , as it moves
around a circle with constant angular speed ‫( ى‬see Fig 2 2) Since the function
repeats itself after 2 ff rad , a cycle of motion is completed when
‫ ﻻ‬7 = In )22٥ (

7 )2 2٥(

where 7 time period of motion Frequency / is the inverse of the time period ;
hence
I
/ ( 2.3)
h